{{Short description|Hospital specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders}} {{About|modern psychiatric hospitals|historical lunatic asylums|Lunatic asylum}} {{Redirect|Funny farm||Funny Farm (disambiguation){{!}}Funny Farm}} {{More citations needed|date=August 2023}} [[File:Danvers State Hospital, Danvers, Massachusetts, Kirkbride Complex, circa 1893.jpg|thumb|Danvers State Hospital, Danvers, Massachusetts, Kirkbride Complex, {{Circa|1893}}]] [[File:Springfield State Hospital.jpg|thumb|Springfield State Hospital, Sykesville, Maryland, Cottage Plan, c. 1896]] [[Image:Administration Building, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA.jpg|thumb|[[McLean Hospital]]'s administration building in [[Belmont, Massachusetts]]; the hospital treated several notable [[New England]] residents, including [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts governor]] [[Nathaniel P. Banks]], musician [[James Taylor]], and poet [[Anne Sexton]]]] [[File:Instruments apparatus restraints.jpg|thumb|440x440px|The various restraints and apparatuses pictured were utilized within Hanwell Asylum in London to restrain patients.]] A '''psychiatric hospital''', also known as a '''mental health hospital''', a '''behavioral health hospital''', or an '''asylum''' is a specialized medical facility that focuses on the treatment of severe [[Mental disorder|mental disorders]]. These institutions cater to patients with conditions such as [[schizophrenia]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[major depressive disorder]], and [[Eating disorder|eating disorders]], among others.
== Overview == Psychiatric hospitals vary considerably in size and classification. Some specialize in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk [[patient]]s, while others provide long-term care for individuals requiring routine assistance or a controlled environment due to their psychiatric condition. Patients may choose [[voluntary commitment]], but those deemed to pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to [[involuntary commitment]] and [[involuntary treatment|treatment]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/01/us/white-house-intruder-put-in-mental-ward.html |newspaper=New York Times |title=White House Intruder Put in Mental Ward |date=1 June 1995 }}</ref><ref name="Mahomed Stein Patel p=e1002679">{{cite journal | last1=Mahomed | first1=Faraaz | last2=Stein | first2=Michael Ashley | last3=Patel | first3=Vikram | title=Involuntary mental health treatment in the era of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | journal=PLOS Medicine | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=15 | issue=10 | date=18 October 2018 | issn=1549-1676 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002679 | article-number=e1002679| pmid=30335757 | pmc=6193619 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
In general hospitals, psychiatric wards or units serve a similar purpose. Modern psychiatric hospitals have evolved from the older concept of [[lunatic asylum|lunatic asylums]], shifting focus from mere containment and restraint to evidence-based treatments that aim to help patients function in society.<ref name="Life Magazine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/6a-bedlam.html|title=Life Magazine|access-date=2011-01-18|archive-date=2012-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130223053/http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/6a-bedlam.html}}</ref><ref name="mnddc.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/bedlam-life1946.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/bedlam-life1946.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Life Magazine}}</ref> Drug administration, as well as structured and one-to-one therapy (such as occupational therapy and psychotherapy) play a role in trajectories. They are the focus of most studies on forms of treatment that exist in psychiatric wards. However, because psychiatric wards are social living spaces, inpatient relationships in psychiatric wards also play a role in survival and recovery trajectories.<ref>Fixsen A. "Communitas in Crisis": An Autoethnography of Psychosis Under Lockdown. Qualitative Health Research. 2021;31(12):2340-2350. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323211025247</ref>
With successive waves of reform, and the introduction of effective [[evidence-based medicine|evidence-based]] treatments, most modern psychiatric hospitals emphasize treatment, usually including a combination of [[psychiatric medication]]s and [[psychotherapy]], that assist patients in functioning in the outside world. Many countries have prohibited the use of [[Medical restraint|physical restraints]] on patients, which includes tying psychiatric patients to their beds for days or even months at a time,<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/09/national/science-health/tying-mental-health-patients-soaring/#.WkGKhMgjFPY | title=Number of patients physically restrained at psychiatric hospitals soars| newspaper=The Japan Times Online| date=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>長谷川利夫. (2016). 精神科医療における隔離・ 身体拘束実態調査 ～その急増の背景要因を探り縮減への道筋を考える～. 病院・地域精神医学, 59(1), 18–21.</ref> though this practice still is periodically employed in the United States, India, Japan, and other countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khandelwal|first1=SudhirK|last2=Deb|first2=KoushikSinha|last3=Krishnan|first3=Vijay|date=2015|title=Restraint and seclusion in India|journal=Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|page=141|doi=10.4103/0971-9962.173294|issn=0971-9962|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Emily Alpert |date=2023-10-19 |title=How often are psychiatric patients restrained at your local hospital? |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-10-19/psychiatric-patients-restraint-rates-hospital |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
==History== {{Main|Lunatic asylum}}
[[File:RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg|thumb|[[York Retreat]], built in the late 18th century by [[William Tuke]], a pioneer in moral treatment of the mentally ill]] Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylum. Their development also entails the rise of organized institutional [[psychiatry]]. Hospitals known as [[bimaristan]]s were built in the [[Middle East]] in the early ninth century; the first was built in [[Baghdad]] under the leadership of [[Harun al-Rashid]]. While not devoted solely to patients with psychiatric disorders, early psychiatric hospitals often contained wards for patients exhibiting mania or other psychological distress.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short |first=Andrew C |last=Miller |title=Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |doi=10.1177/014107680609901208 |date=December 2006 |volume=99 |number=12 |pages=615–617 |pmid=17139063 |pmc=1676324 |access-date=26 August 2018 }}</ref>{{New archival link needed|date=April 2026}}
