Portobelo

{{Distinguish|Portobello (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Portobelo |native_name = |settlement_type = Corregimiento and city |image_skyline = Portobelo Ruins and bay.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Portobelo bay and ruins of Spanish fortifications |image_alt = |pushpin_map = Panama |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Panama}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Colón |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name2 = Portobelo |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1597 |named_for = |founder = Francisco Velarde y Mercado |area_land_km2 = 244.7 |area_footnotes = <ref name=inec>[http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/archivos/P3601Cuadro11.xls "Cuadro 11 (Superficie, población y densidad de población en la República...)" [Table 11 (Area, population, and population density in the Republic...)<nowiki>]</nowiki>] (.xls). In {{cite web |title=Resultados Finales Básicos |trans-title= Basic Final Results |url=https://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/publicaciones/Publicaciones.aspx?ID_SUBCATEGORIA=59&ID_PUBLICACION=360&ID_IDIOMA=1&ID_CATEGORIA=13 |publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama |access-date= May 26, 2015 |language=es}}</ref> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 4559 |population_footnotes = <ref name=inec/> |population_density_km2 = 18.6 |population_note = Population density calculated based on land area. |timezone1 = EST |utc_offset1 = −5 |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = Am |coordinates = {{coord|09|33|16|N|79|39|18|W|region:PA|display=inline,title}} }}

'''Portobelo''' (Modern Spanish: "Puerto Bello" ("beautiful port"), historically in Portuguese: '''Porto Belo''') is a historic port and corregimiento in Portobelo District, Colón Province, Panama. Located on the northern part of the Isthmus of Panama, it is {{cvt|32|km}} northeast of the modern port of Colón now at the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal. It has a population of 4,559 {{as of |2010 |lc=on}},<ref name=inec/> and functions as the seat of Portobelo District.<ref name=inec/>

Established in 1597 for its deep natural harbor, it joined Veracruz ({{cvt|2,066|km}} to the northwest) as ports used by the Spanish Empire to ship treasure from the mines of Peru (via Panama City on the Pacific side of the Isthmus and overland to Portobelo) back to Spain. The city was repeatedly captured by British privateers and pirates, culminating in a successful siege by the Royal Navy in 1739, during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

Its economy received a major boost in the late-19th century during the construction of the Panama Canal. In 1980, UNESCO designated the Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo, including the ruins of the Spanish colonial fortifications and nearby Fort San Lorenzo, as a World Heritage Site.

==History==

Portobelo was founded in 1597 by Spanish explorer Francisco Velarde y Mercado<ref name="Fish2011">{{cite book |author=Shirley Fish |title=The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_iU0f-iT8C&pg=PA45 |access-date=18 July 2011 |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4567-7542-1 |pages=45–}}</ref> and quickly replaced Nombre de Dios as the major local port for Peruvian silver. Legend has it that Christopher Columbus originally named the port "Puerto Bello", meaning "Beautiful Port", in 1502.<ref name="Katzman2006">{{cite book |author=Patricia Katzman |title=Panama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i94Ea2E97jAC&pg=PA136 |access-date=18 July 2011 |date=10 February 2006 |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=978-1-58843-529-3 |pages=136–}}</ref> After the English privateer Francis Drake died of dysentery in 1596, he was buried at sea in a lead coffin off Portobelo, memorialised by the present ''Isla Drake'' ("Drake Island") at the mouth of the harbour. During the 16th to the 18th centuries it was an important silver-exporting port in New Granada on the Spanish Main and one of the two Atlantic ports on the route of the Spanish treasure fleet. The Spanish built defensive fortifications at Portobelo to protect it from attacks by other European powers. In 1601, English privateers led by William Parker captured Portobelo from the Spanish. The Welsh privateer Henry Morgan repeated the feat in 1668, having led a force of 450 privateers and overcame its strong fortifications. His forces plundered it for 14 days before withdrawing. It was captured again in 1680 by the English pirate John Coxon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogoziński |first1=Jan |title=The Wordsworth dictionary of pirates |date=1997 |publisher=Wordsworth Reference |location=Ware |isbn=1-85326-384-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio00rogo/page/266 266] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio00rogo/page/266}}</ref>

[[File:Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de San Jeronimo, Porto Bello, 1669.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An illustration of Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de San Jerónimo, Porto Bello in 1669]]

In 1726, the Royal Navy initiated a blockade of Porto Bello under Admiral Francis Hosier in an attempt to prevent the Spanish treasure fleet returning to Spain. Hosier's fleet spent an extended period of time moored at Bastimentos {{cvt|11|km}} to the northeast, during which time Hosier and many of his fleet's sailors died from tropical diseases. 13 years later, the port was captured on 21 November 1739 by a British squadron under Admiral Edward Vernon during the War of Jenkins' Ear. The victory created an outburst of popular acclaim throughout the British Empire. More medals were struck for Vernon than for any other 18th-century British figure and across the British Isles the name of "Portobello" was given to places and streets in honor of the victory, most notably Portobello Road in London, the district of Portobello in Edinburgh and the Portobello Barracks in Dublin.<ref name="Simms2008">{{cite book |author=Brendan Simms |title=Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714-1783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izhwqC3W23UC |access-date=18 July 2011 |date=8 December 2008 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-01332-6 |page=276}}</ref>

The Spanish eventually recovered Portobelo in 1741 after their victory at the Battle of Cartagena de Indias.<ref>Duncan, Francis. ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery'', London, 1879, Vol.1, p.123, Quote:"...so reduced was this force in two years by disaster and disease, that not a tenth part returned to England...'thus ended in shame, disappointment, and loss, the most important, most expensive, and best concerted expedition that Great Britain was ever engaged in'...".</ref> British efforts to gain a foothold on the Spanish Main and disrupt the galleon trade were ultimately fruitless. Following the War of Jenkins' Ear, the Spanish switched from using large fleets calling at few ports to small fleets trading at a wide variety of ports, developing a flexibility that made them less subject to attack. Ships{{citation needed|date=October 2020|reason=whose ships?}} also began to travel around Cape Horn to trade directly at ports on the western coast.

==Today== thumb|View of the fort, the Aduana building, and the church The population of Portobelo in 1990 was 3,058 and in 2000 was 3,867.<ref name=inec/> In July 2012 the UNESCO World Heritage Committee placed Portobelo and nearby Fort San Lorenzo on the List of World Heritage in Danger, inscribed as Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo, citing environmental factors, lack of maintenance, and uncontrolled urban developments.<ref>[http://globalheritagefund.org/onthewire/blog/panamanian_fortifications Panamanian Fortifications Added to UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408124318/http://globalheritagefund.org/onthewire/blog/panamanian_fortifications |date=2015-04-08 }}, Global Heritage Fund blog article</ref>

In London the Portobello Road is a famous street market, dating back to the 19th century with millions of visitors each year.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== * Rodger, N. A. M. ''The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815.''

==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170915091754/http://portobelo.org/ 2009 Festival de Diablos y Congos (in Spanish)], Portobelo *[http://www.pieldetigre.com/search?updated-max=2009-06-17T10%3A01%3A00-05%3A00&max-results=6 Devils' Dance celebration in Portobelo, Santiago and La Villa de Los Santos (in Spanish)] *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/135/ Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo on UNESCO World Heritage List] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203182642/http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=900 Portobelo-San Lorenzo on Global Heritage Network]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portobelo, Colon}} Category:Populated places in Colón Province Category:World Heritage Sites in Panama Category:Populated places established in 1597 Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger Category:Corregimientos of Colón Province Category:1597 establishments in the Spanish Empire