Qut — Mediated Wiki

{{Short description|Cuneiform sign}} {{For|QUT|Queensland University of Technology}}   [[File:B009ellst.png|437px|left|thumb|Cuneiform '''qut'''; also '''qud''', '''kut''', etc., and Sumerograms '''SILA''' and '''TAR'''.]] [[File:Ayyab letter mp3h8880.jpg|thumb|right|370px|Amarna letter EA 364-(obverse), Ayyab to Pharaoh, ''"Justified War"''. In Line 6, 2nd character from left, for ''am-'''qut''','' (Akkadian language, maqātu, "to fall, to happen",<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''maqātu''', ''to fall, to happen'', p. 131.</ref> '''I bow down''') ; text reads left-to-right. ('''am-qut'''). 100x24px|Am-100x22px|-qut (high resolution, expandible photo)]]

The cuneiform '''qut''' sign, (also '''qud''', aspirated 't', unaspirated 'd') sign is found in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is a multi-use sign with 9 syllabic/alphabetic uses in the Epic of Gilgamesh; in the Amarna letters it is extremely common in the prostration formula, typical first paragraph of a letter, saying typically: ''"7 and 7 times,'' '''''I bow down'''''" (to the Pharaoh, when addressed to the Pharaoh); a small group of Amarna letters are addressed to a different distinct personage in Egypt, under the Pharaoh.

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the sign is used for many syllabic meanings, as well as two Sumerograms, as follows:<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 012, p. 155.</ref>

:'''has''' :'''haṣ''' :'''kut''' :'''qud''' :'''qut''' :'''šel''' :'''šil''' :'''tar''' :'''ṭar''' :'''SILA''', "street Sumerogram" :'''TAR''', for Goddess Ishtar's name, DIŠ.TAR

The usage numbers for the sign are as follows in the Epic:<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 012, p. 155.</ref> ''has''-(2), ''haṣ''-(7), ''kut''-(6), ''qud''-(8), ''qut''-(27), ''šel''-(1), ''šil''-(4), ''tar''-(16), ''ṭar''-(9), ''SILA''-(3), for Akkadian language "sūqu", 'street',<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''sūqu''', p. 139.</ref> ''TAR''-(17), exclusively for Ištar's name.

==Usage, letter EA 364== For Amarna letter EA 364, Ayyab to Pharaoh, located in the Louvre (no. AO 7094),<ref>Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' ''EA 364, Ayyāb of Ashtartu to the King,'' pp. 22-23.</ref> the ''qut'' sign is only used once, on the clay tablet obverse, line 6.

The following is Rainey's (1970) English language, mostly sequential line-by-line translation, and sign characters, up to line 11:<ref>Rainey, 1970. ''EA 364, Ayyāb of Ashtartu to the King,'' pp. 22-23.</ref>

: (1) "To the king, my lord, (2) thus (speaks) Ayyab, (3) your servant: at (4) the feet of my lord (5) seven times (and) seven times (6) I have fallen down. I am the servant (7) of the king, my lord, ("And" omitted) (8) the dust of (i.e. beneath) (9) his two feet. (10) I have obeyed (lit.: heard) the message (11) of the king, my lord, (12) to me from (13) the hand of ...." (Tahmassi, messenger envoy)

: (1) "a-na šarri(LUGAL) bēli(EN)-ia (2) um-ma '''A-ia-ab''' (3) arad(ÌR)-ka a-na! (4) šēpē(GÌR-meš) bēli(EN)-ia (5) 7-šu 7-ta-an (6) am-'''qut''' a-na-ku arad (ÌR) (7) šarri(LUGAL) bēli(EN)-ia ("and", ù (u, 2nd prime) omitted, a large 2-sign combinatorial, (ši+ku?, see photo)) (8) SAHAR ("dust Sumerogram") /(2nd omitted 1/2 u, "and") a-pa-ru(=''eperu'', 'dust'(Akkadian)) (9) 2 šēpē(GÌR-meš)-šu (10) eš(sub 15)(=iš)-te-mé ša-par (11) šarri(LUGAL) bēli(EN)-ia (12) a-na ia-ši i-na (13) qa-ti '''1. A-tah-ma-ia''' (Tahmassi) (14) ...."

