{{Short description|Provincial Police Force of Quebec}} {{Use Canadian English|date=September 2025}} {{About|the provincial police service|the municipal police service of Montreal|Service de police de la Ville de Montréal|the municipal police service of Quebec City|Quebec City Police Service}} {{Infobox law enforcement agency | agencyname = {{lang|fr|i=unset|Sûreté du Québec}} | nativename = | nativenamea = | nativenamer = | commonname = | abbreviation = SQ | fictional = | patch = Sûreté du Québec.svg | patchcaption = Badge of the SQ<ref name="GG">{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/471 |title=Sûreté du Québec badge |work=Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada |publisher=Official website of the Governor General |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref> | logo = Iv473 20040064 arms su sm.jpg | logocaption = Coat of arms of the SQ<ref name="SQ-GG">{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/470 |title=Sûreté du Québec arms |work=Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada |publisher=Official website of the Governor General |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref> | badge = Badge - Sûreté du Quebec.jpg | badgecaption = Patch of the SQ | flag = Sq drapeau.png | flagcaption = Flag of the SQ | imagesize = | motto = {{lang|fr|Service, Intégrité, Justice}} | mottotranslated = Service, Integrity, Justice | mission = | formedyear = 1870 | formedmonthday = May 1 | preceding1 = | dissolved = | superseding = | employees = | volunteers = | budget = | legalpersonality = | country = Canada | countryabbr = | national = | federal = | international = | divtype = Province | divname = Quebec | divdab = | subdivtype = | subdivname = | subdivdab = | mapcaption = | sizearea = 1,542,056 km<sup>2</sup> | sizepopulation = 8,484,965 | legaljuris = | governingbody = | governingbodyscnd = | constitution1 = | police = | local = | military = | provost = | gendarmerie = | religious = | speciality1 = | secret = | oversighttype = | oversightbody = Ministry of Public Security of Quebec<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca/police/quebec/services-de-police/sq.html |title=Sûreté du Québec |website=Ministère de la Sécurité publique |language=fr |access-date=2018-12-15 |quote="Corps de police national qui agit sous l'autorité du ministre de la Sécurité publique"}}</ref> | headquarters = 1701, rue Parthenais<br />Montreal, Quebec<br />H2K 3S7 {{Location|45.52858750783238|-73.55259783454248|display=inline,title}} | hqlocmap = | hqlocmapwidth = | hqlocmapheight = | hqlocmapborder = | hqlocleft = | hqloctop = | hqlocmappoptitle = | sworntype = Officer | sworn = 5,700<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/en/the-surete-du-quebec/#:~:text=In%20its%20early%20days%2C%20it,with%20the%20public%20throughout%20Qu%C3%A9bec. |publisher=Sq.gouv.qc.ca |access-date=2024-03-07|title=The Sûreté du Québec - Sûreté du Québec |work=Sûreté du Québec }}</ref> | unsworntype = | unsworn = | multinational = | electeetype = Minister | minister1name = François Bonnardel | minister1pfo = Minister of Public Security | chief1name = Johanne Beausoleil | chief1position = Director-general<ref name=Beausoleil/> | parentagency = | child1agency = | unittype = | unitname = | officetype = District | officename = 10 | provideragency = | uniformedas = | stationtype = | stations = | airbases = | lockuptype = | lockups = | vehicle1type = | vehicles1 = | boat1type = | boats1 = | aircraft1type = | aircraft1 = | animal1type = | animals1 = | person1name = | person1reason = | person1type = | programme1 = | activity1name = | activitytype = | anniversary1 = | award1 = | website = {{Official URL}} | footnotes = | reference = }} The '''{{lang|fr|i=unset|Sûreté du Québec}}''' ('''SQ'''; {{IPA|fr|syʁte dy kebɛk|lang}}, {{Literal translation|Safety of Quebec}}) is the provincial police service for the Canadian province of Quebec.<ref>[http://www.suretequebec.gouv.qc.ca/english/surete-du-quebec-national-police-services-mission-sq.jsp The Sûreté du Québec] on [http://www.suretequebec.gouv.qc.ca/ the official website] describes the service as a "national police service". "As a national police service providing services to citizens, other police organizations and the State, the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Sûreté du Québec}} is also a leader in..."</ref> There is no official English name, though the agency's name is sometimes translated as '''Quebec Provincial Police''' ('''QPP''') and '''Quebec Police Force''' ('''QPF''') in English-language sources. The headquarters of the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Sûreté du Québec}} are located on Parthenais Street in Montreal's Sainte-Marie neighbourhood, and the service employs over 5,700 officers. The SQ is one of three provincial police services in Canada, alongside the larger Ontario Provincial Police and smaller Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, and the third-largest police service in Canada (behind the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police).