Because of cultural taboos against refusing to care for one's family members, mentally ill patients would be surrendered to a ''bimaristan'' only if the patient demonstrated violence, incurable chronic illness, or some other extremely debilitating ailment.<ref>Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 055–62. {{doi|10.1177/0957154x9600702503}}</ref> Psychological wards were typically enclosed by iron bars owing to the aggression of some of the patients.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000roon |url-access=limited |last1=Rooney|first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Rooney|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000roon/page/191 191]|year=2009|publisher=Rosen Publishing |isbn=978-1-4488-7228-2}}</ref>
In [[Western Europe]], the first idea and set up for a proper mental hospital entered through [[Spain]]. A member of the [[Mercedarian Order]] named [[Juan Gilaberto Jofré]], who was a Mercedarian friar, traveled frequently to Islamic countries and observed several institutions that confined the insane. He proposed the founding of an institution exclusive for "sick people who had to be treated by doctors", something very modern for the time. The foundation was carried out in 1409 thanks to several wealthy men from [[Valencia]] who contributed funds for its completion. It was considered the first institution in the world at that time specialized in the treatment of mental illnesses. The Hospital de los Inocentes in Valencia was founded, likely based upon similar foundations which Jofré had witnessed in North Africa or Muslim Granada. After the foundation of this hospital followed various other facilities which were dispersed throughout the Spanish Kingdom. These facilities which continued to spread were modeled loosely on their Arab predecessors and what they had built. Construction continued and by the middle of the sixteenth century all three cities of Seville, Toledo, and Valladolid had their own hospital purely for the care of the mentally incapacitated. Though these hospitals were constructed, they still focused purely on the care of those who were most desperate for care. Those admitted typically were seen to be a danger to themselves or others within society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramos |first=Christina |date=2020 |title=Caring for pobres dementes: Madness, Colonization, and the Hospital de San Hipólito in Mexico City, 1567–1700 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27077156 |journal=The Americas |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=539–571 |doi=10.1017/tam.2020.41 |jstor=27077156 |issn=0003-1615}}</ref>
Later on, physicians, including [[Philippe Pinel]] at [[Bicêtre Hospital]] in France and [[William Tuke]] at [[York Retreat]] in England, began to advocate for the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. In the Western world, the arrival of [[institutionalisation]] as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an advent of the nineteenth century. The first public mental asylums were established in Britain; the passing of the [[County Asylums Act 1808]] empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every [[county]] to house the many 'pauper lunatics'. Nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in [[Nottinghamshire]]. In 1828, the newly appointed [[Commissioners in Lunacy]] were empowered to license and supervise private asylums. The [[Lunacy Act 1845]] made the construction of asylums in every county compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the [[Home Secretary]], and required asylums to have written regulations and a resident [[physician]].<ref>Unsworth, Clive."Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Vol. 13, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 482.</ref> The Lunacy Act of 1845 also forced counties to provide these asylums as publicly funded establishments. By 1914, the construction of these asylums came to an abrupt stop with the beginning of World War I. At this point in time each English county had at least one or more publicly funded Pauper Asylum. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rutherford |first=Sarah |date=2005 |title=Landscapers for the Mind: English Asylum Designers, 1845-1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434157 |journal=Garden History |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=61–86 |doi=10.2307/25434157 |jstor=25434157 |issn=0307-1243}}</ref>
At the beginning of the 19th century there were a few thousand people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000. This growth coincided with the growth of [[psychiatry|alienism]], later known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism.<ref>Porter, Roy (2006). ''Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics''. Tempus: p. 14.</ref> The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes very brutal and focused on containment and restraint.<ref name="Life Magazine"/><ref name="mnddc.org"/> Between the years of 1979 and 1982 about 30 patients within psychiatric hospitals died within the state of New York due to being either secluded or restrained. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saks |first=Elyn R. |date=1986 |title=The Use of Mechanical Restraints in Psychiatric Hospitals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/796478 |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=95 |issue=8 |pages=1836–1856 |doi=10.2307/796478 |jstor=796478 |issn=0044-0094}}</ref>
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychiatric institutions ceased using terms such as "madness", "lunacy" or "insanity", which assumed a unitary psychosis, and began instead splitting into numerous mental diseases, including [[Catatonia|catatonia]], [[Melancholia|melancholia]], and dementia praecox, which is now known as [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Yuhas|first=Daisy|title=Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a challenge|date=March 2013 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge|publisher=Scientific American Mind (March 2013)|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref>
In 1961, sociologist [[Erving Goffman]] described a theory<ref name="Goffman">{{cite book|last=Goffman|first=Erving |title=Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates|year=1961|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-0-385-00016-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqELAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Extracts">{{cite web|title=Extracts from Erving Goffman|url=http://studymore.org.uk/xgof.htm#Asylums|publisher=A Middlesex University resource|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref> of the "[[total institution]]" and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both "guard" and "captor", suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and [[social role]], in other words of "[[Institutional syndrome|institutionalizing]]" them. Asylums is a key text in the development of [[deinstitutionalization]].<ref name="Mac Suibhne">{{cite journal|last=Mac Suibhne|first=Séamus|title=Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates|journal=[[BMJ]]|date=7 October 2009|volume=339|article-number=b4109|doi=10.1136/bmj.b4109|s2cid=220087437|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b4109|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
