R. L. Burnside

{{Short description|American blues musician (1926–2005)}} {{for|the stage director|R. H. Burnside}} {{Infobox musical artist | image = RL Burnside 1982.jpg | caption = Burnside performing at the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee | background = solo_singer | birth_name = | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|11|23}} | birth_place = Harmontown, Mississippi, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2005|09|1|1926|11|23}} | death_place = Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. | origin = Oxford, Mississippi, U.S. | genre = {{hlist|Blues|hill country blues}} | instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals}} | occupation = | years_active = 1960s–2005 | label = Fat Possum }}

'''R. L. Burnside''' (November 23, 1926 – September 1, 2005) was an American hill country blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He played music for most of his life but received little recognition until 1995 when Burnside recorded and toured with Jon Spencer, garnering crossover appeal and introducing his music to a new fan base, particularly in the punk and garage rock scenes.

==Life and career== ===1926–1959: Early years=== Burnside was born in 1926<ref name="amg">{{cite web |url= {{AllMusic| class=artist| id=p33736| pure_url=yes}} |title=R.L. Burnside|author=Skelly, Richard |website=AllMusic |access-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref> to Earnest Burnside and Josie Malone,<ref name=bruin>Bruin, Leo (1981). Liner notes, ''R. L. Burnside Plays and Sings the Mississippi Delta Blues''. [http://www.wirz.de/music/burnside/grafik/sw2101b4.jpg scan]</ref> in either Harmontown,<ref name= billboard>{{cite web|title=Blues Veteran R.L. Burnside Dies |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/61576/blues-veteran-rl-burnside-dies |work=Billboard.com |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> College Hill,<ref>{{cite map |url=http://webpages.charter.net/davidmmiller/deltabirths.htm |title=Birthplaces of Mississippi Blues Artists |author=Miller, David Michael |access-date=2014-11-12 |archive-date=2015-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409014954/http://webpages.charter.net/davidmmiller/deltabirths.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msbluestrail.org/blues-trail-markers/oxford-blues |title= Oxford Blues |publisher=Mississippi Blues Trail}}</ref> or Blackwater Creek,<ref name="EagleLeBlanc2013">{{cite book |author1=Eagle, Bob L. |author2=LeBlanc, Eric S. |title=Blues: A Regional Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZNfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34424-4|page=118}}</ref> all of which are in the rural part of Lafayette County, Mississippi, near the area that would be covered by Sardis Lake a few years later. His first name is given variously as R. L.,<ref name="Barretta">Scott Barretta. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HWolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 "Burnside, R. L."] ''The Mississippi Encyclopedia''. Ted Ownby and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds. University Press of Mississippi, 2017. p. 155. {{ISBN|9781496811592}} ''"His given name appears to have been R. L.; his friends often called him Rule or Rural."''</ref> Rural,<ref name="Herzhaft1992"/><ref name="Barretta"/>{{refn|group=n|Burnside's [https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2007/286/11678507_119240440043.jpg headstone] reads "R. L. (Rural) Burnside".}} Robert Lee,<ref name="EagleLeBlanc2013"/> Rule,<ref name="Barretta"/> or Ruel. His father left the family early on, and R. L. grew up with his mother, grandparents, and several siblings.

He played the harmonica and dabbled with playing guitar, beginning at the age of 16. He said he first played in public at age 21 or 22.<ref name="wavel">{{cite news |newspaper=Wavelength: New Orleans Music Magazine |date=August 1985 |number=58 |url= http://scholarworks.uno.edu/wavelength/73/ |pages= 23–24 |title= A Bluesman Lives the Life [interview] |publisher= Nauman S. Scott |editor= Connie Atkinson |author= [Jeff Hannusch]}}</ref><ref name="mabe">{{cite news | last=Mabe |first=Ed |url=http://www.furious.com/perfect/rlburnside.html |title= R. L. Burnside: One Badass Bluesman: Interview and Photos |magazine= Perfect Sound Forever |date= November 1999}}</ref> He learned mostly from Mississippi Fred McDowell, who had lived near Burnside since Burnside was a child. He first heard McDowell playing at age 7 or 8<ref name=vg/> and eventually joined his gigs to play a late set.<ref name="mabe"/><ref name=usee>Filmed interview. ''You See Me Laughin{{'}}'' (see filmography), minutes 25–30.</ref> Other local teachers were his wife's brother,<ref name="wavel"/> his uncle-in-law Ranie Burnette,<ref name=vg/> who was a popular player from Senatobia,<ref>{{Citation| author= Evans, David |title = Afro-American Folk Music from Tate and Panola Counties, Mississippi | date = 1978 |url= https://www.loc.gov/folklife/LP/AfroAmFolkMusicMissL67_opt.pdf |page= 16 |publisher= Archive of Folk Song, Library of Congress}}</ref> the mostly unknown Henry Harden,<ref name=BruinLaundre/> Son Hibbler, Jesse Vortis, and possibly Stonewall Mays.<ref name=Axel-delta>According to Axel Küstner, who met them both in 1978: Liner notes to 'Mississippi Delta Blues', 1982:, [https://www.wirz.de/music/lipprau/grafik/42035b4.jpg scan].</ref> Burnside cited church singing<ref name=usee/><ref>{{Cite news |title = The Story Behind R.L. Burnside's Sad 'Story' |url = http://www.mtv.com/news/1374975/the-story-behind-rl-burnsides-sad-story/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150623051149/http://www.mtv.com/news/1374975/the-story-behind-rl-burnsides-sad-story/ |url-status = dead |archive-date = June 23, 2015 |access-date = 2015-06-22 |publisher = MTV News|date = 2000-12-08 |author= Nelson, Chris}}</ref> and fife-and-drum picnics as elements of his childhood's musical landscape, and he credited Muddy Waters, Lightnin' Hopkins, and John Lee Hooker as influences in adulthood.<ref name="wavel"/><ref name="mabe"/><ref name=vg/>

In the late 1940s<ref name="mnblues int">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnblues.com/review/burnside-intv.html |title=Interview with R.L. Burnside & Kenny Brown |author=Stiles, Ray M. |date=1998-08-01 |publisher=Blues on Stage}}</ref> he moved to Chicago, where his father had lived since he separated from his mother,<ref name="mabe"/> in the hope of finding better economic opportunities.<ref name="mabe"/> He found jobs at metal and glass factories,<ref name=vg/><ref name = theindep>{{cite news| last=Leigh |first=Spencer |title =R. L. Burnside |department=Obituaries |newspaper=The Independent |date=2005-09-03 |access-date=2011-10-20 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/r-l-burnside-309923.html}}</ref><ref name="gale blackbio">{{cite book |title=Contemporary Black Biography |chapter=R. L. Burnside |year=2006 |publisher=Gale Group |access-date=2015-05-23 |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3482400014.html }}</ref> had the company of Muddy Waters (his cousin-in-law),<ref name="mabe"/> and enjoyed the blues scene on Maxwell Street.<ref name=bruin/><ref name="mnblues int"/> But things did not turn out as he had hoped; within the span of one year his father, two brothers, and two uncles were all murdered in the city.<ref name=usee/>{{refn|group=n|Burnside would later draw upon this experience in his work, particularly in his interpretation of Skip James's "Hard Time Killing Floor" and the talking blues "R.L.'s Story", the opening and closing tracks of ''Wish I Was in Heaven Sitting Down'' (2000).}}

