{{Short description|Species of oak tree}} {{Speciesbox | name = Pyrenean oak | image = Quercus pyrenaica 20190708a.jpg | genus = Quercus | display_parents = 2 | parent = Quercus sect. Quercus | species = pyrenaica | authority = Willd. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Gorener, V. |author2=Harvey-Brown, Y. |author3=Barstow, M. |date=2017 |title=''Quercus pyrenaica'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T78972170A78972188 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T78972170A78972188.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | range_map = Quercus pyrenaica range.svg | range_map_caption = Distribution map | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Quercus aurin'' <small>Bosc</small> |''Quercus brossa'' <small>Bosc</small> |''Quercus camata'' <small>Petz. & G.Kirchn.</small> |''Quercus castellana'' <small>Bosc ''ex'' Pers.</small> |''Quercus cenomanensis'' <small>Desf. ''ex'' Endl.</small> |''Quercus cerris'' <small>DC.</small> |''Quercus humilis'' <small>A.DC.</small> |''Quercus lanuginosa'' subsp. ''palensis'' <small>(Palassou) A.Camus</small> |''Quercus palensis'' <small>Palassou</small> |''Quercus pubescens'' subsp. ''palensis'' <small>(Palassou) O.Schwarz</small> |''Quercus stolonifera'' <small>Lapeyr.</small> |''Quercus tauza'' <small>Desf.</small> |''Quercus tauzin'' <small>Pers.</small> |''Quercus tauzinii'' <small>Bubani</small> |''Quercus toza'' <small>Bastard</small> }} | synonyms_ref = &nbsp;<ref>{{ThePlantList |id=kew-174637 |taxon=Quercus pyrenaica |authority=Willd.}}</ref> }}

'''''Quercus pyrenaica''''', also known as '''Pyrenean oak''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''Spanish oak'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ageing in Spanish Oak |date=24 February 2020 |url=https://bodegaslan.com/en/ageing-in-spanish-oak/ |publisher=Bodegas LAN |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621170702/https://bodegaslan.com/en/ageing-in-spanish-oak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a tree native to southwestern Europe and northwestern North Africa. Despite its common name, it is rarely found in the Pyrenees Mountains and is more abundant in northern Portugal and north and northwestern Spain.

It is placed in section ''Quercus''.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017-11-02 |title=Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks |website=figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Appendix_2_1_________An_updated_infrageneric_classification_of_the_oaks/5547622/1 |access-date=2023-02-17 |format=xls |name-list-style=amp |mode=cs1}}</ref>

The oak is cultivated as an ornamental tree for gardens and parks.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==Description== ''Quercus pyrenaica'' is a tall deciduous tree, often marcescent in immature individuals,<ref name="flora-on">{{cite web |title=Quercus pyrenaica Willd. |url=https://flora-on.pt/#/1quercus+pyrenaica |publisher=Flora-on |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> up to {{convert|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=off}} tall, though it is sometimes found as a bush or small tree. It has an average lifespan of 300 years.<ref name=iucneurope>{{Cite iucn |title=''Quercus pyrenaica'' in Europe |author=Harvey-Brown, Y. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T78972170A80570544 |date=2017 |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> The leaves have short petioles and are deeply and irregularly lobed, with four to eight pairs of lobes per leaf. There are stellate hairs on both sides of the leaf.<ref name="iberica">{{cite web |title=Quercus pyrenaica |url=http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/02_041_03_Quercus.pdf |publisher=Flora Iberica |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Roots frequently produce suckers. The species has high resprouting capabilities.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

<gallery> Quercus pyrenaica brote 2010-4-02 DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg|Seedling Quercus pyrenaica 20150812a.jpg|Leaves and acorns Quercus pyrenaica 20190613a.jpg|Habitat Quercus pyrenaica 20181115a.jpg|''Quercus pyrenaica'' in winter CheneB13.jpg|Bark texture </gallery>

==Distribution and habitat== ''Quercus pyrenaica'' is native to the Iberian Peninsula and parts of southwest France and northern Morocco inhabiting mainly subatlantic or continental environments up to {{convert|2100|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} in elevation.<ref name="iberica" /> In the Iberian Peninsula, which represents 95% of its population,<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> it occupies mainly the northern portion, south of the Cantabrian Mountains, very common in the west of the Peninsula in the northern half of mountainous Portugal,<ref name="flora-on" /> and rare on the east<ref name="iberica" /> It is adapted both to sub-humid temperate and Mediterranean semi-arid conditions, from the humid Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal, to the semi-arid Spanish central plain. It is also adapted to survive in hot local temperatures. It is thought to have a short growth season to avoid the summer drought.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> It is often the dominant species in the forests in which it occurs.<ref name=iucneurope /> Its acorns are dispersed by birds and small mammals.<ref name=iucneurope />

==Threats== thumb|left|upright|Specimen affected by pathogens

The species is currently threatened by wild fire which encourage the growth of other oak species that ''Q.&nbsp;pyrenaica'' is unable to compete with, and insect pathogens such as green oak leaf roller moth (''Tortrix viridana''), the gipsy moth (''Lymantria dispar'') and brown-tail moth (''Euproctis chrysorrhoea''); these threats may become of greater concern due to the impact of climate change.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

Historically the species experienced decline due to charcoal and timber industry, and forestry activities still pose some threat to ''Q.&nbsp;pyrenaica'' but on a much reduced scale.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Quercus pyrenaica}} * {{Commons category-inline|Quercus pyrenaica|''Quercus pyrenaica''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q899686}} {{Authority control}}

pyrenaica Category:Flora of North Africa Category:Trees of Europe Category:Flora of Portugal Category:Flora of Spain Category:Flora of France Category:Flora of Morocco Category:Trees of Mediterranean climate Category:Garden plants of Europe Category:Drought-tolerant trees Category:Ornamental trees Category:Plants described in 1805