{{Short description|Korean dialect}} {{Infobox language |name=Pyŏngan |altname=Pyeongan |nativename=평안도 사투리 |states=North Korea, China |region=P'yŏng'an, Chagang, Liaoning |speakers=? |date= |ref= |familycolor=Altaic |fam1=Koreanic |fam2=Korean |fam3=Northern |isoexception=dialect |glotto=pyon1239 |glottorefname=P'yong'ando }} The '''Pyongan dialect''' ({{Korean|context=north|hangul=평안도 사투리|mr=p'yŏngando sat'uri}}), alternatively '''Northwestern Korean''' ({{Korean|context=north|hangul=서북 방언|hanja=西北方言|mr=sŏbuk pangŏn}}), is the Korean dialect of the Northwestern Korean Peninsula and neighboring parts of China.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
In North Korea, the Pyongan dialect is recognized as a regional dialect. However, the country's standard language, often referred to as Munhwaŏ (문화어, Cultured Language) and claimed to be based on the speech of Pyongyang, is officially distinguished from this dialect. This position was articulated by Kim Il Sung on January 6, 1964, in "Guiding Principles for the Juche-Oriented Development of the Korean Language" (《조선어의 주체적발전의 길을 밝혀준 강령적지침》), where he stated: "Pyongyang speech (평양말, P'yŏngyangmal) is neither the indigenous speech [of the city] nor the Pyongan dialect mixed with regionalisms."{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
==Pronunciation== ===Vowels=== In the Pyongan dialect an eight-vowel system is used (이·에·애·으·어·아·우·오). The sound of 어 is much closer to that of 오 compared to other dialects, as it is [ɔ], the rounded equivalent to South Korean [ʌ̹].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} 으 is also closer to [i] than to [ɨ], (e.g. 그렇다 becomes 기렇다). However, the opposite is true after ㅅ. The palatalization that occurred for other dialects with 시 is absent in the Pyongan dialect, e.g. 싫다 becomes 슳다.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1998_4/8-3.html|title=::: 새국어생활 :::|website=National Institute of Korean Language|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref> <!--자음체계는 중부방언과 비슷하나 'ㅈ·ㅊ' 등이 구개음으로 실현되는 중부방언과 달리 치조음으로 실현된다는 점에서 차이를 보인다.--> There are various features that differentiate the sound of words from southwestern and midland dialects. 위, 왜, 워 and 와 are closer to an original sound of 야, 여, 요 and 유. <!--이중모음 '위, 왜, 워, 와' 등은 대개 원음대로 실현되나 '야, 여, 요, 유' 등은 자음 뒤에서 '아, 어, 오, 우'로 실현되기도 한다(차포[차표]). 중부방언의 '외'가 '왜'로 대응함은 특이하다. '의'는 대체로 제1음절에서는 '으'로, 제2음절 이하에서는 '이'로 대응한다(흐생[희생], 홰이[회의]).-->
===Palatalization=== The ㄷ (d) consonant, in addition to the first syllable of ㄱ (g) and ㅎ (h) are not palatalized in the Pyongan dialect (e.g. 뎡거댱, 정거장: chyŏnggŏjyang, chŏgŏjang). <!--또한 'ㅅ·ㅈ·ㅊ' 뒤에서의 전설고모음화 현상도 일어나지 않았다(승겁다[싱겁다]).--> Sino-Korean words beginning with ㄴ (n) in southern dialects are pronounced as ㄹ (r), as in the cases of 류행 (ryuhaeng) and 로동 (rodong).
In the example of 같이, southern Korean dialects palatize the sound to resemble the sound "ca-chi", as if it were written 가치, but Pyeonyan accents do not palatize the sound, pronouncing it phonetically as "catti".<ref>{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Nam-Kil |title=The World's Major Languages |date=2016 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse |access-date=2026-04-08 |edition=2 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-08486-2|chapter=Korean}}</ref>
===Conjugation=== Stems of the ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ irregulars use both forms, such as in the case of 듣다· 드드니, 들으니 (tŭtta-tŭdŭni, tŭrŭni) (listening, to hear). <!--어말에 '·' 자음군을 가진 체언이나 용언어간은 'ㄱ'이나 'ㅂ'을 탈락시켜 발음한다(흘[흙]·발찌만[밟지만]·널따[넓다]).-->
==Words==
===Particles=== <!--이 방언에서 주격조사로, 선행어간의 끝소리가 자음일 때나 모음일 때나 '-이'가 쓰이지만 모음으로 끝나는 체언 어간 뒤에서 '-레'가 쓰이기도 한다(바다이[바다가]·내레[내가]). 공동격조사로는 '-과'만 쓰인다(친구과[친구와]). 특징적 어미로는 과거시제선어말어미 '-뎃-·-드렛-', 미래시제선어말어미 '-갓-', 존대의 설명종결어미 '-(슴)무다·-(소)와요·-(사)와요'·'-왜다·-쉐다·-쉬다·-수다', 평대의 설명종결어미 '-슴매·-구레', 하대(下待)의 의문종결어미 '-안·-언', 존대의 명령종결어미 '-라요', 존대의 청유종결어미 '-ㅂ세다·-ㅂ수다' 등이 있다.-->
===Vocabulary=== Various words used in the Pyongan dialect differ from those of other Korean dialects, such as 간나 (''kanna'') (sissy), 클마니 (''k'ŭlmani'') (father) and 클마니 (grandmother). The etymology of words such as "우틔" (''ut'ŭi'') (衣) arises from the Manchu language, but has been removed by the North Korean government in order to promote language purity.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Korean dialects}}
Category:Korean-language dialects Category:Korean language in North Korea Category:Languages of North Korea Category:Korean language in China
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