With successive waves of reform{{when|date=February 2025}} and the introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, modern psychiatric hospitals provide a primary emphasis on treatment; and further, they attempt—where possible—to help patients control their own lives in the outside world with the use of a combination of [[psychiatric drug]]s and [[psychotherapy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog?search_field=all_fields|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009030345/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog?search_field=all_fields|archive-date=October 9, 2019|title=- Reports of the Surgeon General - Profiles in Science Search Results|website=profiles.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>{{full|date=February 2025}} These treatments can be involuntary. Involuntary treatments are among the many psychiatric practices which are questioned by the [[Anti-Psychiatry|mental patient liberation movement]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ginsberg |first=Leon H. |date=1974 |title=The Mental Patient Liberation Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23712159 |journal=Social Work |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=3–103 |jstor=23712159 |issn=0037-8046}}</ref> The Mental Patient Liberation Movement developed between 1950 and 1960. The movement was driven by the effort to gain more rights for mental patients and ex-patients who felt their constitutional rights had been violated. These violations included unjust incarceration, drugging until incapacitation, and the removal of normal forms of communication such as mail or telephone. The movement worked towards changing the handling of deviant behavior to treat people in a more humaine manner and correcting this behavior through treatment rather than punishment. Overall, the primary objective of the movement was reforming institutional commitment procedures. <ref name=":0" />
In America history in the 1980s after the "12,225,000 Acre Bill"{{what|date=February 2025}} it was emphasized that care would be given in asylums instead of housing the individuals in jails, poorhouses, or having them live on the streets.{{clarify|when did the institutionalization decline? when was the political movement to shutter the mental institutions?|date=February 2025}} Due to the decrease over the years of psychiatric hospitals available depending on the state the availability of space and beds for new patients has drastically decreased.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Park |first1=Joe |url=https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/The%20Vital%20Role%20of%20State%20Psychiatric%20HospitalsTechnical%20Report_July_2014(6).pdf |title=The Vital Role of State Psychiatric Hospitals |last2=Radke |first2=Alan |date=July 2014 |publisher=National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors}}</ref>
In July of 2022, the 988 number was created for those in America who needed mental health services so that they could have access to care and have help from anywhere or at any time. This number acts as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and was created to help combat the rising number of Americans who require mental health help particularly those dealing with suicidal thoughts or attempts and mental illness. 988 was created to help keep those in need from cycling endlessly between and or within emergency departments and the criminal justice system. Congress made history in 2022 by increasing support for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline by a record amount of $77 million. The creation of this line helps prevent more people from being admitted into psychiatric hospitals by providing another outlet for immediate help and care. <ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep42138.4 |title=Executive Summary |last=Center |first=Bipartisan Policy |date=2022 |publisher=Bipartisan Policy Center |pages=5–9}}</ref>
==Types== [[File:Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital 1.jpg|alt=Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital 1 The Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital in Naujoji Vilnia (Parko g. 15), is one of the largest health facilities in Lithuania; built in 1902, official opening on 21 May 1903|thumb|Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital in Naujoji Vilnia, one of the largest health facilities in Lithuania, built in 1902]] [[File:Röykän sairaala.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Nouveau]]-styled Röykkä Hospital, formerly known as [[Nummela Sanatorium]], in [[Röykkä]], Finland]] There are several different types of modern psychiatric hospitals, but all of them house people with mental illnesses of varying severity. In the United Kingdom, both crisis admissions and medium-term care are usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or youth wards in psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards are set aside for children or youth with mental illness. Long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation within a short time-frame (two or three years). Another institution for the mentally ill is a community-based [[halfway house]].
===Crisis stabilization=== In the United States, there are high acuity and low acuity crisis facilities (or Crisis Stabilization Units). High acuity crisis stabilization units serve individuals who are actively suicidal, violent, or intoxicated. Low acuity crisis facilities include peer respites, social detoxes, and other programs to serve individuals who are not actively suicidal/violent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychiatric Times |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/an-imperfect-guide-to-crisis-stabilization-units-matching-the-right-level-of-care-to-individual-needs |website=An Imperfect Guide to Crisis Stabilization Units |date=5 May 2023 |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref>
===Open units=== Open psychiatric units are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. They are not used for acutely suicidal people; instead, the focus in these units is to make life as normal as possible for patients while continuing treatment to the point where they can be discharged. Being within an open unit does not mean that the establishment has no control over a patient but more so that the patient is taking an active role in living similarly to how they would be outside of the hospital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Bernard |date=1963-03-01 |title=An Investigation of Openness in the Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720090057006 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=269–276 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720090057006 |pmid=13982986 |issn=0003-990X}}</ref> However, patients are usually still not allowed to hold their own medications in their rooms because of the risk of an impulsive overdose. While some open units are physically unlocked, other open units still use locked entrances and exits, depending on the type of patients admitted. During the creation of open wards an emphasis was made on ensuring that when in these units a patient feels as if the hospital is their own.<ref name=":1" />
===Medium term=== Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. Most drugs used for psychiatric purposes take several weeks to take effect, and the main purpose of these hospitals is to monitor the patient for the first few weeks of therapy to ensure the treatment is effective.