Three years after coming to Chicago,<ref name="usee" /><ref name="mnblues int" /> Burnside went back south. He married Alice Mae Taylor in 1949 or 1950,<ref name="memoriam2" /><ref name="Jay" /><ref name="gale blackbio" /> his second marriage.<ref name="wavel" />{{refn|group=n|His first marriage is apparently alluded to in a story he would tell in response to questions like "What is the blues about?": "It's when you get to your house, late at night, and the first thing you meet out there in the driveway is the cat, sayin'—[in a well-imitated cat's voice] 'She-ain't-here, She-ain't-here.'—You got the blues then. Your wife done gone." (Cited from {{cite journal|title=New York Magazine |website = Newyorkmetro.com|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-QCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94 |date=11 September 1995 |page=94|issn=0028-7369}}; similar versions of the story are in "Have You Ever Been Lonely" from ''A Ass Pocket of Whiskey'' (1996) and the opening of ''You See Me Laughin{{'}}'')}} He moved several times in the 1950s, between Memphis, Tennessee, the Mississippi Delta and the hill country of northern Mississippi.<ref>"R.L.'s Story", interview clip from ''Wish I Was in Heaven Sitting Down'' (2000)</ref><ref name="Herzhaft1992" /><ref name="Evans 8081" /> During his time in the Delta, he met bluesmen Robert Lockwood Jr. and Aleck "Rice" Miller.<ref name="wavel" /><ref name="mabe" /> It seems it was around that time that Burnside killed a man, possibly at a craps game, was convicted of murder and incarcerated in Parchman Farm.<ref name="Jay">McInerney, Jay. "White Man at the Door: One Man's Mission to Record the 'Dirty Blues' – before Everyone Dies." ''New Yorker'' (February 4, 2002), page 55.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msbluestrail.org/blues-trail-markers/parchman-farm |title= Parchman Farm |publisher=Mississippi Blues Trail}}</ref> He would later relate that his boss at the time had arranged to release him after six months, as he needed Burnside's skills as a tractor driver.{{refn|group=n|About the incident he would recite, "I didn't mean to kill nobody. I just meant to shoot the sonofabitch in the head and two times in the chest. Him dying was between him and the Lord."<ref name = deltaforce>{{cite journal| url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/nov/16/popandrock2 |title=Delta Force |journal=Observer Music Monthly| date=2003-11-16 |last=Grant |first=Richard |access-date=2010-02-26}}</ref>}}

===1960–1990: Part-time musician=== He spent the next 45 years, not unlike his early years, in Panola and Tate counties, in northern Mississippi. At first he kept to particularly remote dwellings,<ref name="memoriam2"/> working into the 1980s as a sharecropper growing cotton and soybean, as a commercial fisherman on the Tallahatchie River, selling his catch from door to door,<ref name="wavel"/><ref>"Charleston interview", audio clip, recorded May 1986), in ''Well, Well, Well'' (2001)</ref> and as a truck driver.<ref name=beerint>{{Cite web| author= Fortunato, John| title = R.L. Burnside Welcomes All to 'Come On In' |publisher= beermelodies| access-date = 2015-07-09| date = 1998| url = http://www.beermelodies.com/interviews/rl-burnside-welcomes-all-to-%E2%80%98come-on-in%E2%80%99/ }}</ref> Later he moved closer to Holly Springs. After coming back to Mississippi, and especially after marrying,<ref name=BruinLaundre>Bruin, Leo, and Laundre, Kent. Liner notes of ''Mississippi Hill Country Blues''. Swingmaster CD 2201. [http://images.45worlds.com/f/cd/r-l-burnside-swingmaster-cd.jpg scan 1], [http://images.45worlds.com/f/cd/r-l-burnside-swingmaster-2-cd.jpg scan 2]</ref> he picked more local gigs,<ref name="mnblues int"/> playing guitar in juke joints and bars<ref name = billboard /> (some under his management),<ref name=bruin/><ref name=vg/><ref name="Herzhaft1992"/><ref name="spin1997">{{cite news |author=Rubin, Mike |newspaper= Spin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4irI6O3Ko8C&pg=PA74 |date=May 1997 |pages=74–82,128–131 |issn=0886-3032 |title= Call of the Wild}}</ref> at picnics and at his own open house parties,<ref name="Evans 8081"/>{{refn|group=n|Evans provided a few more details: {{Cite news| author = Nelson, Chris| title = Classic R.L. Burnside 'House Party' Style Recordings Reissued| publisher = MTV News| access-date = 2015-06-17| date = 1997-08-02| url = http://www.mtv.com/news/819/classic-rl-burnside-house-party-style-recordings-reissued/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150621035020/http://www.mtv.com/news/819/classic-rl-burnside-house-party-style-recordings-reissued/| url-status = dead| archive-date = June 21, 2015}}, to which the Mississippi Blues Commission adds at: {{cite web| title = Tate County Blues |url= http://www.msbluestrail.org/blues-trail-markers/tate-county-blues |publisher=Mississippi Blues Trail}}}} and at the occasional festival.

His earliest recordings were made in 1967 by George Mitchell, then a graduate student of journalism. Mitchell and his wife went on a 13-day summer trip in Mississippi, which resulted in the first recordings of several country blues artists.<ref>{{cite news|author = Stephen McDill|title = Summer of Blues: Thirteen Days in the Hill Country|newspaper = Mississippi Business Journal|access-date = 2015-06-13|date = August 16, 2013|url = http://msbusiness.com/2013/08/summer-of-blues-thirteen-days-in-the-hill-country/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629014234/http://msbusiness.com/2013/08/summer-of-blues-thirteen-days-in-the-hill-country/|archive-date = June 29, 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> He came to Burnside's house near Coldwater on the advice of fife player and maker Othar Turner.<ref name="69notes">George Mitchell; David Evans. Arhoolie 1042 (1969) liner notes (scans: [http://www.wirz.de/music/arhoolie/grafik/1042c4.jpg 1], [http://www.wirz.de/music/arhoolie/grafik/1042d4.jpg 2])</ref> Mitchell wrote that Fred McDowell had not told him about Burnside, likely because Burnside posed "big-time competition".<ref name=mitchellook>Booklet of ''The George Mitchell Collection'' (2007), FP 1114. Quoted in {{cite web|author=Jeff Harris |title = A Look At The George Mitchell Collection - Part 2 |website= Big Road Blues |access-date = 2015-06-03|date= 2008-03-23 |url = http://sundayblues.org/archives/126}}</ref> Six of the songs, played on an acoustic guitar lent by Mitchell, were released on Arhoolie Records after two years; nine others are on later records. Another album of acoustic material was recorded in 1969 for Adelphi Records, not to be released until thirty years later. Recordings from 1975 had a similar fate.<ref name="wolf91">Wolf LP 120.917 leaflet ([http://www.wirz.de/music/wolf/grafik/120917b4.jpg scan])</ref>

