{{Short description|Subspecies of elephant}} {{subspeciesbox | name = Borneo elephant | image = Слон-маяк.jpg | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=McLean, E.A. |author2=Goossens, B. |author3=Cheah, C. |author4=Ancrenaz, M. |author5=Othman, N.B. |author6=Sukmantoro, W. |author7=Fernando, P. |author8=Vidya, T.N.C. |author9=Menon, V. |author10=Lister, A.M. |year=2024 |title=''Elephas maximus'' ssp. ''borneensis'' |article-number=e.T237597413A237597422 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-1.RLTS.T237597413A237597422.en}}</ref> | genus = Elephas | species = maximus | species_link = Asian elephant | subspecies = borneensis | authority = Deraniyagala, 1950 | range_map = Elephas maximus borneensis map.png | range_map_caption = The former and recent range map of the Bornean elephant }}
The '''Borneo elephant''', also called the '''Bornean elephant''' or the '''Borneo pygmy elephant''', is a subspecies of Asian elephant ''(Elephas maximus)'' that inhabits northeastern Borneo, in Indonesia and Malaysia. Its origin remains the subject of debate. A definitive subspecific classification as '''''Elephas maximus borneensis''''' awaits a detailed range-wide morphometric and genetic study. In 2024, the Borneo elephant was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last three generations, estimated to be 60–75 years. It is preeminently threatened by loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitat.<ref name=iucn/>
The Sultan of Sulu was thought to have introduced captive elephants to Borneo in the 18th century, which were released into the jungle.<ref name="Cranbrook08"/> Comparison of the Borneo elephant population to putative source populations in DNA analysis indicates that the Borneo elephants are more likely to have derived from Sundaic stock and are indigenous to Borneo, rather than having been introduced by humans. The genetic divergence of Borneo elephants warrants their recognition as a separate evolutionarily significant unit.<ref name=Fernando03/>
== Characteristics == [[File:Pygmy Elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) female (8074074101).jpg|thumb|left|A close-up of the face of an elephant near Kinabatangan River, Sukau, Sabah, Malaysia]]
In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level.<ref>{{cite journal |author1-link=Jeheskel Shoshani |author1=Shoshani, J. |author2=Eisenberg, J.F. |year=1982 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-182-01-0001.pdf |title=Elephas maximus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830202351/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-182-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-30 |df=dmy-all |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=182 |pages=1–8|doi=10.2307/3504045 |jstor=3504045 }}</ref>
It has become commonplace to refer to the Borneo elephant as a 'pygmy' subspecies, although adult elephants of Sabah of both genders are similar in height to their counterparts in Peninsular Malaysia. Five measurements of the skull of a fully adult female elephant from Gomantong Forest Reserve were slightly smaller (72–90%) than comparable dimensions averaged for two Sumatran skulls. Few available measurements show that they are of similar size to other populations of the Sunda subregion.<ref name="Cranbrook08">{{cite journal |author1=Cranbrook, E. |author2=Payne, J. |author3=Leh, C.M.U. |year=2008 |url=http://assets.panda.org/downloads/pages_from_originofelephants_in_borneofinal2oct07_2.pdf |title=Origin of the elephants Elephas maximus L. of Borneo |journal=Sarawak Museum Journal}}</ref>
Morphological measurements of fifteen captive elephants from Peninsular Malaysia and of six elephants from Sabah were taken between April 2005 and January 2006, and repeated three times for each elephant and averaged. There was no significant difference in any of the characters between the two captive populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nurzhafarina, O. |author2=Maryati, M. |author3=Ahmad, A.H. |author4=Nathan, S. |author5=Pierson, H.T. |author6=Goosens, B. |year=2008 |url=http://www.ums.edu.my/webv3/appl/downloadfiles/NURZHAFARINA%20Othman.pdf |title=A preliminary study on the morphometrics of the Bornean Elephant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307134646/http://www.ums.edu.my/webv3/appl/downloadfiles/NURZHAFARINA%20Othman.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |df=dmy-all |journal=Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=109–113}}</ref>
They are also remarkably tame and passive, another reason some scientists think they descended from a domestic collection.<ref name=Fernando03/><ref>{{cite news |website=WWF News |date=2003 |url=http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?8601/New-elephant-subspecies-discovered |title=New elephant subspecies discovered}}</ref>