Lines 7 and 11, have the repetition, "King-Lord-mine" from Line 1 (LUGAL-EN-ia, "Šarri-Bēli-ia" for the Akkadian).

===Akkadian maqātu, "to fall", "to happen"=== The phrase: ''...7 and 7 times, "I bow (down)"....'' is extremely prominent in the Amarna letters, and especially from the letters from the Canannite city-states. The Akkadian language word is "maqātu",<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''maqātu''', ''to fall, to happen'', p. 131.</ref> ''to fall'', ''to happen'', etc., and has various spellings requiring an ''m'', ''q''-(or equivalent (k)), and ''t''. One of the commonest spellings are the two cuneiform signs ''am-qut''. 100x24px|Am-100x22px|-qut

==References== {{reflist}}

*Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, {{ISBN|0-8018-6715-0}}) * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. *Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

<!--*Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0) * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. *Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

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*Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. ''Beginning Hittite''. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w/ Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, etc, 218 pages. *Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)

MORAN AMARNA <ref>Moran, William L. 1987, 1992, ''The Amarna Letters,'' letter EA 365, ''Furnishing Corvée Workers,'' p. 363 </ref>

<ref>Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' EA 147, ''A Hymn to the Pharaoh'', pp. 233-235. </ref>

* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. *Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

RAINEY-LETTER_REF <ref>Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8''</ref>

SIGN <ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 068, p. 156.</ref> <ref>Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Glossary:Vocabulary, pp. 55-87, p. 24.</ref> <ref>Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' ''EA 365, Biridiya of Megiddo to the King,'' pp. 24-27.</ref>

GLOSS<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''aššum''', p. 122.</ref> CCCCCCCCC

GLOSS-RAINEY <ref>Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379'', ''Glossary:Vocabulary'', '''saparu''', pp. 55-87, p. 81.</ref>

GLOSS-Buccellati <ref>Buccellati, Giorgio, (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 96.</ref>

UUU-FFFORS *Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) honors Claude Schaeffer, with about 100 articles in 900 pages. pp 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", ( i.e. Ugarit and Amarna (letters), three others, Mari, OB,Royal, OB,non-Royal letters). See above, in text.

XXX-BUCCELLATI-XXX-PPPPPP

REF <ref>Buccellati, Giorgio, (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 96.</ref>

*Buccellati, Giorgio. ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', from ''Ugarit-Forschungen 8'', (Neukirchen-Vluyen). *Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

<ref>Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. ''Beginning Hittite'', Sign List, page 194, page 200.</ref>

Amarna letter mp3h8878.jpg

File:Tablet Zimri-Lim Louvre AO20161.jpg

XX ē Š š Ú ú

:(22)-- :(23)-- :(24)-- :(25)-- :(26)-- :(27)-- :(28)-- :(29)-- :(30)--

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{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} <gallery widths="250px" heights="390px" perrow=widths="250px" heights="390px" perrow="2"> C+B-Assyria-CuneiformImage12.PNG|Full EA 365, Reverse </gallery>

{{col-2}} <gallery widths="215px" heights="245px" perrow=widths="215px" heights="245px" perrow="2"> File:Tablet Zimri-Lim Louvre AO20161.jpg|with griffin (Lion (with lion tail) and wings (on Side E)). The columns of inscription contain, at right: an (cuneiform)-(for DINGIR, god?), and '''pa (cuneiform)'''. </gallery> {{col-end}}

XXX

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{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} <gallery widths="290px" heights="505px" perrow=widths="290px" heights="505px" perrow="2"> File:Ayyab letter mp3h8880.jpg|Amarna letter EA 364, '''ti''', 2nd line from bottom, 2nd character from left. (approximated out-of-focus, curving bottom of clay tablet; most of tablet in focus; high resolution, expandible photo]) </gallery>

{{col-2}} <gallery widths="215px" heights="270px" perrow=widths="215px" heights="270px" perrow="2"> File:|Isis Temple and Cheops Pyramid, from South Rim region </gallery> {{col-end}}-->

Category:Cuneiform signs