{{short description|Annual mathematics competition}} The '''William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition''', often truncated to '''Putnam Competition''', is an annual mathematics competition for undergraduate college students enrolled at institutions of higher learning in the United States, Canada, and Mexico <!--, and Tel-Aviv University -->(regardless of the students' nationalities). It awards a scholarship and cash prizes ranging from $250 to $2,500 for the top students and $5,000 to $25,000 for the top schools, plus one of the top five individual (designated as ''Putnam Fellows'') is awarded a scholarship of up to $12,000 plus tuition at Harvard University (Putnam Fellow Prize Fellowship),<ref>{{cite web |title=William Lowell Putnam Competition Prizes |url=http://math.scu.edu/putnam/prizecJan.html |url-status=dead |website=math.scu.edu |publisher=Santa Clara University |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2003-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027091145/http://math.scu.edu/putnam/prizecJan.html }}</ref> the top 100 individual scorers have their names mentioned in the American Mathematical Monthly (alphabetically ordered within rank), and the names and addresses of the top 500 contestants are mailed to all participating institutions. It is widely considered to be the most prestigious university-level mathematics competition in the world, and its difficulty is such that the median score is often zero or one (out of 120) despite being primarily attempted by students specializing in mathematics.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maa.org/math-competitions/putnam-competition |title=Putnam Competition |website=www.maa.org |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307085141/https://www.maa.org/math-competitions/putnam-competition |archive-date=March 7, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=David Arney|author2=George Rosenstein|title=The Harvard-United States Military Academy Mathematics Competition of 1933: Genesis of the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition|url=https://www.westpoint.edu/math/SitePages/Math%20Competition.aspx|website=www.westpoint.edu|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320204046/https://www.westpoint.edu/math/SitePages/Math%20Competition.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The competition was founded in 1927 by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam, who was an advocate of intercollegiate intellectual competition. The competition has been offered annually since 1938 and is administered by the Mathematical Association of America.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Putnam Prize|url=http://math.scu.edu/putnam/historycJan.html|website=Santa Clara University – Mathematics & Computer Science|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108201733/https://math.scu.edu/putnam/historycJan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Competition layout == The Putnam competition takes place on the first Saturday in December, and consists of two three-hour sittings separated by a lunch break. The competition is supervised by faculty members at the participating schools. Each one consists of twelve challenging problems. The problems cover a range of advanced material in undergraduate mathematics, including concepts from group theory, set theory, graph theory, lattice theory, and number theory.<ref name="auto"/>
Each of the twelve questions is worth 10 points, and the most frequent scores above zero are 10 points for a complete solution, 9 points for a nearly complete solution, and 1 point for the beginnings of a solution. In earlier years, the twelve questions were worth one point each, with no partial credit given. The competition is considered to be very difficult: it is typically attempted by students specializing in mathematics, but the median score is usually zero or one point out of 120 possible, and there have been only five perfect scores {{As of|2021|lc=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=82nd Putnam Competition Announces Top Students in Undergraduate Mathematics |url=https://maa.org/news/82nd-putnam-competition-announces-top-students-in-undergraduate-mathematics/ |date=February 22, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2025 |website=maa.org |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT students dominate annual Putnam Mathematical Competition |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/mit-students-dominate-putnam-mathematical-competition-0303 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=March 3, 2020 |access-date=December 1, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2003, of the 3,615 students competing, 1,024 (28%) scored 10 or more points, and 42 points was sufficient to make the top percentile. In 2024, 3,988 students competed with 1,273 (32%) scoring 10 or more points with 48 points were needed to rank 100.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2024-William-Lowell-Putnam-Competition-Announcement-of-Winners.pdf |title=Announcement of winners of the eighty-fifth competition held on December 7, 2024 {{!}} Score-to-Rank Correspondence |access-date=November 30, 2025 |website=maa.org |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |language=en}}</ref>
At a participating college, any student who wishes to take part in the competition may (limited by the number of spots a school receives); but until 2019 the school's official team consisted of three individuals whom it designated in advance. Until 2019, a team's score was the sum of the ranks of its three team members, with the lowest cumulative rank winning. It was entirely possible, even commonplace at some institutions, for the eventual results to show that the "wrong" team was picked—i.e. that some students not on the official team outscored an official team member. For example, in 2010, MIT had two of the top five scorers in the competition and seven of the top 24, while Caltech had just one student in the top five and only four in the top 24; yet Caltech took first place among teams while MIT took second.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fujimori|first1=Jessica|title=At Putnam, students rise to the challenge|url=https://news.mit.edu/2016/students-first-putnam-mathematical-competition-0503|website=news.mit.edu|publisher=MIT News|access-date=18 April 2018|date=3 May 2016}}</ref> In 2019 the rules of the competition changed, with a school's team consisting of its top three scorers, and team ranks determined by comparing the sums of the scores of the team members.<ref name="auto"/>
=== Awards === The top five teams win $25,000, $20,000, $15,000, $10,000, and $5,000, in that order, with team members receiving $1,000, $800, $600, $400, and $200, respectively.