These recordings featured Burnside playing acoustic guitar and singing, and a few tracks had harmonica accompaniment by W.C. Veasey or Ulysse Red Ramsey. Although not recorded, by that time Burnside also played electric guitar.<ref name="Herzhaft1992"/><ref name="Evans 8081"/> His early repertoire came from hill country and Memphis favorites, John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters,<ref name=69leaf/> hits by Howlin' Wolf and Elmore James, and sides by Yank Rachell, Lightnin' Hopkins, and Lonesome Sundown.

In 1969, he performed for the first time outside the United States, at a program in Montreal with Lightnin' Hopkins and John Lee Hooker.<ref name="wavel" /><ref name="mabe" /> As a solo performer, he made three tours in Europe, appearing before enthusiastic audiences.<ref name="Evans 8081">Evans, David (1980). Notes to High Water 410 EP ([http://www.wirz.de/music/highwate/grafik/410b4.jpg scan]), and to ''Sound Machine Groove'', 1981/1997 ([http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/91ocOwPwM-L._SL1500_.jpg scan]).</ref> In 1974, he played at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, the first of nine of these festivals at which he performed.<ref>New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Archive – performers list. See also [http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/rl-burnside/1975/fair-grounds-race-course-new-orleans-la-13dd1dad.html 1975 setlist]</ref> Also in 1974, Tav Falco filmed Burnside in the Brotherhood Sportsmen's Lodge, a juke joint he ran at the time near Como.<ref name="tavbomb">{{cite magazine| magazine = Bomb |title= Bomb — Artists in Conversation: Tav Falco |author= Morse, Erik | access-date = 2015-06-07| url = http://bombmagazine.org/article/3102/tav-falco}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limbos.org/tavfalco/tavfalcov.htm |title=Tav Falco Panther Burns: Films and Videos |date=7 December 2014}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|Some of the 26 minutes of footage is included in ''You See Me Laughin{{'}}''. Burnside was instrumental in Falco becoming a guitarist,<ref name=tavarthurmag>{{Cite journal| author= Richard A. Pleuger |title = Inside the Invisible Empire: My Travels with Rock 'n' Roll Legend Tav Falco and His Unapproachable Panther Burns | journal=Arthur Magazine |issue=21 |date=May 2006 |access-date = 2015-06-12| url = http://arthurmag.com/tag/tav-falco/}}</ref> and Tav Falco's Panther Burns were probably the first to cover, and name, a Burnside composition on record: "Snake Drive" on ''Behind the Magnolia Curtain'', 1981.<ref>{{Cite news| issue = 159| author = Wallace Lester, Wallace| title = Record Of The Issue - Tav Falco's "Behind The Magnolia Curtain"| work = The Local Voice| access-date = 2015-06-12| url = http://www.thelocalvoice.net/oxford/?p=2375 |location=Oxford, Mississippi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rl-burnside-mn0000389213/credits |title=R.L. Burnside | Credits |website=AllMusic |access-date=2015-09-07}}</ref> Band member Lorette Velvette produced other early covers in her solo albums.}} His performance featured the slide guitarist Kenny Brown, Burnside's friend and understudy, whom he began tutoring in 1971 and claimed as his "adopted son".<ref name="thirstyear" /><ref name="Jefferson" /> In 1978, Burnside was filmed by Alan Lomax in what remained mostly outtakes of the television documentary ''The Land Where the Blues Began''.{{refn|group=n|1=Later released on a 2010 DVD, and the Alan Lomax Archive's Youtube channel: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7E44622E11A03C54 playlist]}}

A series of recordings in 1979 by the musicologist David Evans for his record label High Water was the first to feature Burnside's Sound Machine, which included his sons Duwayne and Daniel on guitar, his son Joseph on bass, and his son-in-law Calvin Jackson on drums.<ref name="memoriam2">{{Cite news| title = A memoriam to bluesman R.L. Burnside| newspaper= The South Reporter| date = 2005-09-29 |author= Sylvester Oliver |postscript=none}}: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509053322/http://www.southreporter.com/2005/wk38/burnside.html Part 1]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516002939/http://southreporter.com/2005/wk39/burnside2.html Part 2].</ref> The band was active mostly in home settings but also joined Burnside in Europe in 1980<ref name="Evans 8081"/> and 1983. They offered a rare fusion of rural and urban blues, funk, R&B and soul,<ref name="Herzhaft1992"/>{{refn|group=n|In Burnside's words, "they can play rock 'n' roll and disco too".<ref name="wavel"/>}} which appealed to young Mississippians;<ref name="Evans 8081"/> their sets included covers of songs by Jimmy Rogers, Little Walter, Albert King and Little Milton. An EP, ''Sound Machine Groove'', was released by Evans's label in the US but had next to no distribution.<ref name="cmj jukes" /><ref name="billbo.1980">{{cite news|magazine =Billboard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NyQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT7 |date=6 September 1980 |page=8 |issn=0006-2510 |title= New Blues Label Founded at Memphis State Univ.}}</ref> Apart from it, one full album of the same title, a debut of sorts, was licensed for prompt European release by Disques Vogue,<ref name="Evans 8081"/> and another hour's worth was released by the Memphis label Inside Sounds in 2001.