==Function== The primary function of the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) is to enforce provincial laws, some municipal bylaws, the federal ''Criminal Code'' and many other laws throughout Quebec, and to assist municipal police services when needed.
At the local level, the SQ is responsible for providing local police services to municipalities that chose not to have their own police department (mostly localities with populations under 50,000), in exchange for payment relative to their size. In other cities, the Sûreté du Québec can also take over criminal investigations from municipal police services when required by the ''Police Act'' of the province, according to the severity of the crime and the size of the population (''e.g.'', the SQ will take in charge any homicide with no imminent arrests in a city of less than 250,000, even if it has its own police department).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Six Levels of Police Service According to Population Size|url=https://www.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca/en/police-prevention/police-service-levels.html|publisher=Sécurité Publique Québec}}</ref> The SQ is usually present in smaller, rural or suburban communities, and it is not usually visible on the streets of large urban centres like Montreal and Quebec City, whose own police departments must provide a wide range of services and operations by law. In those cities, however, the SQ still has large offices where various investigations are conducted.
At the provincial level, the SQ is responsible for actions such as patrolling the highways of Quebec, preserving the integrity of governmental institutions, coordinating large-scale investigations (such as during the biker war in the 1990s), and maintaining and sharing the criminal intelligence database of Quebec with other services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/organisation/mission-vision-valeurs/ |title=Mission, vision, valeurs |website=Sûreté du Québec |language=fr-FR |access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> In addition, the SQ can provide technical assistance to Quebec's independent investigation unit (BEI) in any incident involving possible wrongdoing by another police department, such as deaths and serious injuries. Should the SQ be involved in such an incident, assistance (if needed) will be provided either by the police service of Montreal or of Quebec City.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/62-investigations-no-charges-in-quebec-police-watchdogs-first-year |title=62 investigations, no charges in Quebec police watchdog's first year |date=2017-06-27 |work=Montreal Gazette |access-date=2018-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==History== On February 1, 1870, the Quebec provincial government created the ''Police provinciale du Québec''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/debuts-surete-du-quebec.jsp |title=1870 Les débuts de la Sûreté du Québec - Police - Sûreté du Québec |publisher=Sq.gouv.qc.ca |access-date=2012-08-14 |archive-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318184500/http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/debuts-surete-du-quebec.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> under the direction of its first commissioner, Judge Pierre-Antoine Doucet. This new service took over the headquarters of the Quebec City municipal police, which were then disbanded, although the city relaunched a municipal service in 1877.
In 1900, two distinct provincial police services were created: the Office of Provincial Detectives of Montreal, in response to a crime wave in that city, and the Revenue Police, whose mission was to collect taxes. In 1902, the government decided that the provincial police should no longer be directed by a judge but by an officer of the police themselves. Augustin McCarthy was chosen as the first chief drawn from the ranks of the police.
