{{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Rosalie Gicanda | image = Tutsi princess.jpg | caption = | succession = Queen consort of Rwanda | reign = 13 January 1942 – 25 July 1959 | coronation = | full name = | native_lang1 = | native_lang1_name1 = | birth_date = 1928 | birth_place = Rwamagana, Rwanda-Urundi | death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|04|20|1928|df=y}} <!-- Using 1 March as birthday to get template to work --> | death_place = Butare, Rwanda | burial_date = | burial_place = Nyanza District | predecessor = | successor = | spouse = Mutara III Rudahigwa | house = Abanyiginya | house-type = Clan | father = | mother = | religion = Catholicism<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/79970|title=Do not applaude the arrest of the queen’s killer|date=Oct 10, 2009|website=The New Times | Rwanda|accessdate=Jun 18, 2020}}</ref> | signature = }} '''Rosalie Gicanda''' (1928<ref name=dob>[https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-queen-rosalie-gicanda-grave-image20274161 Queen Rosalie Gicanda Grave Editorial Photo - Image: 20274161], Dreamstime, Retrieved 21 October 2016</ref> – 20 April 1994) was the wife of Rwandan King ({{langx|rw|mwami}}) Mutara III Rudahigwa. After her husband died in mysterious circumstances in 1959, the Rwandan monarchy lasted only two more years under King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, coming to an end with the Rwandan Revolution in 1961. The then-Queen Dowager continued to live in Butare in Butare Province, Rwanda, along with Prince Damascene Paradis, her mother and several ladies-in-waiting, where she was later murdered during the Rwandan genocide in 1994.
== Life == Born in 1928 in Rwamagana<ref name="dob">{{cite web | url=https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-queen-rosalie-gicanda-grave-image20274161 | title=Queen Rosalie Gicanda Grave Editorial Photo - Image: 20274161 | website=Dreamstime}}</ref>, Rosalie Gicanda is the daughter of Martin Gatsinzi, of the Banyiginya-Bahebera clan, and Christiane Makwindigiri, of the Bega clan. She is the sister of Asteria Bisinda, mother of Paul Kagame, the future president of Rwanda.<ref>{{cite book | author=Colin M. Waugh | title=Paul Kagame and Rwanda : Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front | publisher=McFarland | year=2013 | isbn= | url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=a82JCYuEdMAC&pg=PA12&dq=Paul+Kagame+rosalie+Gicanda}}</ref><ref name=JA21017>{{cite periodical | language=fr | title=Comment une reine a sauvé la vie de Paul Kagame | periodical=Jeune Afrique | date=June 21, 2017 | author=Mehdi Ba | url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/446543/politique/reine-a-sauve-vie-de-paul-kagame/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author1=Henry Louis Gates, Jr. | author2=Emmanuel Akyeampong | author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven | title=Dictionary of African Biography | publisher=OUP USA | year=2012 | pages=263 | isbn= | url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA263&dq=Paul+Kagame+rosalie+Gicanda }}</ref>
In 1953 the American writer John Gunther visited Rwanda in preparation for his book ''Inside Africa''. After interviewing her husband Mutara III, Gunther met socially with Queen Rosalie Gicanda. He described her as being shy in manner, speaking French well but not having travelled widely.<ref> John Gunther, pages 674-675 ''Inside Africa'', published Hamish Hamilton Ltd London, 1955</ref>
In 1961, during the Rwandan revolution that brought an end to the Tutsi monarchy and the Kingdom of Rwanda, she saved the life of her four-year-old nephew, Paul Kagame, and his family by helping them escape when Hutus from the neighborhood, encouraged by local and colonial authorities, seized the hill where they lived, massacring the Tutsis.<ref name=JA21017 />
== Death == On 20 April 1994, as the Rwandan genocide began in earnest in Butare, a detachment of soldiers commanded by Lt. Pierre Bizimana, acting under the orders of Capt. Ildéphonse Nizeyimana, kidnapped the former Queen along with others from her house. They then took the captives behind the National Museum (now the Ethnographic Museum) and shot them. Only a younger girl survived to tell the story of the murders. Two days later, the Queen's mother was also murdered. At the request of a priest, Butare mayor Kanyabashi recovered Queen Gicanda’s body and had it buried in the yard next to her house.<ref name=bbc2>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18512292 Rwanda genocide: Nizeyimana convicted of killing Queen Gicanda], 19 June 2012, BBC, Retrieved 2 March 2016</ref> She was later reburied at the Mwima Mausoleum where her husband King Mutara III Rudahigwa and King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa are also buried.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rosalie Gicanda: The last Queen of Rwanda |date=2026-04-19 |url=https://kentakepage.com/rosalie-gicanda/ |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref>
== Public reaction == The Queen was a living symbol for Tutsis, and her murder shocked many. It effectively signaled the beginning of the mass killing in the Butare area, which saw some of the worst atrocities committed during the fighting.
After the genocide, a Rwandan military court found Bizimana and Private 1st Class Aloys Mazimpaka guilty of genocide and the murder of Queen Gicanda and her family. (''Chambre Specialisée du Conseil de Guerre de Butare, case no. LMD 187, LP 0001-PS 97'', Judgment pronounced July 27, 1998.) Bizimana was sentenced to death, Mazimpaka to life in prison.
On 6 October 2009, Nizeyimana was arrested in Kampala, Uganda. Nizeyimana was one of the most wanted suspects in the Rwandan genocide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8292252.stm|title=Rwanda queen-killing suspect held|date=Oct 6, 2009|access-date=Jun 18, 2020|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> On 19 June 2012, he was convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda of ordering the killing of the former Tutsi queen, as well as other murders, and was sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18512292|title=Rwandan queen killer convicted|date=Jun 19, 2012|accessdate=Jun 18, 2020|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
==Notes== <references/>
==External links== *[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno11-4-04.htm Human Rights Watch | Butare Genocide] *[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8292252.stm Picture of Queen Rosalie Gicanda and King Mutara III] *[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8292252.stm Rwanda Queen killing suspect held]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gicanda, Rosalie}} Category:1928 births Category:1994 deaths Category:People from Butare Category:Assassinated Rwandan people Category:Deaths by firearm in Rwanda Category:Executed royalty Category:Murdered royalty Category:People who died in the Rwandan genocide Rosalie Gicanda Category:Rwandan royalty Category:Tutsi people Category:20th-century Rwandan women Category:Violence against women in Rwanda Category:20th-century Rwandan people Category:Tutsi women