== Distribution and habitat == thumb|A female elephant with her calf near the Kinabatangan River Elephants are confined to the northern and northeastern parts of Borneo.<ref>{{cite book |author=Medway, L. |year=1977 |title=Mammals of Borneo: Field keys and an annotated checklist |series=Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the R.A.S. |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}}</ref> In the 1980s, there were two distinct populations: One lived in Sabah, ranging over the Tabin Wildlife Reserve and adjacent mostly logged dipterocarp forest on steep terrain; the other inhabited the hilly interior at about {{convert|300|to|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude in dipterocarp forest, which was largely undisturbed at the time and only logged at its periphery. In Kalimantan, their range is restricted to a small contiguous area of the upper Sembakung River in the east.<ref name="sukumar93">{{cite book |author=Sukumar, R. |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95MoRwdQlcYC |via=Google Books |title=The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management |edition=Second |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43758-X}}</ref>
The range of wild elephants in Sabah and Kalimantan seems to have expanded very little in the past 100 years despite access to suitable habitat elsewhere on Borneo. Borneo's soil tends to be young, leached, and infertile, and there is speculation that the distribution of wild elephants on the island may be limited by the occurrence of natural mineral sources.<ref name="ap-sabah02">{{cite web |author1=Ambu, L.N. |author2=Andua. P.M. |author3=Nathan, S. |author4=Tuuga, A. |author5=Jensen, S.M. |author6=Cox, R. |author7=Alfred, R. |author8=Payne, J. |year=2002 |url=http://www.wildlife.sabah.gov.my/Last%20ed%20of%20Elephant%20strategy.pdf |title=Asian Elephant Action Plan – Sabah, Malaysia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233030/http://www.wildlife.sabah.gov.my/Last%20ed%20of%20Elephant%20strategy.pdf |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |df=dmy-all}}. Sabah Wildlife Department</ref>
In 1992, the estimated elephant population size in Sabah ranged from 500 to 2,000 individuals, based on survey work conducted in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve, in Lower Kinabatangan District and in the Deramakot Forest Reserve. An elephant population census was conducted in Sabah between July 2007 and December 2008, counting dung piles along 216 line transects in five main elephant managed ranges, covering a total distance of {{convert|186.12|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Results of this survey suggest an elephant population of 1,184–3,652 individuals inhabiting the ranges of Tabin, Lower Kinabatangan, North Kinabatangan, Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve and the central forest of Sabah. The elephant density and population size varied throughout the five key ranges affected by (i) conversion of lowland forest, (ii) fragmentation of habitat, and (iii) existing land use activities such as logging. The upper catchment of Ulu Segama Forest Reserve had the highest density of elephants with 3.69 elephants per {{convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Only the unprotected central forest area supported an elephant population of more than 1,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alfred, R. |author2=Ahmad, A. H. |author3=Payne, J. |author4=William, C. |author5=Ambu, L. |year =2010 |title=Density and population estimation of the Bornean elephants (''Elephas maximus borneensis'') in Sabah |journal=Online Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=92–102 |doi=10.3844/ojbsci.2010.92.102|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/19193/1/Density%20and%20population%20estimation%20of%20the%20Bornean%20elephant.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 2005, five female elephants were fitted with tracking devices to study their home range and movement patterns in Sabah. Results suggest that elephant herds occupied a minimum home range from {{convert|250|to|400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in non-fragmented forest, while in fragmented forest habitat, the annual home range for elephants is estimated to be around {{convert|600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alfred, R. |author2=Ahmad, A.H. |author3=Payne, J. |author4=Williams, C. |author5=Ambu, L. N. |author6=How, P. M. |author7=Goossens, B. |year =2012 |title=Home Range and Ranging Behaviour of Bornean Elephant (''Elephas maximus borneensis'') Females. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7|issue=2 |article-number= e31400 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031400 |pmid=22347469 |pmc=3275559|bibcode=2012PLoSO...731400A |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Threats == The pre-eminent threats to the Asian elephant today are habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, which are driven by an expanding human population, and lead in turn to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants when elephants eat or trample crops. Hundreds of people and elephants are killed annually as a result of such conflicts.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Leimgruber, P. |author2=Gagnon, J.B. |author3=Wemmer, C.M. |author4=Kelly, D.S. |author5=Songer, M.A. |author6=Selig, E.R. |s2cid=26206968 |year=2003 |title=Fragmentation of Asia's remaining wildlands: Implications for Asian elephant conservation |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=347–359|doi=10.1017/S1367943003003421 |bibcode=2003AnCon...6..347L }}</ref>