From 1980 to 1986, Burnside recorded for the Dutch label Old Swingmaster and for the French label Arion, mostly solo or with harmonica accompaniment: Johnny Woods served on some occasions (he also recorded as a lead artist, with guitar accompaniment by Burnside); Curtis Salgado served once in a New Orleans session. Selections focused on hill country material and starker, less danceable songs by Lightnin' Hopkins, Muddy Waters and John Lee Hooker. The results were four more LP releases and a videotape under his name, all in European markets.<ref>{{Cite web| title = CD Review: R.L.BURNSIDE on SWINGMASTER |author= Jean-Pierre Urbain |via= Google Groups| access-date = 2016-03-21| url = https://groups.google.com/d/msg/bit.listserv.blues-l/iY-EKgV1-mY/cCBfqK8Pt-AJ}}</ref>

In the mid-1980s, Burnside retired from farm work and became more busy with music.<ref name="mnblues int"/> For about 12 years he worked with New Orleans–based harpist Jon (Joni) Morris Neremberg (or Nuremberg).<ref name="wavel"/><ref name="memoriam2"/><ref name="Herzhaft1992">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Gérard Herzhaft |title=Encyclopedia of the Blues |edition=second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOKZKESWys0C&pg=PA28 |year=1992 |publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=978-1-61075-139-1|pages=28–29 |article=R. L Burnside}}</ref> He appeared before American crowds at such occasions as the 1982 World's Fair, the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition,<ref name="memoriam2"/> and the 1986 San Francisco Blues Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfblues.com/archives/1986/ |title= 1986 Archives |publisher= San Francisco Blues Festival}}</ref> between international tours.<ref name="memoriam2"/><ref name="cuneo90">{{Cite news| page = 7| author = Vanna Pescatori| title = Cuneo, il sound di Burnside e Morris| newspaper = La Stampa Cuneo| access-date = 2015-06-27| date = 1990-11-04| language= it | url = http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,7/articleid,0920_01_1990_0258_0073_12636868/}}</ref> By the mid-1980s he toured about "once a year or maybe twice",<ref name="mnblues int"/> and by one report in 1985 he had been to Europe 17 times.<ref name="wavel"/> Recordings from his time with Morris were eventually released on two records, both produced by M.C. Records and Louis X. Erlanger: ''Acoustic Stories'' (a session from 1988) and ''Well, Well, Well'' (a 2001 compilation of informal recordings provided by Morris).<ref name=vg>{{Cite journal| author = John Puckett| title = R.L. Burnside: North Mississippi Blues Legend| journal = Vintage Guitar| access-date= 2015-04-30 |date=December 2004| url = http://www.vintageguitar.com/2961/r-l-burnside/}}</ref>

===1991–2005: Commercial success and declining health=== [[Image:Liri Blues R. L. Burnside 1992.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Burnside at the Liri Blues Festival, Italy, in 1992]] In the late 1970s or early 1980s, Burnside was introduced and struck a partnership with Junior Kimbrough.<ref name="mnblues int"/> Roughly a decade later, his own Burnside Palace had shut down<ref name="spin1997"/>{{refn|group=n|Like many joints that were abandoned in response to the crack epidemic.<ref name=vg/><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/12/06/vintage-t-model-ford-is-the-real-deal/ |title = Vintage T-Model Ford is the real deal |author =Allison Stewart |date = 2002-12-06 |newspaper= Chicago Tribune}}</ref>}} and the family lived next to the Kimbroughs' new Junior's Place in Chulahoma, Mississippi and collaborated with the counterpart musical family.<ref name=vg/><ref name="cmj jukes">{{Cite news|title = Mississippi Juke Joints |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uikEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58 |magazine=CMJ New Music Monthly |date = November 1998|author = James Lien}}</ref><ref name="palmer sinclair"/> The music writer Robert Palmer, teaching for a time in the University of Mississippi in Oxford, frequented the scene with some celebrity musicians, which led to the making in 1990 of the documentary ''Deep Blues'', in which Burnside was prominently featured.

Burnside began recording for the Oxford, Mississippi, label Fat Possum Records in 1991.<ref name="amg"/> The label, dedicated to recording aging north Mississippi bluesmen such as Burnside and Junior Kimbrough,<ref name="Jay"/><ref name=stillgot>{{Cite news| title = We've Still Got the Blues| newspaper= The Independent| author= Gill, Andy | date= 24 June 2005 | access-date = 2014-01-23| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/weve-still-got-the-blues-496257.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722194239/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/weve-still-got-the-blues-496257.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = July 22, 2015}}</ref> was founded by two students who had been attending their performances for some years<ref name="billbo.1994">{{cite news|author= Morris, Chris |magazine=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA95 |date=11 June 1994 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |pages=1, 95 |issn=0006-2510 |title= Mississippi Labels Tap into Wealth of Delta Blues Talent}}</ref><ref name="baccess fp">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.bluesaccess.com/No_28/possum.html |title= Fat Possum: A Rocky Road for the Roots Label |magazine= Blues Access |date= Winter 1997 |author= Dixon, Michael |access-date=2014-07-30}}</ref>—Peter Redvers-Lee, editor of ''Living Blues'' magazine, and Matthew Johnson, a writer for the magazine. Burnside remained with Fat Possum from that time until his death. Their first output was ''Bad Luck City'' (1992), featuring the Sound Machine. The next, ''Too Bad Jim'' (1994), was recorded at Junior's Place and produced by Palmer, with support from Calvin Jackson and Kenny Brown.<ref name="palmer sinclair">{{cite web |url=http://www.johnsinclair.us/columns-and-reviews/20-features/737-robert-palmer-site-specific-music.html |title=Robert Palmer: Site-Specific Music [interview] |newspaper=Johnsinclair.us |date=1993 |author=Sinclair, John |author-link=John Sinclair (poet) |access-date=June 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115315/http://www.johnsinclair.us/columns-and-reviews/20-features/737-robert-palmer-site-specific-music.html |archive-date=June 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="palmer jim">Robert Palmer. Liner notes to ''Too Bad Jim'', 1994. ([http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTM1MVgxMzUx/z/A-cAAOSwstxVZNfl/$_57.JPG scan])</ref> After Jackson moved to Holland,<ref name=thirstyear>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130909022337/http://www.thirstyearfestival.com/interviews/brown.html |archive-date= 2013-09-09 |url=http://www.thirstyearfestival.com/interviews/brown.html |publisher= Thirsty Ear Magazine |title=Kenny Brown – America's Finest Slide Guitar Player? [interview] |author1= Michael Koster |author2= Carter Grice |date=Summer 1999}}</ref><ref name=Jefferson>Cedric Burnside and Kenny Brown. Interview. ''Jefferson Blues Magazine'', Issue 141, March 2004. [http://www.jeffersonbluesmag.com/articles/internationell-blues/307-brown-kenny-och-cedric-burnside-141 Swedish original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630145421/http://www.jeffersonbluesmag.com/articles/internationell-blues/307-brown-kenny-och-cedric-burnside-141 |date=2017-06-30 }}, via Google Translate</ref> Burnside found a new stable band and would usually perform with Brown and drummer Cedric Burnside, his grandson. R.L. played his first art museum gig when Grammy nominee/producer Larry Hoffman brought him to Baltimore to play the Walters Art Museum in February 1993 as the feature of a Baltimore Folk Music Society concert.