In 1922, two headquarters were established, one in Quebec City, headed by McCarthy, and one in Montreal, headed by Dieudonné Daniel Lorrain. The Office of Provincial Detectives of Montreal became part of the general provincial police in that year. The Quebec division included 35 police officers and two detectives. In 1925, police officers started patrolling on motorcycles. In 1929 and 1930, the structure of the service was reformed and the agency adopted a new name as '' Sûreté provinciale du Québec'' which was later shortened to its present name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/creation-services-specialises-sq.jsp |title=1920-1929 Création de services spécialisés - Police - Sûreté du Québec |publisher=Sq.gouv.qc.ca |date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2017-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530223931/http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/creation-services-specialises-sq.jsp |archive-date=2016-05-30 }}</ref>
===Oka Crisis=== {{Main|Oka Crisis}}
A significant local, provincial, national and First Nations crisis erupted in 1990 after SQ officers attempted to enforce a court order on the Mohawks of Oka, Quebec. SQ Corporal Marcel Lemay was killed by gunfire in the initial raid (likely by friendly fire{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}), and a 77-day standoff ensued.
===Montebello incident===
The Sûreté du Québec admitted in August 2007 that they had used undercover police posing as protestors at the 2007 Montebello Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America meetings. This admission<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/quebec-police-admit-they-went-undercover-at-montebello-protest-1.656171|title=Quebec police admit they went undercover at Montebello protest|work=CBC News|date=August 23, 2007|access-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref> was made after a video captured by protestors was widely circulated in the Canadian media and made available on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWbgnyUCC7M |title=police accused of attempting to incite violence at spp |publisher=YouTube |date=2007-08-22 |access-date=2012-08-14}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> The video appeared to show one of the officers carrying a rock, suggesting that the police may have been acting as inciting agents by inciting violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-23 |title=Quebec police admit they went undercover at Montebello protest |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/quebec-police-admit-they-went-undercover-at-montebello-protest-1.656171 |website=CBC News}}</ref>
==Chiefs and directors-general== {{Columns-list|colwidth=25em| * Pierre-Antoine Doucet (1870–1877) * Jean-Baptiste Amyot (1877–1878) * Alexandre Chauveau (1880–1899) * Augustin McCarthy (1902–1932) * Dieudonné Daniel Lorrain (1922–1928) * Maurice-Charles Lalonde (1929–1936) * Philippe Aubé (1936–1937) * Philippe-Auguste Piuze (1937–1940) * Marcel Gaboury (1940–1944) * Joseph-Paul Lamarche (1944–1950) * Hilaire Beauregard (1954–1960) * Josaphat Brunet (1960–1965) * J. Adrien Robert (1965–1968) * Maurice St-Pierre (1969–1973) * Paul-A. Benoît (1973–1974) * Jacques Beaudoin (1974–1988) * Robert Lavigne (1988–1995) * Serge Barbeau (1995–1996) * Guy Coulombe (1996–1998) * Florent Gagné (1998–2003) * Normand Proulx (2004–2008) * Richard Deschesnes (2008–2012) * Mario Laprise (2012–2014) * Luc Fillion (interim, 2014) * Martin Prud'Homme (2014–2018) * Yves Morency (interim, 2017–2018) * Martin Prud’Homme (2018–2019)<ref name=Prudhomme>{{cite web |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/sq-chief-martin-prudhomme-relieved-of-duties-due-to-criminal-allegations |title=SQ chief Prud'homme relieved of duties after criminal allegation |work=Montreal Gazette |accessdate=2022-04-22}}</ref> * Mario Bouchard (interim, 2019)<ref name=Prudhomme/> * Johanne Beausoleil (interim, 2019–2022) * Johanne Beausoleil (2022–present)<ref name=Beausoleil>{{cite web |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/johanne-beausoleil-appointed-leader-of-surete-du-quebec-for-seven-years |title=Johanne Beausoleil appointed leader of Sûreté du Québec for seven years |work=Montreal Gazette |accessdate=2022-04-22}}</ref> }}
==Districts== thumb|Upper floors of the SQ headquarters in Montreal. # Bas-Saint-Laurent-Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine # Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean # Capitale-Nationale-Chaudière-Appalaches # Mauricie-Centre-du-Québec # Estrie # Montréal-Laval-Laurentides-Lanaudière # Outaouais # Abitibi-Témiscamingue-Nord-du-Québec # Côte-Nord # Montérégie
==Rank badges== Rank insignia of the Sûreté du Québec are contained on slip-on sleeves, worn on the epaulettes of uniform jacket or shirt shoulders.
