{{infobox product | title = QEMSCAN | image = File:QEMSCAN logo.png | caption = QEMSCAN Automated Mineralogy system | type = Scanning electron microscope with proprietary hardware and software control | inventor = CSIRO | launch year = 2001 | company = FEI Company | manufacturer = FEI | available = yes | current supplier = FEI Australia Center of Excellence for Natural Resources | last production = 2013 | notes = | url = http://www.fei.com/applications/industry }} '''QEMSCAN''' is the name for an integrated automated mineralogy and petrography system providing quantitative analysis of minerals, rocks and man-made materials. QEMSCAN is an abbreviation standing for ''quantitative evaluation of materials by scanning electron microscopy'', and a registered trademark owned by FEI Company since 2009. Prior to 2009, QEMSCAN was developed, marketed and sold by Intellection Pty Ltd (a company owned by CSIRO) and also marketed and sold by LEO (Leica electron optics, a company jointly owned by Leica and Zeiss). The integrated system comprises a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a large specimen chamber, up to four light-element energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detectors, an electron backscatter detector, and proprietary software and hardware controlling automated data acquisition. The offline software package iDiscover provides data processing and reporting functionality.
==Mineral identification and quantification== thumb|QEMSCAN image of a fluvial sandstone, grid size=500 μm QEMSCAN creates phase assemblage maps of a specimen surface scanned by a high-energy accelerated electron beam along a predefined raster scan pattern. Low-count energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX) are generated and provide information on the elemental composition at each measurement point. The elemental composition in combination with back-scattered electron (BSE) brightness and x-ray count rate information is converted into mineral phases.<ref>Gottlieb, P., Wilkie, G., Sutherland, D., Ho-Tun, E., Suthers, S., Perera, K., Jenkins, B., Spencer, S., Butcher, A., Rayner, J. 2000. Using quantitative electron microscopy for process mineralogy applications. ''JOM - Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society'', '''52''', 4, 24-25. {{doi|10.1007/s11837-000-0126-9}}</ref> QEMSCAN data includes bulk mineralogy and calculated chemical assays. By mapping the sample surface, textural properties and contextual information such as particle and mineral grain size and shape, mineral associations, mineral liberation, elemental deportment, porosity, and matrix density can be calculated, visualized, and reported numerically. Data processing capabilities include combining multiple phases into mineral groups, resolving mixed spectra (boundary phase processing), image-based filtering, and particle-based classification. Quantitative reports can be generated for any selected number of samples, individual particles, and for particle classes sharing similar compositional and/or textural attributes, such as size fractions or rock types.
==Sample types and preparation== QEMSCAN is routinely employed in the analysis of rock- and ore-forming minerals. Sample preparation requirements include a level, dry specimen surface, coated with a thin electrically conductive layer (e.g. carbon). The sample must be stable under high vacuum conditions and the electron beam, typically 15 to 25 kV. Common sample types include 30 mm resin-impregnated blocks of drill cuttings and ore, thin sections of drill core and rocks, as well as soil samples. Very small particles such as atmospheric dust have been measured on carbon tape or filter paper. Coal samples are generally mounted in carnauba wax, providing sufficient contrast to allow for separation of the sample from the mounting medium, and subsequent measurement of coal and macerals.
==Software suite== QEMSCAN consists of proprietary software package '''iDiscover''' which consists of four software modules:
# '''Datastore Explorer''' - data management module # '''iMeasure''' - measurement module, SEM and EDS control # '''iExplorer''' - data processing and classification tools, mineral database management, reports # '''SIP editor''' - phase identification protocol
==Measurement modes== QEMSCAN consists of five customisable measurement modes:
# '''BMA''' bulk mineralogical analysis # '''PMA''' particle mineralogical analysis # '''SMS''' specific mineral search # '''TMS''' trace mineral search # '''Field Image''' surface imaging mode
==Applications== QEMSCAN measurements can be applied in quantitative mineral characterisation of rocks, weathering products such as regolith and soils, and most man-made materials. As a result, it has commercial and scientific applications in mining and mineral processing;<ref>Goodall, W.R., Scales, P.J., Butcher, A.R. 2005. The use of QEMSCAN and diagnostic leaching in the characterisation of visible gold in complex ores. ''Minerals Engineering'', '''18''', 8, 877-886 doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2005.01.018</ref> O&G;<ref>Fröhlich, S., Redfern, J., Petitpierre, L., J.D. Marshall, M. Power, Grech, P. 2010. Diagenetic evolution of incised channel sandstones: implications for reservoir characterisation of the Lower Carboniferous Marar Formation, Ghadames Basin, Western Libya. ''Journal of Petroleum Geology'', '''33'''; 3-18. [http://www.jpg.co.uk/ab_jan_10_1.htm abstract]</ref> coal;<ref>Liu, Y., Gupta, R., Sharma, A., Wall, T., Butcher, A., Miller, G., Gottlieb, P., French, D. 2005. Mineral matter–organic matter association characterisation by QEMSCAN and applications in coal utilisation. ''Fuel'', '''84''', 10, 1259–1267. {{doi|10.1016/j.fuel.2004.07.015}}</ref> environmental sciences;,<ref>Haberlah, D., Williams, M.A.J., Halverson, G., Hrstka, T., Butcher, A.R., McTainsh, G.H., Hill, S.M., Glasby, P. 2010. Loess and floods: high-resolution multi-proxy data of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) slackwater deposition in the Flinders Ranges, semi-arid South Australia. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', '''29''', 19-20, 2673–2693. {{doi|10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.014}}</ref><ref>Haberlah, D., Strong, C., Pirrie, D., Rollinson, G.K., Gottlieb, P., Botha, W.S.K., Butcher, A.R. 2011. Automated petrography applications in Quaternary Science. ''Quaternary Australasia'', '''28(2)''', 3–12</ref> forensic geosciences;<ref>Pirrie, D., Power, M.R., Rollinson, G.K., Wiltshire, P.E.J., Newberry, J., Campbell, H.E. 2005. Automated SEM-EDS (QEMSCAN) Mineral Analysis in Forensic Soil Investigations: Testing Instrumental Reproducibility. In:''K. Ritz et al. (eds.) Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics'', '''84''', 10, 411-430, Springer Science doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9204-6_26</ref> archaeology;<ref>Knappett, C., Pirrie, D., Power, M.R., Nikolakopoulou, I., Hilditch, J., Rollinson, G.K. 2005. Mineralogical analysis and provenancing of ancient ceramics using automated SEM-EDS analysis (QEMSCAN): A pilot study on LB I pottery from Akrotiri, Thera. ''Journal of Archaeological Science'', '''in press''' {{doi|10.1016/j.jas.2010.08.022}}</ref> agribusiness; built environment and planetary geology.<ref>Schrader, C.M., Rickman, D., Stoeser, D., Wentworth, S.J., Botha, P.W.S.K., Butcher, A.R., McKay, D., Horsch, H., Benedictus, A., Gottlieb, P. 2008. Analysis of Lunar Highland Regolith Samples from Apollo 16 Drive Core 64001/2 and Lunar Regolith Simulants - An Expanding Comparative Database. ''NASA Technical Report'', '''MSFC-2144''' [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090014122 abstract]</ref>
==History== *'''1970s''' CSIRO Australia devised a way to automatically use Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy technology and a scanning electron microscope to accurately image and identify minerals in ore samples.<ref>Frost, M. T., O'Hara, K., Suddaby, P., Grant, G., Reid, A.F., Wilson, A.F., Zuiderwyk, M. 1977. A description of two automated control systems for the electron microprobe. ''X-Ray Spectrometry'', '''5''', 4, 180-187. {{doi|10.1002/xrs.1300050403}}</ref> This technology became patented and known as QEM*SEM (quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy) *'''1980s''' New digital hardware and software developments by CSIRO allowed for automated analysis of multiple samples, creation of particle images form which mineralogy, texture and metallurgical parameters can be extracted and quantified. *'''1990s''' Light element X-ray detectors are introduced improving the mineral identification. *'''2001''' CSIRO announces intention to commercialise QEMSCAN. *'''2003''' Intellection Pty Ltd. is founded to develop, market and sell QEMSCAN systems based on the ZEISS EVO scanning electron microscope. *'''2009''' FEI Company announces the acquisition of selected assets from Intellection Pty Ltd., including the QEMSCAN technology. *'''2010, June. ''' Ammtec completes the first "on site" analysis, utilising an "R" series QEMSCAN, at an oil well drilling site in Sumatra, RI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ammtec performs world’s first “on site” Automated Mineral Analysis |url=http://www.ammtec.com.au/public_panel/news_article.php?nid=39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218034356/http://www.ammtec.com.au/public_panel/news_article.php?nid=39 |archive-date=2011-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.ammtec.com.au}}</ref> *'''Sep.1, 2010''' [http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17865.php press release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904174543/http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17865.php |date=2010-09-04 }} on version 5.0 iDiscover software including a new spectral analysis system capable of identifying 72 elements for improved complex mineral composition discrimination. *'''Oct. 19, 2011''' [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Photo-Release-FEI-Introduces-pz-2145100984.html?x=0 press release] on introduction of QEMSCAN WellSite analysis solution{{solution-inline|date=July 2019}}, field-tested on onshore and offshore oil platforms in collaboration with mudlogging service providers and oil & gas companies, including Halliburton, Oil Search and Maersk. *'''2015''' Development of QEMSCAN ceases.
== References == {{reflist}}
==External links== *[http://www.zotero.org/groups/automated_mineralogy/items Automated Mineralogy Resources] - Online repository for journal papers, conference abstracts, published reports and theses on SEM-EDS based automated mineralogy and petrography applications
Category:Scientific techniques Category:Measuring instruments Category:Mining engineering Category:Natural resources Category:X-rays Category:2001 introductions