In a New York concert around the release of the documentary ''Deep Blues'', he attracted the attention of Jon Spencer, the leader of the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion.<ref name="bilbo.1996" /> He started touring with this group in 1995, both as an opening act and sitting in,<ref name="bilbo.1996"/> gaining many new fans.<ref name=wetlands97/> The 1996 album ''A Ass Pocket of Whiskey'' was recorded with Spencer's band and was marketed for their audience, but was credited to Burnside.<ref name="bilbo.1996">{{cite news |title= R.L. Burnside Brews Blues on Matador |author=Morris, Chris |newspaper=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |date=22 June 1996 |pages=10, 95|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> It gained critical acclaim and received praise from Bono and Iggy Pop; ''Billboard'' magazine wrote that "it sounds like no other blues album ever released"<ref name="bilbo.1996"/> and an author there picked it for a year's end critics' poll,<ref name="billbo96poll.1996">{{cite news| title=Critics' Poll – Chris Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA38|date=28 December 1996 |newspaper=Billboard |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> but ''Living Blues'' opined that it was "perhaps the worst blues album ever made".<ref name="philly.1996">Cited in {{Cite news| author= Dan DeLuca| title = This Is A Blues Band Of Another Color Purist? Not The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. Spencer Calls Its Music "white Suburban Punk."| work = The Philadelphia Inquirer| access-date = 2015-05-03| date = 1996-12-08| url = http://articles.philly.com/1996-12-08/entertainment/25643200_1_jon-spencer-blues-explosion-punk-blues-junior-kimbrough| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014217/http://articles.philly.com/1996-12-08/entertainment/25643200_1_jon-spencer-blues-explosion-punk-blues-junior-kimbrough| url-status = dead| archive-date = May 28, 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|His work with Jon Spencer was later cited as an influence by Hillstomp<ref name=amg /> and covered on record by The Immortal Lee County Killers.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}}}

[[Image:R.L. Burnside (blues musician).jpg|thumb|180px|right|Burnside at the Double Door Inn in Charlotte, N.C., in 1998]] After parting ways with the Blues Explosion, the label turned to produce music in which recorded materials were remixed by producer Tom Rothrock with an eye to techno, downtempo and hip-hop listeners. The experiment started with a track in ''Mr. Wizard'' (1997),<ref>{{oclc|36765619}}</ref> an album based on a variety of sessions, and matured into a full album with ''Come On In'' (1998).<ref name=orlando>{{Cite news| last = Matt Kelemen| title = Turning the tables on Burnside's deep blues| newspaper = Orlando Weekly | access-date = 2015-07-04| date = 1999-01-06| url = http://www.orlandoweekly.com/orlando/turning-the-tables-on-burnsideas-deep-blues/Content?oid=2259412}}</ref> The recording artists themselves heard only the final product, but they conceded that with time they came to like it, in part influenced by its popularity.<ref name=thirstyear/><ref name="baccess mtv"/>

Burnside continued to tour, perhaps more extensively than ever. He opened for the Beastie Boys,<ref name=vg/><ref name=mtvbb>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/500209/burnside-to-open-for-beasties/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624070914/http://www.mtv.com/news/500209/burnside-to-open-for-beasties/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 24, 2015 |title=Burnside To Open For Beasties |publisher=MTV News |date= August 10, 1998 |access-date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> was a musical guest on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' and on HBO's ''Reverb'', provided entertainment at private events such as Richard Gere's birthday party,<ref name="Jay"/> and participated in shared or showcase bills with other Fat Possum artists, notably T-Model Ford, Paul "Wine" Jones, CeDell Davis, Robert Cage and Robert Belfour. An influx of visitors and young musicians were attracted to Junior's Place, before it burned down in 2000.

Documentary coverage of his contemporaneous life and work expanded too. Bradley Beesley filmed the 60-minute ''Hill Stomp Hollar'', a film about Burnside and other Fat Possum artists, that received a positive response<ref>{{cite news| work = Indiewire| title = Slacking at the SXSW Film Festival |access-date = 2016-03-10|date=March 26, 1999 |url = http://www.indiewire.com/article/slacking_at_the_sxsw_film_festival}}</ref> at the 1999 SXSW Film Festival premiere,<ref>{{Cite web| title = [1999 Films at SXSW]| access-date = 2016-03-10| url = http://www.sxsw.com/sites/default/files/attachments/1999_archive_-_final.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311071437/http://www.sxsw.com/sites/default/files/attachments/1999_archive_-_final.pdf| archive-date = 2016-03-11}}</ref> but that was not approved for release by the label.<ref>{{cite news| author = Steve Walker| title = Bite Me| newspaper = The Pitch| access-date = 2016-03-10| date=August 23, 2001 |url = http://www.pitch.com/kansascity/bite-me/Content?oid=2163967}}</ref> Much of Beesley's footage and many of his interviews became part of the 77-minute ''You See Me Laughin{{'}}'', directed by Mandy Stein; it was released by Fat Possum in 2003. A 1999 date at Paris' New Morning club, with Brown and Cedric, was an occasion at which the French blues singer Sophie Kay (also known as Sophie Kertesz) filmed a 52-minute documentary.

Before long, however, Burnside was in declining health. He had an ear infection and underwent heart surgery in 1999.<ref name= billboard/><ref name="popmatters obit">{{cite magazine| title = Well Well Well...: R.L. Burnside 1926–2005 |magazine= PopMatters| author= Lou Friedman |date=September 14, 2005 |access-date= 2015-06-17| url = http://www.popmatters.com/feature/050914-burnsiderl/}}</ref><ref name="mtv heart">{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/517057/rl-burnside-scheduled-for-heart-surgery/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629151922/http://www.mtv.com/news/517057/rl-burnside-scheduled-for-heart-surgery/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |title=R.L. Burnside Scheduled For Heart Surgery |publisher=MTV News |date= August 30, 1999 |access-date=June 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="cmj heart">{{cite news|magazine=CMJ New Music Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tSDxVaPHdIC&pg=PA8 |date= October 4, 1999|page=8 |issn=0890-0795 |title= R.L.Burnside recovering following heart surgery}}</ref> As his tours decreased to a minimum,<ref>{{Cite news |title = R.L. Burnside Not Ready for Heaven Yet |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/r-l-burnside-not-ready-for-heaven-yet-20001220 |magazine= Rolling Stone |date= 2000-12-20 |author= Marian Montgomery |access-date = 2015-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = "It's rough all over the world," says R.L. Burnside, "even down in Mississippi some." [reprint title]| date = January 18, 2001 |newspaper=The Georgia Straight|author= Steve Newton | access-date = 2015-11-10| url = http://earofnewt.com/2014/11/03/its-rough-all-over-the-world-says-r-l-burnside-even-down-in-mississippi-some/}}</ref> ''Wish I Was In Heaven Sitting Down'' (2000) was released, which relegated guitar work to other players (Rick Holmstrom, Smokey Hormel, John Porter) but used Burnside's vocals.<ref name=vg/> After a heart attack in 2001, his doctor advised him to stop drinking; Burnside did, but he reported that change left him unable to play.<ref name = deltaforce/> Fat Possum rebounded with ''A Bothered Mind'' (2004), an album that used previously recorded guitar tracks, and included collaborations with Kid Rock and Lyrics Born.