===Juvenile wards=== Juvenile wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children with mental illness. However, there are a number of institutions specializing only in the treatment of juveniles, particularly when dealing with drug abuse, self-harm, eating disorders, anxiety, depression or other mental illnesses.
{{As of|2020}}, the statistics of mental illness among inmates in jails and juvenile wards range from 15% to 20%. Because of this, many juvenile wards and prisons have opened an inpatient mental health unit within their facility.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lutterman |first=T |url=https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/Trends-in-Psychiatric-Inpatient-Capacity_United-States%20_1970-2018_NASMHPD-2.pdf |title=Trends in Psychiatric Inpatient Capacity, United states and Each State, 1970 to 2018 |date=2022 |publisher=National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors |edition=2nd |location=Alexandria, VA |pages=22–23}}</ref>
===Long-term care facilities=== [[Image:Narrenturm Vienna June 2006 575.jpg|thumb|[[Narrenturm (hospital)|Narrenturm]] in [[Vienna]], built in 1784, is named for a [[German language]] phrase, meaning "fools' tower"; the hospital was among the earliest buildings designed specifically for the mentally ill.]] In the United Kingdom, long-term care facilities are now being replaced with smaller secure units, some within hospitals. Modern buildings, modern security, and being locally situated to help with reintegration into society once medication has stabilized the condition<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481700|title=Residential Facilities and Long-Term Psychiatric Care|website=Medscape}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hospital.com/psychiatry.html|title=Hospital.com|access-date=2009-11-07|archive-date=2009-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115131526/http://www.hospital.com/psychiatry.html}}</ref> are often features of such units. Examples of this include the Three Bridges Unit at [[St Bernard's Hospital, Hanwell|St Bernard's Hospital]] in [[West London]] and the John Munroe Hospital in [[Staffordshire]]. These units have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation to allow for transition back into society within a short time-frame, usually lasting two or three years. Not all patients' treatment meets this criterion, however, leading larger hospitals to retain this role.
These hospitals provide stabilization and rehabilitation for those who are actively experiencing uncontrolled symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and so on.
In the United States long-term care facilities are used for individuals with severe and continuous mental health struggles. These hospitals provide a different form of care compared to other psychiatric hospitals; this type is designed to provide comprehensive care over an extended period of time, higher level of support and care, as well as heavy monitoring of patients.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casali |first=Mark |date=2024-05-01 |title=Long-Term Psychiatric Hospitals and Alternatives |url=https://www.turnbridge.com/news-events/latest-articles/long-term-psychiatric-hospitals-vs-residential-treatment/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Turnbridge |language=en-US}}</ref> Within these facilities the care can be better adapted to best fit each individual patient, this allows for a more patient centered focus on the form of care they are receiving.
===Halfway houses=== One type of institution for the mentally ill is a community-based [[halfway house]]. These facilities provide assisted living<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaslamatzis |first1=G. |last2=Katsouyanni |first2=K. |last3=Markidis |first3=M. |title=The efficacy of a psychiatric halfway house: a study of hospital recidivism and global outcome measure |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=1997 |pages=94–97 |doi=10.1016/S0924-9338(97)89647-2 |pmid=19698512 |s2cid=26503203 }}</ref> for an extended period of time for patients with mental illnesses, and they often aid in the transition to self-sufficiency. These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts of a mental health system by many [[psychiatrist]]s, although some localities lack sufficient funding.
===Political imprisonment=== In some countries, the mental institution may be used for the incarceration of political prisoners as a form of punishment. One notable historical example was the use of [[punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union]]<ref name="Matvejević">{{cite book|last=Matvejević|first=Predrag|title=Between exile and asylum: an eastern epistolary|year=2004|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-85-5|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRrv8MqXMxYC}}</ref> and other dictatorships.<ref name="LaFraniere">{{cite news|last1=LaFraniere|first1=Sharon|last2=Levin|first2=Dan|title=Assertive Chinese Held in Mental Wards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/12/world/asia/12psych.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print|access-date=22 March 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 November 2010}}</ref> .<ref name="Polskie Radio 29-08-2013">{{cite news |last=Polska Agencja Prasowa |url=https://www.polskieradio.pl/75/914/artykul/920703,bialorus-przymusowe-leczenie-psychiatryczne-dla-niewygodnego-lekarza |title=Belarus: forced psychiatric treatment for inconvenienced doctor |language=Polish |work=Polskie Radio |location=Warsaw |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=2023-01-15 }}</ref><ref name="Wprost 26-03-2013">{{cite news |last=Polska Agencja Prasowa |url=https://www.wprost.pl/swiat/313012/bialorus-glodujacy-kawalenka-trafil-na-oddzial-psychiatryczny.html |title=Belarus: hunger striker Kavalenka taken to psychiatric ward |language=Polish |work=Wprost |location=Warsaw |date=26 March 2012 |access-date=2023-01-15 }}</ref>
===Secure units=== In the United Kingdom, criminal courts or the [[Home Secretary]] can, under various sections of the Mental Health Act, order the detention of offenders in a psychiatric hospital, but the term "criminally insane" is no longer legally or medically recognized. Secure psychiatric units exist in all regions of the UK for this purpose; in addition, there are a few specialist hospitals which offer treatment with high levels of security. These facilities are divided into three main categories: High, Medium and Low Secure. Although the phrase "Maximum Secure" is often used in the media, there is no such classification. "Local Secure" is a common misnomer for Low Secure units, as patients are often detained there by local criminal courts for psychiatric assessment before sentencing.