The top five individual scorers are named '''Putnam Fellows''' and awarded $2,500. The school with the first-place team receives an award of $25,000. Each first-place team member, as well as the winner of the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize, receives $1,000. Sixth through 15th place individuals receive $1,000 and the next ten receive $250. The names of the top 100 students are published in the ''American Mathematical Monthly'', and competition results are published in early April of the year following the competition.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weisstein|first1=Eric|title=Putnam Mathematical Competition|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PutnamMathematicalCompetition.html|website=mathworld.wolfram.com|publisher=Wolfram Web Resources|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>
Many Putnam Fellows have gone on to become distinguished researchers in mathematics and other fields, including three Fields Medalists—John Milnor (also an Abel Prize laureate), David Mumford, and Daniel Quillen—and two Nobel laureates in physics—Richard Feynman and Kenneth Wilson.
==Winners== ===Top-scoring teams===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto" |- ! Year ! First ! Second ! Third ! Fourth ! Fifth |- | align=center | '''1938''' | Toronto | UC Berkeley | Columbia | colspan=2 | |- | align="center" | '''1939''' | Brooklyn College | MIT | Mississippi Woman's | colspan=2 | |- | align=center | '''1940''' | Toronto | Yale | Columbia | colspan=2 | |- | align=center | '''1941''' | Brooklyn College | UPenn | MIT | colspan=2 | |- | align=center | '''1942''' | Toronto | Yale | MIT | City College of NY | |- | align=center | '''1946''' | Toronto | MIT | Brooklyn College | Carnegie Tech | |- | align=center | '''1947''' | Harvard | Yale | Columbia | UPenn | |- | align=center | '''1948''' | Brooklyn College | Toronto | Harvard | colspan=2 align=center | City College of NY '''''and''''' McGill |- | align=center | '''1949''' | Harvard | Toronto | Carnegie Tech | City College of NY | |- | align=center | '''1950''' | Caltech | Harvard | NYU | Toronto | |- | align=center | '''1951''' | Cornell | Harvard | Cooper Union | City College of NY | |- | align=center | '''1952''' | Queen's | Brooklyn Polytech | Harvard | MIT | |- | align=center | '''1953''' | Harvard | City College of NY | Cornell | UC Berkeley | |- | align=center | '''1954''' | Cornell | Harvard | MIT | Toronto | |- | align=center | '''1955''' | Harvard | Toronto | Yale | Kenyon | |- | align=center | '''1956''' | Harvard | Columbia | Queen's | MIT | |- | align=center | '''1957''' | Harvard | Columbia | Cornell | Caltech | |- | align=center | '''1958 (Spring)''' | Brooklyn Polytech | Harvard | Toronto | Manitoba | |- | align=center | '''1958 (Fall)''' | Harvard | Toronto | Caltech | Cornell | |- | align=center | '''1959''' | Brooklyn Polytech | Caltech | Toronto | Harvard | Case Tech |- | align=center | '''1960''' | UC Berkeley | Harvard | MIT | Michigan State | Cornell |- | align=center | '''1961''' | Michigan State | MIT | Caltech | Harvard | Dartmouth |- | align=center | '''1962''' | Caltech | Dartmouth | Harvard | Queen's | UCLA |- | align=center | '''1963''' | Michigan State | Brooklyn College | UPenn | Caltech | MIT |- | align=center | '''1964''' | Caltech | MIT | Harvard | Case Tech | UC Berkeley |- | align=center | '''1965''' | Harvard | MIT | Toronto | Princeton | Caltech |- | align=center | '''1966''' | Harvard | MIT | Chicago | Michigan | Princeton |- | align=center | '''1967''' | Michigan State | Caltech | Harvard | MIT | Michigan |- | align=center | '''1968''' | MIT | Waterloo | UCLA | Michigan State | Kansas |- | align=center | '''1969''' | MIT | Rice | Chicago | Harvard | Yale |- | align=center | '''1970''' | Chicago | MIT | Toronto | Illinois Tech | Caltech |- | align=center | '''1971''' | Caltech | Chicago | Harvard | UC Davis | MIT |- | align=center | '''1972''' | Caltech | Oberlin | Harvard | Swarthmore | MIT |- | align=center | '''1973''' | Caltech | British Columbia | Chicago | Harvard | Princeton |- | align=center | '''1974''' | Waterloo | Chicago | Caltech | MIT | British Columbia |- | align=center | '''1975''' | Caltech | Chicago | MIT | Princeton | Harvard |- | align=center | '''1976''' | Caltech | Washington U in StL | Princeton | colspan=2 align=center | Case Western Reserve '''''and''''' MIT |- | align=center | '''1977''' | Washington U in StL | UC Davis | Caltech | Princeton | MIT |- | align=center | '''1978''' | Case Western Reserve | Washington U in StL | Waterloo | Harvard | Caltech |- | align=center | '''1979''' | MIT | Caltech | Princeton | Stanford | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''1980''' | Washington U in StL | Harvard | Maryland | Chicago | UC Berkeley |- | align=center | '''1981''' | Washington U in StL | Princeton | Harvard | Stanford | Maryland |- | align=center | '''1982''' | Harvard | Waterloo | Caltech | Yale | Princeton |- | align=center | '''1983''' | Caltech | Washington U in StL | Waterloo | Princeton | Chicago |- | align=center | '''1984''' | colspan=2 align=center | UC Davis '''''and''''' Washington U in StL | Harvard | Princeton | Yale |- | align=center | '''1985''' | Harvard | Princeton | UC Berkeley | Rice | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''1986''' | Harvard | Washington U in StL | UC Berkeley | Yale | MIT |- | align=center | '''1987''' | Harvard | Princeton | Carnegie Mellon | UC Berkeley | MIT |- | align=center | '''1988''' | Harvard | Princeton | Rice | Waterloo | Caltech |- | align=center | '''1989''' | Harvard | Princeton | Waterloo | Yale | Rice |- | align=center | '''1990''' | Harvard | Duke | Waterloo | Yale | Washington U in StL |- | align=center | '''1991''' | Harvard | Waterloo | Harvey Mudd | Stanford | Yale |- | align=center | '''1992''' | Harvard | Toronto | Waterloo | Princeton | Cornell |- | align=center | '''1993''' | Duke | Harvard | Miami University | MIT | Michigan |- | align=center | '''1994''' | Harvard | Cornell | MIT | Princeton | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''1995''' | Harvard | Cornell | MIT | Toronto | Princeton |- | align=center | '''1996''' | Duke | Princeton | Harvard | Washington U in StL | Caltech |- | align=center | '''1997''' | Harvard | Duke | Princeton | MIT | Washington U in StL |- | align=center | '''1998''' | Harvard | MIT | Princeton | Caltech | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''1999''' | Waterloo | Harvard | Duke | Michigan | Chicago |- | align=center | '''2000''' | Duke | MIT | Harvard | Caltech | Toronto |- | align=center | '''2001''' | Harvard | MIT | Duke | UC Berkeley | Stanford |- | align=center | '''2002''' | Harvard | Princeton | Duke | UC Berkeley | Stanford |- | align=center | '''2003''' | MIT | Harvard | Duke | Caltech | Harvey Mudd |- | align=center | '''2004''' | MIT | Princeton | Duke | Waterloo | Caltech |- | align=center | '''2005''' | Harvard | Princeton | Duke | MIT | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''2006''' | Princeton | Harvard | MIT | Toronto | Chicago |- | align=center | '''2007''' | Harvard | Princeton | MIT | Stanford | Duke |- | align=center | '''2008''' | Harvard | Princeton | MIT | Stanford | Caltech |- | align=center | '''2009''' | MIT | Harvard | Caltech | Stanford | Princeton |- | align=center | '''2010''' | Caltech | MIT | Harvard | UC Berkeley | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''2011''' | Harvard | Carnegie Mellon | Caltech | Stanford | MIT |- | align=center | '''2012''' | Harvard | MIT | UCLA | Stony Brook | Carnegie Mellon |- | align=center | '''2013''' | MIT | Carnegie Mellon | Stanford | Harvard | Caltech |- | align=center | '''2014''' | MIT | Harvard | RPI | Waterloo | Carnegie Mellon |- | align=center | '''2015''' | MIT | Carnegie Mellon | Princeton | Stanford | Harvard |- | align=center | '''2016''' | Carnegie Mellon | Princeton | Harvard | MIT | Stanford |- | align=center | '''2017''' | MIT | Harvard | Princeton | Toronto | UCLA |- | align=center | '''2018''' | Harvard | MIT | UCLA | Columbia | Stanford |- | align=center | '''2019''' | MIT | Harvard | Stanford | UCLA | Waterloo |- | align=center | '''2021''' | MIT | Princeton | Harvard | Stanford | UCLA |- | align=center | '''2022''' | MIT | Harvard | Stanford | Maryland | Yale |- | align=center | '''2023''' | MIT | Harvard | Duke | Stanford | Toronto |- | align=center | '''2024''' | MIT | Harvard | Stanford | Carnegie Mellon | UC Santa Barbara |- | align=center | '''2025''' | MIT | Chicago | Harvard | Stanford | Caltech |}
===Teams ranked by historical performance===
Below is a table of teams by the number of appearances in the top five and number of titles.