These remix albums received mixed reviews, some describing the results as "unnatural"<ref>''[http://www.allmusic.com/album/wish-i-was-in-heaven-sitting-down-mw0000101901 Wish I Was in Heaven Sitting Down]'', review by Alex Henderson, allmusic</ref> while others lauded the playful spirit,<ref>''[http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-bothered-mind-mw0000165294 A Bothered Mind]'', review by Steve Leggett, allmusic</ref> or "the way it yokes authentic blues feeling to new technology".<ref>{{Cite news| last = Andy Gill| title = Album: RL Burnside, A Bothered Mind, FAT POSSUM| work = The Independent| access-date = 2014-01-22| date = 2004-10-08| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-rl-burnside-542948.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219144617/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-rl-burnside-542948.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = February 19, 2014}}</ref> Commercially, the remixes were successful; each surpassed its previous in Billboard's Top Blues Albums chart, as they stayed there for 12–18 weeks' periods (but none entered into the more competitive Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs),<ref name=bilbo.charts>{{cite web |url= http://www.billboard.com/artist/277278/rl-burnside/chart |title=R.L. Burnside – Chart history |newspaper=Billboard.com |access-date=May 11, 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|From a hip-hop perspective the Fat Possum efforts were among the very first to incorporate the blues, but ultimately did not alter the younger genre's landscape.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Da Capo Press| author= Roni Sarig| title = Third Coast: Outkast, Timbaland, and How Hip-Hop Became a Southern Thing| date = 2007 |page= 221 }}</ref> One clear precursor is found in ''The Wolf that House Built'' from Little Axe,<ref name=dragging>{{Cite web| last = Morrison| first = Nick| title = Dragging The Blues Into The 21st Century| publisher = A Blog Supreme / NPR |date= January 12, 2011| access-date = 2015-10-29| url = https://www.npr.org/sections/ablogsupreme/2011/01/14/132806260/dragging-the-blues-into-the-21st-century}}</ref> others are by Chris Thomas (King). Contemporary projects, that used archival blues samples, included Moby's extremely successful ''Play'' (1999), Tangle Eye's remix of Alan Lomax material (2004), and with a broader mix, Alabama 3's ''Exile on Coldharbour Lane'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite news| last = Steve Knopper| title = nublues| work = Chicago Tribune| access-date = 2015-11-04| date = 2004-11-21| url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/11/21/nublues/}}</ref>}} and two tracks from ''Come On In'' were included in ''The Sopranos{{'}}'' soundtrack. "Let My Baby Ride" off ''Come On In'' received significant airplay and an ensuing music clip was slotted in MTV's ''120 Minutes'';<ref name="baccess mtv">{{Cite journal| journal = Blues Access |issue = 39 |date= Fall 1999 |title=Mississippi Remix, or how 73-year old R.L. Burnside found the hip-hop audience |author= Lou Friedman |access-date = 2015-06-16| url = http://www.bluesaccess.com/No_39/burnside.html}}</ref> the album's "Rollin' & Tumblin'" accompanied a 2002 Nissan TV commercial.<ref name=vg/><ref name="nyt dies">{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Sisario| first = Ben| title = R. L. Burnside, 78, Master of Raw Mississippi Blues, Dies| work = The New York Times| access-date = 2015-06-16| date = 2005-09-02| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/02/arts/r-l-burnside-78-master-of-raw-mississippi-blues-dies.html}}</ref><ref name="commerials songtitles">{{cite web |url=http://songtitle.info/2002spring.htm |title=Music from TV Commercials – Spring 2002 |access-date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> But the live, unremixed album ''Burnside on Burnside'' (2001) peaked at number 4 of Billboard's Blues Albums chart<ref name=bilbo.charts/> and was nominated for a Grammy.<ref>{{Cite news|title = The complete list of nominees|url = http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/08/entertainment/et-grammylist8/4 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105212508/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/08/entertainment/et-grammylist8/4 |url-status = dead |archive-date = November 5, 2012 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = 2003-01-08|access-date = 2015-06-21|issn = 0458-3035}}</ref> – the last article to catch Burnside as an active bandleader, recorded in January 2001 with Brown and Cedric.

In between, Fat Possum licensed and released ''First Recording'' (2003), comprising George Mitchell's 1967 recordings in its fullest edition yet, in traditional format.{{refn|group=n|In interviews Watson and Johnson of Fat Possum have indicated that Burnside was the label's best seller and enabled them to finance less commercially-assured projects, and sign new artists.<ref name = deltaforce/><ref name=stillgot/><ref name="spin1997"/><ref name=Schumacher-Rasmussen>{{Cite news| author= Eric Schumacher-Rasmussen| title = Fat Possum Raises Hackles With Off-Beat Blues| newspaper= MTV News| access-date = 2015-07-16| date = 1998-06-09| url = http://www.mtv.com/news/350076/fat-possum-raises-hackles-with-off-beat-blues/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150304180041/http://www.mtv.com/news/350076/fat-possum-raises-hackles-with-off-beat-blues/| url-status = dead| archive-date = March 4, 2015}}</ref>}} In addition, the 1990s and 2000s saw release of several recordings from previous decades by other labels, as well as a couple of new recordings by HighTone Records. In 1999 and 2000, two of his songs "Shuck Dub" and "It's Bad You Know", were featured in the sountrack for the HBO crime drama series ''The Sopranos''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ugoku|title=The Sopranos location guide - Filming locations for|url=https://www.sopranos-locations.com/season-3/episode-5/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.sopranos-locations.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Death and legacy=== Another heart attack in November 2002 resulted in a surgery in 2003, and short-circuited any future career plans he had.<ref name=vg/><ref name="popmatters obit"/> Yet Burnside continued as guest singer on occasions, such as at Bonnaroo Music Festival, 2004, his last public appearance.<ref name=revuereview>{{cite web |url=http://www.tdblues.com/2009/06/hill-country-revue-and-blues-evolution/ |title=Hill Country Revue and Blues Evolution |publisher=TheDeltaBlues |date=2009-06-18 |author=Jason Rewald |access-date=April 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101623/http://www.tdblues.com/2009/06/hill-country-revue-and-blues-evolution/ |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He died at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, on September 1, 2005, at the age of 78.<ref name=srobit>{{cite news |url=http://www.southreporter.com/2005/wk37/obits.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182301/http://www.southreporter.com/2005/wk37/obits.html |archive-date=2014-04-16 |title= Obituaries, R.L. Burnside |newspaper= The South Reporter |date=September 15, 2005 }}</ref> Services were held at Rust College, in Holly Springs, with burial in the Free Springs Cemetery, in Harmontown. Around the time of his death, he resided in Byhalia, Mississippi. His immediate survivors included:<ref name="srobit"/> *His wife: Alice Mae Taylor Burnside (1932–2008),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.southreporter.com/2008/wk48/obits.html |newspaper=The South Reporter |title=Obituaries |archive-date=2014-11-12 |access-date=2014-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112022922/http://archive.southreporter.com/2008/wk48/obits.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> married 1949<ref name = "gale blackbio"/><ref name="Jay"/> *His daughters: Mildred Jean Burnside (1949–2010),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://djournal.com/obituaries/obituaries-october-8-2010/ |title= Obituaries October 8, 2010 |publisher= djournal, Northeast Mississippi daily journal}}</ref> Linda Jackson, Brenda Kay Brooks, and Pamela Denise Burnside *His sons: Melvin Burnside, R.L. Burnside Jr. (1954–2010),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/obituaries/memphis-area-obituaries-december-9-2010 |newspaper=The Commercial Appeal, Memphis |title=Memphis-area obituaries: December 9, 2010}}</ref> Calvin Burnside, Joseph Burnside, Daniel Burnside, Duwayne Burnside, Dexter Burnside, Garry Burnside (youngest son), and Rodger Harmon *His sisters: Lucille Burnside, Verlyn Burnside, and Mat Burnside *His brother: Jesse Monia *His 35 grandchildren: Cedric Burnside, Kent Burnside (oldest grandson) *32 great-grandchildren