Run by the [[National Health Service]], these facilities which provide psychiatric assessments can also provide treatment and accommodation in a safe hospital environment which prevents absconding. Thus there is far less risk of patients harming themselves or others. In [[Dublin]], the [[Central Mental Hospital]] performs a similar function.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thejournal.ie/central-mental-hospital-closing-2140641-Jun2015/ | title=The Central Mental Hospital is being closed down| date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity-inside-the-central-mental-hospital-1.3544665 | title=Not guilty by reason of insanity: Inside the Central Mental Hospital| newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref>
===Community hospital utilization=== Community hospitals across the United States regularly discharge mental health patients, who are then typically referred to out-patient treatment and therapy. A study of community hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011, however, found that mental health hospitalizations had increased for both children and adults. Compared to other hospital utilization, mental health discharges for children were the lowest while the most rapidly increasing hospitalizations were for adults under 64.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |location=Rockville, MD |date=July 2014 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp}}</ref> Some units have been opened to provide therapeutically enhanced Treatment, a subcategory to the three main hospital unit types.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
In the UK, high security hospitals exist, including [[Ashworth Hospital]] in [[Merseyside]],<ref>[http://www.merseycare.nhs.uk/services/clinical/high_secure/High_Secure_Services_Contact_Us.asp Official site], Accessed 2 June 2010</ref> [[Broadmoor Hospital]] in [[Crowthorne]], [[Rampton Secure Hospital]] in [[Retford]], and the [[State Hospital]] in [[Carstairs]], Scotland.<ref>[http://www.tsh.scot.nhs.uk/ Official site], Accessed 2 June 2010</ref> In Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands, medium and low secure units exist but high secure units on the UK mainland are used for patients who qualify for the treatment under the Out of Area (Off-Island Placements) Referrals provision of the [[Mental Health Act 1983]]. Among the three unit types, medium secure facilities are the most prevalent in the UK. As of 2009, there were 27 women-only units in England.<ref>Georgie Parry‐Crooke (June 2009) [http://www.ohrn.nhs.uk/resource/policy/WMSSEvaluationFinalReport.pdf My life: in safe hands?]. Accessed 2 June 2010</ref> Irish units include those at prisons in Portlaise, Castelrea, and Cork.
==Criticism== [[File:NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG|thumb|[[Traverse City State Hospital]] in [[Traverse City, Michigan]], U.S., in operation from 1881 to 1989]] Psychiatrist [[Thomas Szasz]] in Hungary has argued that psychiatric hospitals are like prisons unlike other kinds of hospitals, and that psychiatrists who coerce people (into treatment or involuntary commitment) function as judges and jailers, not physicians.<ref name="Szasz">{{cite journal|last=Szasz|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Szasz|title=The myth of mental illness: 50 years later|journal=The Psychiatrist|year=2011|volume=35|issue=5|pages=179–182|doi=10.1192/pb.bp.110.031310|url=http://www.psychiatry.freeuk.com/Szasz50.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.psychiatry.freeuk.com/Szasz50.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2012|doi-access=free}}</ref> Historian [[Michel Foucault]] is widely known for his comprehensive critique of the use and abuse of the mental hospital system in ''[[Madness and Civilization]]''. He argued that Tuke and Pinel's asylum was a symbolic recreation of the condition of a child under a [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] family. It was a microcosm symbolizing the massive structures of [[bourgeois society]] and its values: relations of Family–Children (paternal authority), Fault–Punishment (immediate justice), Madness–Disorder (social and moral order).<ref name="DeleuzePinelTuke">Deleuze and Guattari (1972) ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' p. 102</ref><ref name="FoucaultPinelTuke">[[Michel Foucault]] [1961] ''[[The History of Madness]]'', Routledge 2006, pp.490–1, 507–8, 510–1</ref> Within the limitations of psychiatric hospitals during this period, individuals were mainly admitted due to social nonconformity, vulnerabilities, and social control. Asylums aimed to manage those deemed socially disruptive or considered “inconvenient.” This group primarily consisted of women, impoverished people, or those with language barriers.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hide |first=Louise |title=Mental Hospitals, Social Exclusion and Public Scandals |date=2021 |work=Mind, State and Society: Social History of Psychiatry and Mental Health in Britain 1960–2010 |pages=60–68 |editor-last=Ikkos |editor-first=George |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mind-state-and-society/mental-hospitals-social-exclusion-and-public-scandals/79D9E82AF28978CBA58EBC0E3BC722AF |access-date=2026-04-20 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781911623793.009 |isbn=978-1-911623-71-7 |editor2-last=Bouras |editor2-first=Nick}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=D. |date=1997-04-01 |title=Getting Out of the Asylum: Understanding the Confinement of the Insane in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/shm/10.1.137 |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=137–155 |doi=10.1093/shm/10.1.137 |pmid=11619188 |issn=0951-631X}}</ref>