Constables (Agent) do not have any insignia on their uniform. The SQ formerly had the rank of Corporal above Constable rank. Team leaders have an epaulette with the words ''Chef d'équipe''.
{| class="wikitable" ! colspan="9" |<u>Ranks of Sûreté du Québec</u><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/publications/csp-information-guide-for-members.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706201447/http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/publications/csp-information-guide-for-members.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/grades-a-la-surete-du-quebec/|title=Grades à la Sûreté du Québec|website=Sûreté du Québec|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> |- |colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |'''General staff officers''' || colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" |'''Officers''' || '''Sub-Officers''' ||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |'''Agents''' |- !''{{lang|fr|Directeur general}}'' !''{{lang|fr|Directeur adjoint}}'' !''{{lang|fr|Inspecteur chef}}'' !''{{lang|fr|Inspecteur}}'' !''{{lang|fr|Capitaine}}'' !rowspan="2"| Lieutenant !''{{lang|fr|Sergent}}'' !''{{lang|fr|Chef d'equipe}}'' !rowspan="2"|Constable |- !Director general of the SQ !Associate director !Chief Inspector !Inspector !Captain !Sergeant !Team Leader |-style="text-align:center;" |center|50px |center|50px |center|50px |center|50px |center|50px |center|50px |center|50px |center|50px |<small>''No insignia''</small> |}
==Uniforms== Early uniforms were British in origin, including the use of the custodian helmet, with the kepi later added as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/police-apres-1878-historique-sq.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055820/http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/police-apres-1878-historique-sq.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-02 |title=1878 La police après 1878 - Police nationale - Sûreté du Québec |publisher=Sq.gouv.qc.ca |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> The service adopted a uniform with a more distinct green tone, as well as a peaked cap, in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/modernisation-identification-visuelle-sq.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224072724/http://www.sq.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/historique-de-la-sq/modernisation-identification-visuelle-sq.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-24 |title=1963-1967 Identification visuelle et modernisation - Police nationale - Sûreté du Québec |publisher=Sq.gouv.qc.ca |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref>
The emblem of the service changed in the 1970s, when the old provincial coat of arms gave way to the fleur-de-lis.
In late 2016, Martin Prud'Homme, Director General of the SQ, announced the uniforms would be changed. Shirts and coats will be of a darker shade of olive green; patches, caps, and bulletproof vests will become black, and pants blue-black. One of the justifications for the changes was that the old green uniform was too similar to that of a soldier's.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2016/05/26/la-sq-affiche-ses-couleurs |title=La SQ affiche ses couleurs |date=26 May 2016 |work=Journal de Montréal |access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref>
<gallery> Crise d'Oka - SQ et forces canadiennes.jpg|Uniform of early 1990s, during the Oka Crisis Frontière.JPG|An SQ agent with a pre-2016 uniform observing the border with an RCMP officer
Sûreté du Québec riot police.jpg|Riot gear (2012 student protests, Montreal) </gallery>
==Fleet== Beginning progressively in 2017, marked patrol cars are set to become black with white doors, on which the word "POLICE" will be more evident.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/surete-du-quebec-cruiser-design-1.4202632 |title=Sûreté du Québec rolls out new black and white cruiser design |work= CBC News |date=13 July 2017 |access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> [[File:Ford Crown Victoria Police Cars (Sûreté du Québec).JPG|thumb|A pair of SQ Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors in 2008; the one on the left is in the pre-2005 livery design and the one on the right is in the post-2005 design used until 2017.]] thumb|An SQ Dodge Charger in 2015, using the SQ's pre-2017 styling. [[File:Sûreté du Québec black and white Ford Police Interceptor Utility.jpg|thumb|SQ Ford Police Interceptor Utility with post-2017 styling.]] [[File:Helicoptere SQ.jpg|thumb|An SQ helicopter during the 2012 student protests]] '''Cars:''' * Chevrolet Impala * Chevrolet Tahoe * Dodge Charger * Ford Police Interceptor Utility * Ford Taurus