Members of his extended family continue to play blues in the Holly Springs area and in wider circles: *His son Duwayne Burnside has played guitar with the North Mississippi Allstars (''Polaris''; ''Hill Country Revue with R. L. Burnside''). He has operated music venues named after Burnside and Alice Mae in Chulahoma, Memphis,<ref name="flyerjukes">{{Cite news |last=Lisle |first=Andria |others=No Wayback or archive.today return for this URL. |date=2004-06-12 |title=Local Beat: If the Juke Joint's a-Rockin' |work=Memphis Flyer |url=http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/local-beat/Content?oid=1114426 |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-06-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115307/http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/local-beat/Content?oid=1114426 }}</ref><ref name=allmDuwayne>{{cite web |url= {{AllMusic| class=artist| id=mn0000122630| pure_url=yes}} |title=Duwayne Burnside |author=Skelly, Richard |website=Allmusic}}</ref> Waterford,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefrontlinemusic.wordpress.com/2011/05/22/burnside-blues-cafe-juke-joint-owned-by-the/ |title=Burnside Blues Cafe, Waterford MS | The Frontline |publisher=Thefrontlinemusic.wordpress.com |date=2011-05-22 |access-date=2015-09-07}}</ref> and Holly Springs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thefrontlinemusic.com/tag/alice-maes-cafe/ |title=Alice Mae's Cafe | The Frontline |publisher=Thefrontlinemusic.com |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061849/http://thefrontlinemusic.com/tag/alice-maes-cafe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *His grandson Cedric Burnside has released six albums with four musical partners and toured with Kenny Brown and others *His son Garry Burnside used to play bass guitar with Junior Kimbrough, North Mississippi Allstars, and Hill Country Revue; in 2006 he released an album with Cedric *His son-in-law Calvin Jackson recorded with blues musicians of Burnside's generation and younger *His grandson Kent Burnside is also a touring blues musician. Kent is currently touring with the Flood Brothers and released an album with them in 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/music/album/Kent_Burnside_The_Flood_Brothers_Kent_Burnside_and?id=Bjadvhhyn6zqlyjiy3d64krteby&hl=en|title=Kent Burnside & The Flood Brothers|website=Play.google.com|access-date=2017-05-02}}</ref> *His grandson Cody released four albums and toured with the family and his own band

Burnside won one W. C. Handy Award in 2000 (Traditional Blues Male Artist of the Year),<ref name=handy00>{{cite web |url= http://www.pastblues.com/view-action-122.html?itId=130 |publisher=PastBlues |title=2000 - 21st W.C. Handy Blues Awards}}</ref> two in 2002 (Traditional Blues Male Artist of the Year; Traditional Blues Album of the Year, ''Burnside on Burnside''),<ref name=handy02>{{cite web |url= http://www.pastblues.com/view-action-122.html?itId=128 |publisher=PastBlues |title=2002 - 23rd W.C. Handy Blues Awards}}</ref><ref name=bilbo.2002>{{cite news |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/75639/buddy-guy-wins-three-wc-handy-honors |title=Buddy Guy Wins Three W.C. Handy Honors |newspaper=Billboard |date= May 24, 2002 |access-date=May 11, 2015}}</ref> and one in 2003 (Traditional Blues Male Artist of The Year);<ref name=handy03>{{cite web |url= http://www.pastblues.com/view-action-122.html?itId=127 |publisher=PastBlues |title=2003 - 24th W.C. Handy Blues Awards}}</ref> he had 11 unsuccessful nominations in 8 years for the awards, starting in 1982,<ref name=handyxx>{{cite web |url= http://www.pastblues.com/view-singlePage-107.html |title=[Blues music awards, all years] |publisher=PastBlues }}</ref> as well as one for a Grammy. Several of the Mississippi Blues Trail markers, which have been erected since 2006, mention him. In 2014 he was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame in Memphis.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Blues Foundation Announces 2014 Blues Hall of Fame Inductees |publisher= American Blues Scene Magazine |access-date = 2015-06-17 |date= February 12, 2014 |url= http://www.americanbluesscene.com/2014/02/the-blues-foundation-announces-2014-blues-hall-of-fame-inductees/}}</ref>

Burnside's fellow Fat Possum musicians The Black Keys credit him as an influence and interpolated his "Skinny Woman" into their track "Busted".{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The Black Keys would perform two Burnside covers on their album ''Delta Kream'' in 2021 featuring Kenny Brown. Brown, along with bassist Eric Deaton, would also join The Black Keys for their 2022 tour (supporting the release of ''Dropout Boogie'') to perform the Burnside covers live.