[[Erving Goffman]] coined the term "[[total institution]]" for mental hospitals and similar places which took over and confined a person's whole life.<ref name="Davidson">{{cite book |editor-last1=Davidson |editor-first1=Larry |editor-last2=Rakfeldt |editor-first2=Jaak |editor-last3=Strauss |editor-first3=John |title=The Roots of the Recovery Movement in Psychiatry: Lessons Learned |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp4L_1zw9ngC |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2010 |page=150 |isbn=978-88-464-5358-7}}</ref>{{rp|150}}<ref name="Wallace">{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=Samuel |title=Total Institutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7uN3eHD1xQC |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1971 |page=9 |isbn=978-88-464-5358-7}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Goffman placed psychiatric hospitals in the same category as [[concentration camp]]s, [[prison]]s, military organizations, [[orphanage]]s, and monasteries.<ref name="Weinstein">{{cite journal |author=Weinstein R. |title=Goffman's Asylums and the Social Situation of Mental Patients |journal=Orthomolecular Psychiatry |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=267–274 |year=1982 |url=http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1982/pdf/1982-v11n04-p267.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1982/pdf/1982-v11n04-p267.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his book ''[[Asylums (book)|Asylums]]'' Goffman describes how the institutionalisation process socialises people into the role of a good patient, someone "dull, harmless and inconspicuous"; in turn, it reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness.<ref name="Lester">{{cite journal |author1=Lester H. |author2=Gask L. |title=Delivering medical care for patients with serious mental illness or promoting a collaborative model of recovery? |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=188 |issue= 5|pages=401–402 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16648523 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015933 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Rosenhan experiment]] of 1973 demonstrated the difficulty of distinguishing sane patients from insane patients.
Rosenhan’s research questions the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis by showing how unstable the concept of insanity can be. In his pseudopatient experiment, Rosenhan demonstrated that once someone is labeled with "[[schizophrenia]],” staff interpret all their behaviors through that diagnostic perspective. This underscores how institutional settings and biases influence mental health definitions. Interestingly, Rosenhan’s work revealed that real patients often recognized their own sanity more accurately than trained staff. This vulnerability in psychiatric authority raises the key issue of who holds the power to define sanity in institutional contexts and how this label affects the treatment individuals receive.<ref>{{Citation |last=ROSENHAN |first=D.L. |title=On Being Sane in Insane Places |date=1974 |work=Perspectives in Abnormal Behavior |pages=509–524 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-017738-0.50055-7 |access-date=2026-04-20 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-017738-0.50055-7 |isbn=978-0-08-017738-0}}</ref>
Once someone was labeled as “insane,” they were placed in environments that were often harsh, overcrowded, and neglectful. Patients were typically confined to small, prison-like cells and frequently subjected to verbal and physical abuse by staff. These dehumanizing conditions extended to unsanitary living spaces and poor or rotten food, emphasizing the neglect characteristic of early institutional care. Accounts from later periods reveal that such conditions persisted into the mid-20th century, with routine abuse, long-term confinement, and lack of stimulation only coming to light through scandals and medical revelations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Platner |first=Margaret M. |date=June 1949 |title=<i>The Shame of the States</i>. Albert Deutsch |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/637356 |journal=Social Service Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=259–260 |doi=10.1086/637356 |issn=0037-7961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=D. |date=1997-04-01 |title=Getting Out of the Asylum: Understanding the Confinement of the Insane in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/shm/10.1.137 |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=137–155 |doi=10.1093/shm/10.1.137 |pmid=11619188 |issn=0951-631X}}</ref>
[[Franco Basaglia]], a leading psychiatrist who inspired and planned the [[psychiatric reform in Italy]], also defined the mental hospital as an oppressive, locked, and total institution in which prison-like, punitive rules are applied, in order to gradually eliminate its own contents. Patients, doctors and nurses are all subjected (at different levels) to the same process of institutionalism.<ref name="Tansella">{{cite journal |author=Tansella M. |title=Community psychiatry without mental hospitals—the Italian experience: a review |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=79 |issue=11 |pages=664–669 |date=November 1986 |doi=10.1177/014107688607901117 |pmid=3795212 |pmc=1290535 }}</ref> American psychiatrist [[Loren Mosher]] noticed that the psychiatric institution itself gave him master classes in the art of the "total institution": labeling, unnecessary dependency, the induction and perpetuation of powerlessness, the [[Cashiering|degradation ceremony]], authoritarianism, and the primacy of institutional needs over the patients, whom it was ostensibly there to serve.<ref name="Mosher">{{cite journal|author=Mosher L.R.|date=March 1999|title=Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: a personal and professional review|url=http://www.cmha.ca/data/1/rec_docs/1166_alternatives%20to%20acute%20psychiatric%20hospitalization.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]]|volume=187|issue=3|pages=142–149|doi=10.1097/00005053-199903000-00003|pmid=10086470|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615200024/http://www.cmha.ca/data/1/rec_docs/1166_alternatives%20to%20acute%20psychiatric%20hospitalization.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2011|access-date=20 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[anti-psychiatry]] movement coming to the fore in the 1960s has opposed many of the practices, conditions, or existence of mental hospitals; due to the extreme conditions in them. The [[Psychiatric survivors movement|psychiatric consumer/survivor movement]] has often objected to or campaigned against conditions in mental hospitals or their use, voluntarily or involuntarily. The mental patient liberation movement emphatically opposes involuntary treatment but it generally does not object to any psychiatric treatments that are consensual, provided that both parties can withdraw consent at any time.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