The following table lists Teams finishing in Top Five ({{As of|2025|lc=on}} competition): {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto" |- ! Top Five ! Team(s) |- | align=center | '''70''' | Harvard |- | align=center | '''55''' | MIT |- | align=center | '''34''' | Caltech |- | align=center | '''33''' | Princeton |- | align=center | '''20''' | Toronto, Waterloo |- | align=center | '''19''' | Stanford |- | align=center | '''12''' | Yale, Duke, Chicago |- | align=center | '''11''' | Washington University in St. Louis |- | align=center | '''10''' | UC Berkeley, Cornell, Carnegie Mellon (including former Carnegie Tech) |- | align=center | '''7''' | UCLA |- | align=center | '''6''' | Columbia |- | align=center | '''5''' | Brooklyn College, City College of New York, Michigan State |- | align=center | '''4''' | Case Western Reserve (including former Case Tech), Michigan, Rice |- | align=center | '''3''' | Brooklyn Polytech, UC Davis, Queen's, Penn, Maryland |- | align=center | '''2''' | British Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvey Mudd |- | align=center | '''1''' | UC Santa Barbara, Cooper Union, Illinois Tech, Kansas, Kenyon, Manitoba, McGill, Miami University, RPI <br> NYU, Oberlin, Stony Brook, Swarthmore, William Carey (under former name of Mississippi Woman's) |}
For a recent analysis, the following table lists teams that finished in the top five since 2000 ({{As of|2025|lc=on}} competition): {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto" |- ! Top Five ! Team(s) |- | align=center | '''24''' | Harvard, MIT |- | align=center | '''16''' | Stanford |- | align=center | '''11''' | Princeton |- | align=center | '''9''' | Caltech |- | align=center | '''8''' | Duke |- | align=center | '''7''' | Carnegie Mellon |- | align=center | '''5''' | UCLA, Waterloo |- | align=center | '''4''' | Toronto |- | align=center | '''3''' | UC Berkeley |- | align=center | '''2''' | Chicago |- | align=center | '''1''' | UC Santa Barbara, Harvey Mudd, Stony Brook, Yale, RPI, Columbia, Maryland |}
The following table lists Teams with First place finishes ({{As of|2025|lc=on}} competition): {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto" |- ! First Place ! Team(s) |- | align=center | '''30''' | Harvard |- | align=center | '''16''' | MIT |- | align=center | '''10''' | Caltech |- | align=center | '''4''' | Toronto, Washington University in St. Louis |- | align=center | '''3''' | Brooklyn College, Duke, Michigan State |- | align=center | '''2''' | Brooklyn Polytech, Cornell, Waterloo |- | align=center | '''1''' | UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Carnegie Mellon, Case Western Reserve, Chicago, Princeton, Queen's |}
===Putnam Fellows===<!-- This section is linked from International Mathematical Olympiad --> Since the first competition, the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers in the competition have been named '''Putnam Fellows'''. Within the top five, Putnam Fellows are not ranked. Students are not allowed to participate in the Putnam Competition more than four times. For example, if a high school senior chooses to officially participate, he/she effectively chooses to forfeit one of his/her years of eligibility in college (see Gabriel Carroll). This makes it even more of a remarkable feat to become a Putnam Fellow four times. In the history of the Competition, only nine students have been Putnam Fellows four times, with twenty-four others winning the award three times. The following table lists these students:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto" |- ! Name ! School ! colspan=4 align=center | ''Years'' |- | Don Coppersmith | MIT | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 |- | Arthur Rubin | Purdue, Caltech | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 |- | Bjorn M. Poonen | Harvard | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 |- | Ravi D. Vakil | Toronto | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 |- | Gabriel D. Carroll | UC Berkeley, Harvard | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 |- | Reid W. Barton | MIT | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 |- | Daniel Kane | MIT | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |- | Brian R. Lawrence | Caltech | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | 2011 |- | Luke Robitaille | MIT | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |- | Edward L. Kaplan | Carnegie Tech | 1939 | 1940 | 1941 | |- | Andrew M. Gleason | Yale | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | |- | Donald J. Newman | City College of NY | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 | |- | James B. Herreshoff IV | UC Berkeley | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | |- | Samuel Jacob Klein | City College of NY | 1953 | 1959 | 1960 | |- | Randall L. Dougherty | UC Berkeley | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |- | Eric D. Carlson | Michigan State | 1980 | 1982 | 1983 | |- | David W. Ash | Waterloo | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | |- | Noam D. Elkies | Columbia | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | |- | David J. Grabiner | Princeton | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | |- | David J. Moews | Harvard | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | |- | J. P. Grossman | Toronto | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | |- | Kiran S. Kedlaya | Harvard | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | |- | Lenhard L. Ng | Harvard | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | |- | Ciprian Manolescu | Harvard | 1997 | 1998 | 2000 | |- | Aaron C. Pixton | Princeton | 2004 | 2005 | 2007 | |- | Yufei Zhao | MIT | 2006 | 2008 | 2009 | |- | Arnav Tripathy | Harvard | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |- | Seok Hyeong Lee | Stanford | 2008 | 2010 | 2011 | |- | Evan M. O'Dorney | UC Berkeley, Harvard | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |- | Zipei Nie | MIT | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |- | David H. Yang | MIT | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |- | Yunkun Zhou | MIT | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |- | Shengtong Zhang | MIT | 2018 | 2019 | 2021 | |- | Daniel Zhu | MIT | 2019 | 2021 | 2022 | |- | Papon Lapate | MIT | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |- | Brian Liu | MIT | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |}
The following table lists all Putnam fellows from 1938 to present, with the years they placed in the top five.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/Putnam/Competition_Archive/List%20of%20Previous%20Putnam%20Winners.pdf |title=List of Previous Putnam Winners |website=Mathematical Association of America |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010144542/https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/Putnam/Competition_Archive/List%20of%20Previous%20Putnam%20Winners.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0.5em auto" |- ! Name (School) ! Year (s) |- | George W. Mackey (Rice) | 1938 |- | Irving Kaplansky (Toronto) | 1938 |- | Michael J. Norris (College of St. Thomas) | 1938 |- | Robert W. Gibson (Fort Hays Kansas State) | 1938 |- | Bernard Sherman (Brooklyn College) | 1938, 1939 |- | Abraham Hillman (Brooklyn College) | 1939 |- | Richard P. Feynman (MIT) | 1939 |- | William Nierenberg (City College of NY) | 1939 |- | Edward L. Kaplan (Carnegie Tech) | 1939, 1940, 1941 |- | John Cotton Maynard (Toronto) | 1940 |- | Robert Maughan Snow (George Washington) | 1940 |- | W. J. R. Crosby (Toronto) | 1940 |- | Andrew M. Gleason (Yale) | 1940, 1941, 1942 |- | Paul C. Rosenbloom (UPenn) | 1941 |- | Richard F. Arens (UCLA) | 1941 |- | Samuel I. Askovitz (UPenn) | 1941 |- | Harold Victor Lyons (Toronto) | 1942 |- | Harvey Cohn (City College of NY) | 1942 |- | Melvin A. Preston (Toronto) | 1942 |- | Warren S. Loud (MIT) | 1942 |- | Donald A. Fraser (Toronto) | 1946 |- | Eugenio Calabi (MIT) | 1946 |- | Felix Browder (MIT) | 1946 |- | J. Arthur Greenwood (Harvard) | 1946 |- | Maxwell A. Rosenlicht (Columbia) | 1946, 1947 |- | Clarence Wilson Hewlett, Jr. (Harvard) | 1947 |- | William Turanski (UPenn) | 1947 |- | Eoin L. Whitney (Alberta) | 1947, 1948 |- | W. Forrest Stinespring (Harvard) | 1947, 1949 |- | George F. D. Duff (Toronto) | 1948 |- | Harry Gonshor (McGill) | 1948 |- | Leonard Geller (Brooklyn College) | 1948 |- | Robert L. Mills (Columbia) | 1948 |- | Donald J. Newman (City College of NY) | 1948, 1949, 1950 |- | Ariel Zemach (Harvard) | 1949 |- | David L. Yarmush (Harvard) | 1949 |- | John W. Milnor (Princeton) | 1949, 1950 |- | John P. Mayberry (Toronto) | 1950 |- | Richard J. Semple (Toronto) | 1950 |- | Z. Alexander Melzak (British Columbia) | 1950 |- | Arthur P. Dempster (Toronto) | 1951 |- | Harold Widom (City College of NY) | 1951 |- | Herbert C. Kranzer (NYU) | 1951 |- | Peter John Redmond (Cooper Union) | 1951 |- | James B. Herreshoff IV (UC Berkeley) | 1951, 1952, 1953 |- | Eugene R. Rodemich (Washington U in StL) | 1952 |- | Gerhard Rayna (Harvard) | 1952 |- | Richard G. Swan (Princeton) | 1952 |- | Walter Lewis Baily, Jr. (MIT) | 1952 |- | Marshall L. Freimer (Harvard) | 1953 |- | Norman Bauman (Harvard) | 1953 |- | Tai Tsun Wu (Minnesota) | 1953 |- | Samuel Jacob Klein (City College of NY) | 1953, 1959, 1960 |- | Benjamin Muckenhoupt (Harvard) | 1954 |- | James Daniel Bjorken (MIT) | 1954 |- | Leonard Evens (Cornell) | 1954 |- | William P. Hanf (UC Berkeley) | 1954 |- | Kenneth G. Wilson (Harvard) | 1954, 1956 |- | Howard C. Rumsey, Jr. (Caltech) | 1955 |- | Jack Towber (Brooklyn College) | 1955 |- | David B. Mumford (Harvard) | 1955, 1956 |- | Trevor Barker (Kenyon) | 1955, 1956 |- | Everett C. Dade (Harvard) | 1955, 1957 |- | Richard Michael Friedberg (Harvard) | 1956 |- | David M. Bloom (Columbia) | 1956, 1957 |- | J. Ian Richards (Minnesota) | 1957 |- | Richard T. Bumby (MIT) | 1957 |- | Rohit J. Parikh (Harvard) | 1957 |- | David R. Brillinger (Toronto) | Spring 1958 |- | Donald J. C. Bures (Queen's) | Spring 1958 |- | Lawrence A. Shepp (Brooklyn Polytech) | Spring 1958 |- | Richard M. Dudley (Harvard) | Spring 1958 |- | Joseph Lipman (Toronto) | Spring 1958, Fall 1958 |- | Alan Gaisford Waterman (San Diego State) | Fall 1958 |- | John Rex Forrester Hewett (Toronto) | Fall 1958 |- | Robert C. Hartshorne (Harvard) | Fall 1958 |- | Alfred W. Hales (Caltech) | Fall 1958, 1959 |- | Daniel G. Quillen (Harvard) | 1959 |- | Donald Passman (Brooklyn Polytech) | 1959 |- | Donald S. Gorman (Harvard) | 1959 |- | Martin Isaacs (Brooklyn Polytech) | 1959 |- | Stephen L. Adler (Harvard) | 1959 |- | Stephen Lichtenbaum (Harvard) | 1959 |- | Jon H. Folkman (UC Berkeley) | 1960 |- | Louis Jaeckel (UCLA) | 1960 |- | Melvin Hochster (Harvard) | 1960 |- | William R. Emerson (Caltech) | 1960 |- | Barry Wolk (Manitoba) | 1961 |- | Elwyn R. Berlekamp (MIT) | 1961 |- | Edward Anton Bender (Caltech) | 1961, 1962 |- | John Hathaway Lindsey (Caltech) | 1961, 1962 |- | William C. Waterhouse (Harvard) | 1961, 1962 |- | John William Wood (Harvard) | 1962 |- | Robert S. Strichartz (Dartmouth) | 1962 |- | Joel H. Spencer (MIT) | 1963 |- | Lawrence A. Zalcman (Dartmouth) | 1963 |- | Lawrence J. Corwin (Harvard) | 1963 |- | Robert E. Greene (Michigan State) | 1963 |- | Stephen E. Crick, Jr. (Michigan State) | 1963 |- | Barry B. MacKichan (Harvard) | 1964 |- | Fred William Roush (UNC Chapel Hill) | 1964 |- | Roger E. Howe (Harvard) | 1964 |- | Rufus (Robert) Bowen (UC Berkeley) | 1964, 1965 |- | Vern Sheridan Poythress (Caltech) | 1964 |- | Andreas R. Blass (Detroit) | 1965 |- | Barry Simon (Harvard) | 1965 |- | Daniel Fendel (Harvard) | 1965 |- | Lon M. Rosen (Toronto) | 1965 |- | Marshall W. Buck (Harvard) | 1966 |- | Robert E. Maas (Santa Clara) | 1966 |- | Robert S. Winternitz (MIT) | 1966 |- | Theodore C. Chang (MIT) | 1966 |- | Richard C. Schroeppel (MIT) | 1966, 1967 |- | David R. Haynor (Harvard) | 1967 |- | Dennis A. Hejhal (Chicago) | 1967 |- | Don B. Zagier (MIT) | 1967 |- | Peter L. Montgomery (UC Berkeley) | 1967 |- | Dean G. Huffman (Yale) | 1968 |- | Gerald S. Gras (MIT) | 1968 |- | Neal Koblitz (Harvard) | 1968 |- | Gerald A. Edgar (UC Santa Barbara) | 1968, 1969 |- | Don Coppersmith (MIT) | 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 |- | Alan R. Beale (Rice) | 1969 |- | Steven K. Winkler (MIT) | 1969, 1970 |- | Robert A. Oliver (Chicago) | 1969, 1970 |- | Jeffrey Lagarias (MIT) | 1970 |- | Jockum Aniansson (Yale) | 1970 |- | Arthur Rubin (Purdue, Caltech) | 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973 |- | Dale Peterson (Yale) | 1971 |- | David Shucker (Swarthmore) | 1971 |- | Robert Israel (Chicago) | 1971 |- | Michael Yoder (Caltech) | 1971, 1972 |- | Arthur Rothstein (Reed) | 1972 |- | David Vogan (Chicago) | 1972 |- | Dean Hickerson (UC Davis) | 1972 |- | Ira Gessel (Harvard) | 1972 |- | Angelos J. Tsirimokos (Princeton) | 1973 |- | Matthew L. Ginsberg (Wesleyan) | 1973 |- | Peter G. De Buda (Toronto) | 1973 |- | David J. Anick (MIT) | 1973, 1975 |- | Grant M. Roberts (Waterloo) | 1974 |- | James B. Saxe (Union) | 1974 |- | Karl C. Rubin (Princeton) | 1974 |- | Philip N. Strenski (Armstrong State) | 1974 |- | Thomas G. Goodwillie (Harvard) | 1974, 1975 |- | Ernest S. Davis (MIT) | 1975 |- | Franklin T. Adams (Chicago) | 1975 |- | Christopher L. Henley (Caltech) | 1975, 1976 |- | David J. Wright (Cornell) | 1976 |- | Nathaniel S. Kuhn (Harvard) | 1976 |- | Paul M. Herdig (Case Western Reserve) | 1976 |- | Philip I. Harrington (Washington U in StL) | 1976 |- | Steven T. Tschantz (UC Berkeley) | 1976, 1978 |- | Adam L. Stephanides (Chicago) | 1977, 1981 |- | Michael Roberts (MIT) | 