The electronica musician St. Germain used samples of Burnside's "Nightmare Blues" throughout the track "How Dare You", on his 2015 album.<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0099-9660| last = Fusilli| first = Jim| title = 'St Germain' Review: Bamako by Way of Paris| work = Wall Street Journal| access-date = 2015-11-09| date = 2015-10-06| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/st-germain-review-bamako-by-way-of-paris-1444166610}}</ref>

==Style== [[Image:RL Burnside.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Burnside performing at the Crystal Ballroom in Portland, Oregon, in January 2001]] Burnside had a powerful, expressive voice, that did not fail with old age but rather grew richer,<ref name=vg/><ref name="Jay"/> and played both electric and acoustic guitar, with and without a slide. His drone-heavy style was more characteristic of North Mississippi hill country blues than Delta blues. Like other country blues musicians, he did not always adhere to strict 12- or 16-bar blues patterns, often adding extra beats to a measure as he saw fit.<ref name=loux>Lou Erlanger. Liner notes to ''Acoustic Stories'' (1989/1997)</ref> His rhythms are often based on the fife and drum blues of north Mississippi.<ref name="palmer jim"/><ref name="fnd continuum">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1=John Shepherd |editor2=David Horn |editor3=Dave Laing |editor4=Paul Oliver |editor5=Peter Wicke |author= David Evans |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 2: Performance and Production |contribution= Fife and drum Band |encyclopedia=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Part 1, Performance and Production |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8KvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2003 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-84714-472-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|Compare Burnside's vocal imitation of fife and drum music: ''You See Me Laughin{{'}}'' (see filmography), min. 25:55ff.}}

As was the case with his role model John Lee Hooker, Burnside's earliest recordings sound quite similar to one another, even repetitive, in vocal and instrumental styling. Many of these songs eschew traditional chord changes in favor of a single chord<ref name="Herzhaft1992"/><ref name="69notes"/><ref name="palmer jim"/> or a simple bassline pattern that repeats throughout. Burnside played the guitar fingerstyle—without a pick—and often in open-G tuning.<ref name="69leaf">Arhoolie 1042 (1969) leaflet ([http://www.wirz.de/music/arhoolie/grafik/1042b4.jpg scan])</ref> His vocal style is characterized by a tendency to "break" briefly into falsetto, usually at the end of long notes.

Like his contemporary T-Model Ford, Burnside favored a stripped-down approach to the blues, marked by a quality of rawness. He and his later managers and reviewers maintained his persona as a hard-working man leading a life of struggle,<ref name="Haenfler2013">{{cite book|author=Ross Haenfler|title=Subcultures: The Basics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbVEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|date=8 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54763-0|pages=89–90|chapter= Who are the "authentic" participants and who are the "poseurs"?}}</ref> a heavy drinker, latent criminal singing songs of swagger and rebellion.

Burnside knew many toasts—African American narrative folk poems such as "Signifying monkey" and "Tojo Told Hitler"—and fondly recited them between songs at his concerts and on recordings. He narrated long jokes in concerts and social events,<ref name=wetlands97>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Ratliff| first = Ben| title = Delta Blues, Including Long Jokes And Lust| work = The New York Times| access-date = 2015-06-12| date = 1997-03-15| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/15/arts/delta-blues-including-long-jokes-and-lust.html}}</ref><ref>E.g. on ''Well, Well, Well'' (2001) and ''Burnside on Burnside'' (2001)</ref> and many sources noted his quick wit and charisma.

==Discography==

===Studio albums=== * ''Sound Machine Groove'' (1981) * ''Plays and Sings the Mississippi Delta Blues'' (1981) * ''Mississippi Hill Country Blues'' (1987) * ''Skinny Woman'' (1989) * ''Bad Luck City'' (1992) * ''Too Bad Jim'' (1994) * ''A Ass Pocket of Whiskey'' (1996) * ''Mr. Wizard'' (1997) * ''Acoustic Stories'' (1997) * ''Come On In'' (1998) * ''Wish I Was in Heaven Sitting Down'' (2000) * ''A Bothered Mind'' (2004)

===Live albums=== * ''Mississippi Blues'' (1984) * ''Burnside on Burnside'' (2001)

===Compilation albums=== * ''Going Down South'' (1999) * ''My Black Name a-Ringin''' (1999) * ''Well, Well, Well'' (2001) * ''Raw Electric'' (2002) * ''No Monkeys on this Train'' (2003) * ''First Recordings'' (2003) * ''Rollin' and Tumblin': the King of Hill Country Blues'' (2010) * ''Long Distance Call'' (2019)

==Films== *''Honky Tonk'' (1974), by Tav Falco *''The Land Where the Blues Began'' (1979), by Alan Lomax, John Melville Bishop, and Worth Long in association with the Mississippi Authority for Educational Television **''American Patchwork: Songs and Stories of America'', part 3: "The Land Where the Blues Began" (1990), North Carolina Public TV, a lightly re-edited version of "The Land Where the Blues Began" (1979) **[http://www.media-generation.com/DVD%20PAGES/Land/Land.html ''The Land Where the Blues Began'' (2010)], restored original version, DVD containing two additional performances by Burnside *''Deep Blues: A Musical Pilgrimage to the Crossroads'' (1991), directed by Robert Mugge *''Hill Stomp Hollar'' (1999), by Bradley Beesley *''[http://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?id=a37763f8-2028-4132-bbf8-91c570880885 Un jour avec... R. L. Burnside] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611210809/https://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?id=a37763f8-2028-4132-bbf8-91c570880885 |date=2015-06-11 }}'' (1999/2001), by Sophie Kertesz, produced and distributed by Ciné-Rock, Paris {{oclc|691729826}} *''You See Me Laughin': The Last of the Hill Country Bluesmen'' (2002), released by Fat Possum Records in 2005, produced and directed by Mandy Stein, Oxford, Mississippi: Plain Jane Productions, Fat Possum Records *''Richard Johnston: Hill Country Troubadour'' (2005), directed by Max Shores, Alabama PBS, featuring an interview with Burnside and information about the Holly Springs music community *''Big Bad Love'' (2001), directed by Arliss Howard, with soundtrack songs by Burnside and a cameo live performance, MGM/IFC Films *''Holy Motors'' (2012), directed by Leos Carax, with an accordion and drum cover of "Let My Baby Ride" by Docteur L

==Further reading== *Dessier, Matthieu (2006). ''The Real Deal: Experiencing Authenticity in the Music of R.L. Burnside''. M.A. thesis. University of Mississippi. {{oclc|82143665}} *Smirnoff, Marc, ed. (2008). ''The'' Oxford American ''Book of Great Music Writing''. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas.

==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==External links== * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=}} * [http://www.fatpossum.com Fat Possum artist website] * [http://www.ionet.net/~tslade/burnside.htm Slade's R. L. Burnside page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709193349/http://www.ionet.net/~tslade/burnside.htm |date=2018-07-09 }} * [http://www.wirz.de/music/burnside.htm Illustrated R. L. Burnside discography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burnside, R. L.}} Category:1926 births Category:2005 deaths Category:20th-century African-American male singers Category:20th-century American male singers Category:20th-century American singers Category:American blues guitarists Category:American male guitarists Category:American blues singers Category:Country blues musicians Category:Delta blues musicians Category:Juke Joint blues musicians Category:Blues musicians from Mississippi Category:Fat Possum Records artists Category:People from Lafayette County, Mississippi Category:People from Holly Springs, Mississippi Category:20th-century American guitarists Category:Guitarists from Mississippi Category:People from Byhalia, Mississippi Category:African-American guitarists