While there is a lot of criticism to the set up and the form of care psychiatric hospitals provide, there is the more prominent issue of stigmatization from other individuals and the communities surrounding these hospitals. There has been an increase in the stigmatization towards individuals who receive professional mental health care in psychiatric hospitals. Stigmatization has a major impact on not only the patients in these hospitals but also the clients of so-called alternative settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verhaeghe |first1=Mieke |last2=Bracke |first2=Piet |last3=Bruynooghe |first3=Kevin |date=2007-04-01 |title=Stigmatization in Different Mental Health Services: A Comparison of Psychiatric and General Hospitals |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11414-007-9056-4 |journal=The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=186–197 |doi=10.1007/s11414-007-9056-4 |pmid=17333402 |issn=1556-3308|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Having this stigma can cause future patients and individuals who need this care to be more hesitant to get the care due to the fear of future judgement and being a victim of this stigmatization. For example, Janna Herron, a previous patient at a psychiatric institution argues that psychiatric institutions are harsh and inhumane to patients and only cut them off from the outside world. She also says that psychiatric patients are stigmatized and that nobody wants to talk about the issues patients face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAMI |date=2023-04-19 |title={OG: Title} |url=https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/April-2023/What-No-One-Told-Me-About-Being-in-a-Psych-Hospital |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) |language=en}}</ref>
Some other criticism that can occur is by peers. This can have a direct impact on the patients. This alone can cause them not to feel as they can share or seek help from a professional mental health provider.
Historical criticism of psychiatric hospitals reveals that during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women were admitted at disproportionately high rates. Women who diverged from traditional domestic roles, exhibited emotional expressiveness, independence, or were deemed unmanageable were quickly labeled insane and institutionalized without thorough assessment. Often, these women were hospitalized due to social nonconformity, issues like marital conflicts, poverty, or language difficulties, rather than genuine mental illness. These patterns highlight how psychiatric institutions served not only as medical tools but also as mechanisms of social control, with the pathologization of women’s behavior influenced by a male-dominated authority. This dynamic resulted in a higher rate of institutionalization among women whose actions challenged gender norms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mauskopf |first=Seymour |date=1981 |title=Review of Museums of Madness: The Social Organization of Insanity in Nineteenth-Century England |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/203164 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=726–729 |doi=10.2307/203164 |jstor=203164 |issn=0022-1953}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=D. |date=1997-04-01 |title=Getting Out of the Asylum: Understanding the Confinement of the Insane in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/shm/10.1.137 |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=137–155 |doi=10.1093/shm/10.1.137 |pmid=11619188 |issn=0951-631X}}</ref>
A pattern of social regulation is evident in the way individuals engaging in same-sex relationships are treated, with sexuality often seen as a psychiatric disorder rather than a valid aspect of identity. Between 1910 and 1935, society regarded homosexuality as a fluid identity that could be altered through treatment. Due to this perception of same-sex relations, families and clinicians often chose institutional care for individuals experiencing conflicts with their same-sex desires. Many men were committed due to family pressure, reflecting how homosexuality, like women’s nonconformity, was seen as a deviation needing medical intervention. Early psychiatric institutions played a role in the historical mistreatment of LGBTQ people by pathologizing their identities and reinforcing the notion that deviation from heterosexual norms indicated mental illness, subjecting them to harsh and neglectful treatment in asylums.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wake |first=Naoko |date=2018-12-10 |title=Homosexuality and Psychoanalysis Meet at a Mental Hospital: An Early Institutional History |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jry041 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=34–56 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jry041 |pmid=30534965 |issn=0022-5045}}</ref>
===Undercover journalism=== Alongside the 1973 academic investigation by [[Rosenhan experiment|Rosenhan]] and other [[Rosenhan experiment#Related experiments|similar experiments]], several journalists have been willingly admitted to hospitals in order to conduct [[undercover journalism]]. These include: * [[Julius Chambers]], who visited [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum]] in 1872, leading to the 1876 book ''A Mad World and Its Inhabitants''. * [[Nellie Bly]], who admitted herself to a mental institution in 1887, leading to the work ''[[Ten Days in a Mad-House]]''. * Frank Smith in 1935 admitted himself into a [[Kankakee, Illinois|Kankakee]] hospital, leading to the articles "Seven days in the Madhouse" in the ''[[Chicago Daily Times]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title="Seven Days in the Madhouse!" - Frank Smith - Chicago Daily Times · Undercover Reporting |url=https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/18 |website=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Blog4 — 7 days of Frank Smith doing undercover reporting at a mental hospital by Baidi Wang |url=https://sites.psu.edu/c409/2018/04/04/blog4-7-days-of-frank-smith-doing-undercover-reporting-at-a-mental-hospital-by-baidi-wang/ |website=C409 - News Media Ethics |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=4 