'''Trucks:''' * Dodge Dakota * Ford E-250 * Ford F-350 * Ford F-450 * Ram 2500 pickup
'''Motorcycles:''' * BMW police motorcycle * Mikado bicycles
'''Special Vehicles:''' * Prevost Car Command Post * Hummer H1 armoured truck * International 7500 support vehicle * APC * Cambli International Thunder 1 ARV (with International 7500 chassis)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zone911.fm93.com/actualites/services-urgences/policier/item/15495-voici-en-primeur-que-sera-le-nouveau-v%C3%A9hicule-blind%C3%A9-de-la-police-de-qu%C3%A9bec |title=Voici EN PRIMEUR que sera le nouveau véhicule blindé de la police de Québec |website=zone911.fm93.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124082320/http://zone911.fm93.com/actualites/services-urgences/policier/item/15495-voici-en-primeur-que-sera-le-nouveau-v%C3%A9hicule-blind%C3%A9-de-la-police-de-qu%C3%A9bec |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Air:''' * Bell 206 * Bell 206 LT * Bell 412
'''Sea:''' * Doral patrol boat * Bombardier Sea-doo
'''Wild:''' * Bombardier Ski-doo snowmobile * Grizzly ATV
==Equipment==
The standard-issue weapon of the SQ are the Glock series of pistols, specifically the ones chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum. Various models have been adopted, such as the usual Glock 17 Gen 3, the compact Glock 19, and sub-compact Glock 26. Tactical officers have used the C8CQB rifle, a variant of the Colt Canada C8 rifle.
Prior to introduction of Glock pistols, officers carried .357 Magnum revolvers. These were replaced with the Glock 17 in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2001/05/17/glock-en-stock-a-la-sq|title = Glock en stock à la SQ| date=17 May 2001 }}</ref>
===Licence Plate Recognition System===
The SQ has been using the LPRS systems since 2009. The objective of the LPRS is to make the streets and highways safer by removing vehicles not authorized to be on the road. The hotlist plate database can consist of the following types: * unregistered plate (not paid at DMV/SAAQ) * stolen vehicles * Amber alert * wanted vehicles
The LPRS are installed on 10 Sûreté du Québec vehicles. The LPRS integrator is Gtechna. Gtechna is primarily a citations issuance and management software developer which integrates mission critical technologies such as Licence Plate Recognition (LPR) to streamline the enforcement of moving and parking violations.
==In popular culture== The Sûreté du Québec has become well known internationally through the fictional Chief Inspector Armand Gamache and his colleagues, created by Canadian author Louise Penny, who lives in Quebec. Penny's works have been recognized in Quebec by her being made a Member of the Order of Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=3364|title=Louise Penny – Ordre national du Québec}}</ref>
The Three Pines series on Amazon Prime Video, inspired by the books, also includes characters who are police officers with the Sûreté du Québec, including Gamache.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/tv/alfred-molina-three-pines-trailer-amazon/ |title=Alfred Molina finds multiple bodies and a town full of secrets in mysterious Three Pines trailer |date=1 November 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=4 December 2022 |quote=}}</ref>
Author Kathy Reichs also created a fictional character named Lieutenant-Detective Andrew Ryan who is an homicide investigator with the Surete du Quebec. He is the romantic interest of Professor Temperance Brennan in the book series on which the television series "Bones" was based.
==See also== * Service de police de la Ville de Montréal
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wiktionary}} * {{Official website}} * {{Wikinews-inline|Five arrested in Canada after C$2 million armoured car robbery}}
{{Law enforcement agencies in Canada}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Surete Du Quebec}} Category:Sûreté du Québec Category:Government agencies established in 1870 Category:Law enforcement agencies of Quebec Category:Organizations based in Montreal Category:1870 establishments in Quebec Category:Protective security units