Expanding human development disrupts their migration routes, depletes their food sources, and destroys their habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fernando P. |author2=Vidya T. N. C. |author3=Payne J. |author4=Stuewe M. |author5=Davison G. |year = 2003 |title = Borneo Elephants: A High Priority for Conservation |journal = PLOS Biology |volume = 1 |issue = 1 |article-number = e7 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000007|display-authors=etal|pmc=176547 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Another threat is insufficient forestation or a lack of trees due to logging. Borneo elephants need {{convert|100|–|225|l}} of water a day and if it is harder to find because of climatic conditions or cutting their resource of water supply, their only option is to migrate to where they can find that resource to survive.<ref>Alfred, R., Ahmad, A. H., Payne, J., Williams, C., Ambu, L. N., How, P. M., & Goossens, B. (2012). [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031400 Home range and ranging behaviour of Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) females. PLOS ONE, 7(2), e31400–e31400]</ref>
As of April 2012, an estimated 20–80 elephants range near 22 villages in the Sebuku subdistrict of Nunukan, North Kalimantan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/81524/kalimantan-elephant-population-continues-to-dwindle-says-official |title=Kalimantan elephant population continues to dwindle, says official |date=April 2012|access-date=February 7, 2024|newspaper=Antara News}}</ref>
== Conservation == thumb|Herd ''Elephas maximus'' is listed on CITES Appendix I.<ref name=iucn/> The genetic distinctiveness of Borneo elephants makes them one of the highest priority populations for Asian elephant conservation.<ref name=Fernando03/>
In Malaysia, the Borneo elephant is protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment. Any person found guilty of hunting elephants is liable on conviction to a fine of $RM 50,000 or five years imprisonment or both.<ref name="ap-sabah02"/>
=== In captivity === The Oregon Zoo keeps a rescued female Borneo elephant named Chendra. She was found wandering alone near a palm oil plantation and had wounds on her front legs and her left eye from gunshots. She was ultimately left blind in that eye and was rehomed to the Oregon Zoo in November 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=S. |title=Borneo pygmy elephant in Oregon Zoo expecting a calf |work=The Star Online |date=2019 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/11/borneo-pygmy-elephant-in-oregon-zoo-expecting-a-calf |access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>
In 2016, a Japanese zoo also kept a rescued Borneo elephant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suga |first1=S. |last2=Mukai |first2=Y. |last3=Ishikawa |first3=S. |last4=Yoshida |first4=S. |last5=Paudel |first5=S. |last6=Wada |first6=T. |year=2021 |title=Intensive treatment of a captive Bornean Elephant (''Elephas maximus borneensis'') infected with ''Mycobacterium caprae'' in Japan |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1638/2019-0152 |pmid=33480591 }}</ref>
== Taxonomic history == It has not been resolved whether Borneo elephants are indigenous or have descended from captive elephants presented to the Sultan of Sulu in 1750 by the East India Company and later set free in northern Borneo.<ref name="sukumar93"/>
In the 19th century, a zoological exploration established that wild elephants occurred naturally in a restricted region of northeastern Borneo. The status and taxonomic distinctiveness of the Borneo elephants has been controversial since then. In 1940, Frederick Nutter Chasen considered Bornean elephants as descendants of an introduced stock, and placed them in the subspecies ''Elephas maximus indicus''. Reginald Innes Pocock having studied specimens in the British Museum of Natural History disagreed in 1943 and placed all Sundaic elephants in the subspecies ''Elephas maximus sumatrensis''. In 1950, Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala described a subspecies ''Elephas maximus borneensis'', taking as his type an illustration in the National Geographical Magazine.<ref name="Cranbrook08"/>
In 2003, the debate was reopened by a suggestion that the introduced Sulu elephants and the northeastern Borneo population might have descended from the now-extinct Javan elephant, which was named ''Elephas maximus sondaicus'' by Deraniyagala. This hypothesis is based on missing archaeological evidence of long-term elephant habitation in Borneo, a corroboration in folklore and that elephants have not colonized the entire island of Borneo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shim, P.S. |year=2003 |title=Another look at the Borneo elephant |journal=Sabah Society Journal |volume=20 |pages=7–14}}</ref>