April 2018}}</ref> * Michael Mok, who investigated similarly in New York 1961, winning the [[Lasker Award|Lasker prize]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hofschneider |first1=Mark |title=Historical Archive: Awards No Longer Given by the Foundation |url=https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/previous-awards/#:~:text=1961-,Michael%20Mok,-%2CN.Y |website=Lasker Foundation |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="I Was a Mental Patient" - Michael Mok - New York World-Telegram & Sun · Undercover Reporting |url=https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/16 |website=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kroeger |first1=Brooke |author-link1=Brooke Kroeger|last2=Hamill |first2=Pete |title=Undercover Reporting |date=2012 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2619-0 |page=193 |chapter=HARD TIME|jstor=j.ctt22727sf.15 }}</ref> * Frank Sutherland, who received coaching from a psychiatrist in order to accurately feign symptoms, and spent 31 days in late 1973 to early 1974, leading to a series of articles in the ''[[Nashville Tennessean]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central State Psychiatric Hospital Exposé - Frank Sutherland - Nashville Tennessean · Undercover Reporting |url=https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/72 |website=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kroeger |first1=Brooke |last2=Hamill |first2=Pete |title=Undercover Reporting |date=2012 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2619-0 |page=196 |chapter=HARD TIME|jstor=j.ctt22727sf.15 }}</ref> * Betty Wells, who investigated in 1974, with the articles titled "A Trip into Darkness" for the ''[[Wichita Eagle]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title="Trip Into Darkness" - Betty Wells - Wichita Eagle and Wichita Beacon · Undercover Reporting |url=https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/137 |website=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> [[Undercover journalism]] has played a role in highlighting issues in psychiatric care and advocating for people with mental illness. These investigations revealed conditions that included instances of abuse, neglect, and dehumanization. By reporting on social control, physical abuse, and the overrepresentation of marginalized communities in admissions, the coverage questioned the fairness of current institutional practices. This journalistic work contributed to changing public perceptions, supporting advocacy for patient rights, and promoting discussions around deinstitutionalization and improvements in psychiatric treatment.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nellie Bly: Ten Days in a Mad-House |date=2023-11-15 |work=Schlager Anthology of Women’s History |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781961844025.book-part-084 |access-date=2026-04-20 |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |doi=10.3735/9781961844025.book-part-084 |isbn=978-1-961844-02-5}}</ref>
== Criteria == When looking at the criteria for individuals who may need to be admitted into a psychiatric hospitals there are six things that are looked at to indicate the need for the hospital. These include mental status, self-care ability, responsible parties available, patients' effect on environment, danger potential and the treatment prognosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henisz |first1=Jerzy E. |last2=Etkin |first2=Kathleen |last3=Levine |first3=Michael S. |date=1981-07-01 |title=Criteria for psychiatric hospitalization: A checklist approach |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03202077 |journal=Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=629–636 |doi=10.3758/BF03202077 |issn=1554-3528}}</ref> The need for inpatient care can change depending on the individual and the presenting issues that need to be addressed. Some other criteria can be if the individual is an immediate threat to themselves or others, this can be presented in something called a suicidal ideation. Some of the disorders or signs of someone who is in need of a psychiatric hospital are: major depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, schizophrenia, eating disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and many others.
==See also== {{col div|colwidth=25em}} * [[Clifford W. Beers]] * [[Deinstitutionalisation]] * [[Domingo Cabred]] * [[History of mental disorders]] * [[History of psychiatric institutions]] * [[Institutional syndrome]] * [[Kirkbride Plan]] * [[Mental health law]] * [[MindFreedom International]] * [[New Freedom Commission on Mental Health]] * [[Psychiatric survivors movement]] * [[Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union]] * [[Salutogenesis]], a best-practice methodology for the design of psychiatric facilities * [[Treatment Advocacy Center]], involuntary treatment proponent group * [[Loir-et-Cher Departmental Asylum]]{{colend}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Psychiatric hospitals}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://resist.ca/~kirstena/pagecamarillo.html Camarillo State Mental Hospital History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104053028/https://resist.ca/~kirstena/pagecamarillo.html |date=2024-11-04 }} * [http://www.asylumprojects.org/ Asylum Projects] – Asylum wiki database * [http://www.nrc-pad.org National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives] * [http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/ Kirkbride Buildings] History and photographs of early psychiatric hospitals * [http://www.thetimechamber.co.uk/sites/Hospital/History/List/theasylumlist.php TheTimeChamber Asylum List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234117/http://www.thetimechamber.co.uk/sites/Hospital/History/List/theasylumlist.php |date=2016-03-03 }} Comprehensive List of Victorian Insane Asylums in the UK * [http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder Bipolar Disorder at WebMD] * [http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings/psychiatry Psychiatric hospitals rankings]
{{Hospital articles}} {{Psychiatry}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hospital departments]] [[Category:Psychiatric hospitals| ]] [[Category:Psychiatric specialities]] [[Category:Penology]] [[Category:Total institutions]]