1977 |- | Paul A. Vojta (Minnesota) | 1977 |- | Stephen W. Modzelewski (Harvard) | 1977 |- | Russell D. Lyons (Case Western Reserve) | 1977, 1978 |- | Mark R. Kleiman (Princeton) | 1978 |- | Peter W. Shor (Caltech) | 1978 |- | Randall L. Dougherty (UC Berkeley) | 1978, 1979, 1980 |- | Charles H. Walter (Princeton) | 1979 |- | Mark G. Pleszkoch (Virginia) | 1979 |- | Miller Puckette (MIT) | 1979 |- | Richard Mifflin (Rice) | 1979 |- | Daniel J. Goldstein (Chicago) | 1980 |- | Laurence E. Penn (Harvard) | 1980 |- | Michael Raship (Harvard) | 1980 |- | Eric D. Carlson (Michigan State) | 1980, 1982, 1983 |- | Robin A. Pemantle (UC Berkeley) | 1981 |- | Scott R. Fluhrer (Case Western Reserve) | 1981 |- | David W. Ash (Waterloo) | 1981, 1982, 1983 |- | Michael J. Larsen (Harvard) | 1981, 1983 |- | Brian R. Hunt (Maryland) | 1982 |- | Edward A. Shpiz (Washington U in StL) | 1982 |- | Noam D. Elkies (Columbia) | 1982, 1983, 1984 |- | Gregg N. Patruno (Princeton) | 1983 |- | Benji N. Fisher (Harvard) | 1984 |- | Daniel W. Johnson (Rose-Hulman Tech) | 1984 |- | Richard A. Stong (Washington U in StL) | 1984 |- | Michael Reid (Harvard) | 1984, 1987 |- | Everett W. Howe (Caltech) | 1985 |- | Keith A. Ramsay (Chicago) | 1985 |- | Martin V. Hildebrand (Williams) | 1985 |- | Douglas S. Jungreis (Harvard) | 1985, 1986 |- | Bjorn M. Poonen (Harvard) | 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 |- | David I. Zuckerman (Harvard) | 1986 |- | Waldemar P. Horwat (MIT) | 1986 |- | David J. Grabiner (Princeton) | 1986, 1987, 1988 |- | David J. Moews (Harvard) | 1986, 1987, 1988 |- | Constantin S. Teleman (Harvard) | 1987 |- | John S. Tillinghast (UC Davis) | 1987 |- | Jeremy A. Kahn (Harvard) | 1988 |- | Ravi D. Vakil (Toronto) | 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 |- | Andrew H. Kresch (Yale) | 1989 |- | Christos A. Athanasiadis (MIT) | 1989 |- | Colin M. Springer (Waterloo) | 1989 |- | Sihao Wu (Yale) | 1989 |- | William P. Cross (Caltech) | 1989 |- | Jordan Lampe (UC Berkeley) | 1990 |- | Raymond M. Sidney (Harvard) | 1990 |- | Eric K. Wepsic (Harvard) | 1990, 1991 |- | Jordan S. Ellenberg (Harvard) | 1990, 1992 |- | Joshua B. Fischman (Princeton) | 1991 |- | Xi Chen (Missouri–Rolla) | 1991 |- | Samuel A. Kutin (Harvard) | 1991, 1992 |- | Jeffrey M. Vanderkam (Duke) | 1992 |- | Serban M. Nacu (Harvard) | 1992 |- | Adam M. Logan (Princeton) | 1992, 1993 |- | Craig B. Gentry (Duke) | 1993 |- | Wei-Hwa Huang (Caltech) | 1993 |- | J. P. Grossman (Toronto) | 1993, 1994, 1995 |- | Kiran S. Kedlaya (Harvard) | 1993, 1994, 1995 |- | Lenhard L. Ng (Harvard) | 1993, 1994, 1995 |- | William R. Mann (Princeton) | 1994 |- | Jeremy L. Bem (Cornell) | 1994, 1996 |- | Sergey V. Levin (Harvard) | 1995 |- | Yevgeniy Dodis (NYU) | 1995 |- | Dragos N. Oprea (Harvard) | 1996 |- | Ioana Dumitriu (NYU) | 1996 |- | Robert D. Kleinberg (Cornell) | 1996 |- | Stephen S. Wang (Harvard) | 1996 |- | Daniel K. Schepler (Washington U in StL) | 1996, 1997 |- | Ovidiu Savin (Pittsburgh) | 1997 |- | Patrick K. Corn (Harvard) | 1997 |- | Samuel Grushevsky (Harvard) | 1997 |- | Mike L. Develin (Harvard) | 1997, 1998 |- | Ciprian Manolescu (Harvard) | 1997, 1998, 2000 |- | Ari M. Turner (Princeton) | 1998 |- | Nathan G. Curtis (Duke) | 1998 |- | Kevin D. Lacker (Duke) | 1998, 2001 |- | Christopher C. Mihelich (Harvard) | 1999 |- | Stewart Ellis (OSU) | 1999 |- | Colin A. Percival (Simon Fraser) | 1999 |- | Davesh Maulik (Harvard) | 1999 |- | Derek I.E. Kisman (Waterloo) | 1999 |- | Sabin Cautis (Waterloo) | 1999 |- | Abhinav Kumar (MIT) | 1999, 2000 |- | Pavlo Pylyavskyy (MIT) | 2000 |- | Alexander B. Schwartz (Harvard) | 2000, 2002 |- | Gabriel D. Carroll (UC Berkeley, Harvard) | 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 |- | George Lee, Jr. (Harvard) | 2001 |- | Jan K. Siwanowicz (City College of NY) | 2001 |- | Reid W. Barton (MIT) | 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 |- | Deniss Cebikins (MIT) | 2002 |- | Melanie E. Wood (Duke) | 2002 |- | Ralph C. Furmaniak (Waterloo) | 2003 |- | Ana Caraiani (Princeton) | 2003, 2004 |- | Daniel M. Kane (MIT) | 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 |- | Vladimir V. Barzov (MIT) | 2004 |- | Aaron Pixton (Princeton) | 2004, 2005, 2007 |- | Oleg I. Golberg (MIT) | 2005 |- | Matthew M. Ince (MIT) | 2005 |- | Ricky I. Liu (Harvard) | 2005 |- | Tiankai Liu (Harvard) | 2005, 2006 |- | Hansheng Diao (MIT) | 2006 |- | Po-Ru Loh (Caltech) | 2006 |- | Yufei Zhao (MIT) | 2006, 2008, 2009 |- | Jason C. Bland (Caltech) | 2007 |- | Brian R. Lawrence (Caltech) | 