In 2003, mitochondrial DNA analysis and microsatellite data indicated that the extant population is derived from Sundaic stock, but has undergone independent local evolution for some 300,000 years since a postulated Pleistocene colonization, and possibly became isolated from other Asian elephant populations when land bridges that linked Borneo with the other Sunda Islands and the Asian mainland disappeared after the Last Glacial Maximum 18,000 years ago.<ref name=Fernando03>{{cite journal | author = Fernando P. | author2 = Vidya T.N.C. | author3 = Payne J. | author4 = Stuewe M. | author5 = Davison G. Alfred, R.J. | author6 = Andau, P. Bosi | author7 = E. Kilbourn | author8 = A. Melnick, D.J. | year = 2003 | title = DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation | journal = PLOS Biol | volume = 1 | issue = 1| article-number = e6 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 | pmid=12929206 | pmc=176546 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== History == Elephants were appropriate gifts from one ruler to another, or to a person of high standing, and it was customary to transport them by sea. In about 1395, the Raja of Java gave two elephants to the ruler Raja Baginda of Sulu. These animals were reputedly the founders of a feral population at the western end of Borneo. When in 1521 the remnants of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the Earth reached Brunei, the chronicler of the voyage recounted that the delegation from the flagship ''Victoria'' was conveyed to and from the ruler's palace on elephants caparisoned in silk. This custom had been discontinued by the time later visitors arrived in Brunei in the 1770s, who reported wild-living elephant herds that were hunted by local people after harvest. Despite the early records of royal elephants in Brunei and Banjarmasin, there was no tradition of capturing and taming local wild elephants in Borneo.<ref name="Cranbrook08"/>
The arrival of elephants in the northern Kalimantan region of Borneo coincides with the rule of the Sultans of Sulu over Sabah. The Sultanate of Sulu enjoyed peaceful ties with the Hindu Empire of Java. As a token of appreciation, the rulers of Java sent their elephants to Sulu, much as they had sent Javan elephants to the Sultanate of Maguindanao, which also partly gives the reason why skeletal remains of small elephants are found in Mindanao, south Philippines. The Sultan of Sulu and his family shipped some of their prized Javan elephants to northeast Borneo due to a lack of land and for the elephants to help in hauling logs out of the forest to create fast and long ships. When this lease was signed, most of these timid and largely domesticated small elephants under the employ of Sulu's shipbuilders and traders were released into the forests so they could live deep inside the jungle away from any feuding sultan who might use them for war. This single act of releasing the pachyderms to the wild made the Bolkiah family of Sulu and their allies the savior of what remaining elephants are left, old locals attest.<ref>{{cite news | title=Pygmy elephant may have been introduced to Borneo from Java | newspaper=The Star Online | date=1970-01-01 | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/04/24/pygmy-elephant-may-have-been-introduced-to-borneo-from-java | ref={{sfnref | The Star Online | 1970}} | access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>
In a study, they compared DNA and diversity to Asian elephant populations, and later came to the conclusion that Borneo elephants split from other Elepha subspecies about 300,000 years ago. They confirmed that Borneo elephants have low genetic diversity but followed a Pleistocene colonization.<ref>Ishige, T., Miya, M., Ushio, M., Sado, T., Ushioda, M., Maebashi, K., Yonechi, R., Lagan, P., & Matsubayashi, H. (2017). Tropical-forest mammals as detected by environmental DNA at natural saltlicks in Borneo. Biological Conservation, 210, 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.023</ref>
== See also == * Insular dwarfism * Kallana
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == *[https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/bornean-elephant WWF: ''Borneo elephant''] *[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/702893 eurekalert April 2008: '''Extinct' elephant may have been found again -- on a different island''] {{Elephants}} {{Proboscidea}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q835120}}
Category:Asian elephants Category:Endemic fauna of Borneo Category:Mammals of Borneo Category:Elephants in Indonesia Category:Mammals of Malaysia Category:Endangered fauna of Asia Category:Mammals described in 1950 Category:Fauna of the Borneo lowland rain forests Category:Subspecies