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 |- | Qingchun Ren (MIT) | 2007, 2009 |- | Xuancheng Shao (MIT) | 2007 |- | Arnav Tripathy (Harvard) | 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Seok Hyeong Lee (Stanford) | 2008, 2010, 2011 |- | Bohua Zhan (MIT) | 2008 |- | William A. Johnson (U of Washington) | 2009 |- | Xiaosheng Mu (Yale) | 2009, 2011 |- | Yu Deng (MIT) | 2010 |- | Colin P. Sandon (MIT) | 2010 |- | Alex (Lin) Zhai (Harvard) | 2010 |- | Samuel S. Elder (Caltech) | 2011 |- | Evan M. O'Dorney (Harvard) | 2011, 2012, 2013 |- | Benjamin P. Gunby (MIT) | 2012 |- | Eric K. Larson (Harvard) | 2012 |- | Mitchell M. Lee (MIT) | 2012, 2013 |- | Zipei Nie (MIT) | 2012, 2013, 2014 |- | Bobby C. Shen (MIT) | 2013, 2014 |- | David H. Yang (MIT) | 2013, 2014, 2015 |- | Ravi Jagadeesan (Harvard) | 2014 |- | Mark A. Sellke (MIT) | 2014 |- | Lingfu Zhang (MIT) | 2014 |- | Pakawut Jiradilok (Harvard) | 2015 |- | Bumsoo Kim (Princeton) | 2015 |- | Gyujin Oh (Stanford) | 2015 |- | Daniel Spivak (Waterloo) | 2015 |- | Yunkun Zhou (MIT) | 2015, 2016, 2017 |- | Joshua D. Brakensiek (Carnegie Mellon) | 2016 |- | Dong Ryul Kim (Harvard) | 2016, 2018 |- | Thomas E. Swayze (Carnegie Mellon) | 2016 |- | Samuel Zbarsky (Carnegie Mellon) | 2016 |- | David Stoner (Harvard) | 2017, 2018 |- | Ömer Cerrahoğlu (MIT) | 2017 |- | Jiyang Gao (MIT) | 2017 |- | Junyao Peng (MIT) | 2017 |- | Ashwin Sah (MIT) | 2017, 2019 |- | Yuan Yao (MIT) | 2018, 2019 |- | Shengtong Zhang (MIT) | 2018, 2019, 2021 |- | Shyam Narayanan (Harvard) | 2018 |- | Kevin Sun (MIT) | 2019 |- | Daniel Zhu (MIT) | 2019, 2021, 2022 |- | Andrew Gu (MIT) | 2021 |- | Michael Ren (MIT) | 2021 |- | Edward Wan (MIT) | 2021 |- | Mingyang Deng (MIT) | 2022 |- | Papon Lapate (MIT) | 2022, 2023, 2024 |- | Brian Liu (MIT) | 2022, 2023, 2024 |- | Luke Robitaille (MIT) | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |- | Ankit Bisain (MIT) | 2023 |- | Jiangqi Dai (MIT) | 2023, 2024 |- | Qiao Sun (MIT) | 2024 |- | Jack Hu (Chicago) | 2025 |- | Cheng Jiang (MIT) | 2025 |- | Chunji Wang (MIT) | 2025 |- | Zixiang Zhou (MIT) | 2025 |- |}
===Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award winners=== Since 1992, the '''Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award''' has been available to be awarded to a female participant with a high score, with three awards being made for the first time in 2019.<ref name="2019-winners">{{cite web|title=Top Students and Teams Announced in Putnam Competition|url=https://www.maa.org/news/top-students-and-teams-announced-in-putnam-competition|website=www.maa.org|date=28 May 2019 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America}}</ref> The year(s) in which they were Fellows are in '''bold'''. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto" !Name!!School!!Year (s) |- |Dana Pascovici||Dartmouth||1992 |- |Ruth A. Britto-Pacumio||MIT||1994 |- |Ioana Dumitriu||NYU||1995, '''1996''', 1997 |- |Wai Ling Yee||Waterloo||1999 |- |Melanie E. Wood||Duke||2001, '''2002''' |- |Ana Caraiani||Princeton||'''2003, 2004''' |- |Alison B. Miller||Harvard||2005, 2006, 2007 |- |Viktoriya Krakovna||Toronto||2008 |- |Yinghui Wang||MIT||2011 |- |Fei Song||Virginia||2011 |- |Xiao Wu||Yale||2013 |- |Simona Diaconu||Princeton||2016 |- |Ni Yan||UCLA||2017 |- |Danielle Wang||MIT||2015, 2018 |- |Laura Pierson||Harvard||2019 |- |Qi Qi||MIT||2019 |- |Hanzhi Zheng||Stanford||2019 |- |Dain Kim||MIT||2021 |- |Binwei Yan||MIT||2022 |- |Isabella Zhu||MIT||2023 |- |Jessica Wan||MIT||2024, 2025 |}
==See also==
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== {{commons category|Putnam Fellows}} * [http://www.maa.org/awards/putnam.html William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000229230334/http://www.maa.org/awards/putnam.html |date=2000-02-29 }} * [http://maa.org/maa-putnam-archive/ William Lowell Putnam Competition Archive] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124125203/http://www.kalva.demon.co.uk/putnam.html Archive of Problems 1938–2003] * [http://www.d.umn.edu/~jgallian/putnamfel/PF.html Searchable data base for information about careers of Putnam Fellows] * [http://www.d.umn.edu/~jgallian/putnam16.pdf A comprehensive history of the Putnam competition] An electronic update of Gallian's 2004 paper (PDF)
{{American mathematics}}
Category:Mathematics competitions Category:Recurring events established in 1927 Category:Awards established in 1927 Category:Putnam Fellows Category:Awards of the Mathematical Association of America Category:1927 establishments in the United States