{{Short description|Geologic formation in Prussia}} {{Infobox rockunit|name=Prussian Formation|period=Priabonian|age={{fossilrange|Priabonian|ref=<ref name=":1" />}}|image=Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg|imagesize=250px|caption=Outcrop of the Prussian Formation in Yantarny, Russia|type=Geological formation|prilithology=Phosphorite, amber, glauconite, clay|otherlithology=Quartz, feldspar|unitof=|subunits=*Blue Earth Member *White Wall Member *Upper Quicksand Member|underlies=Palvé Formation|overlies=Alka Formation|thickness=up to {{convert|16|m|ft}}|area=|map=|map_caption=<!----Location---->|location=Kaliningrad Oblast|coordinates=|region=|country=Russia|extent=<!--Type section--->|namedfor=Prussia|namedby=|year_ts=|location_ts=|coordinates_ts=|paleocoordinates_ts=|region_ts=Sambian Peninsula|country_ts=|thickness_ts=}}
The '''Prussian Formation''', previously known as the '''Amber Formation''', is a geologic formation in Prussia, today mostly Kaliningrad Oblast, that dates to the Eocene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Moser |first1=Marina |last2=Burks |first2=Roger A. |last3=Ulmer |first3=Jonah M. |last4=Heraty |first4=John M. |last5=Kamp |first5=Thomas van de |last6=Krogmann |first6=Lars |date=2021-05-25 |title=Taxonomic description and phylogenetic placement of two new species of Spalangiopelta (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Ceinae) from Eocene Baltic amber |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e10939 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10939 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8162234 |pmid=34113480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It holds 90% of the world's amber supply and Baltic amber is found exclusively in the Prussian Formation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=G.s |first1=Kharin |last2=N.p |first2=Lukashina |date=2002 |title=ACCUMULATION CONDITIONS AND CORRELATION OF THE UPPER EOCENE AMBER-BEARING PRUSSIAN FORMATION, KALININGRAD REGION |url=https://repository.geologyscience.ru/handle/123456789/28976 |journal=Geology Science.ru |issn=0869-5938}}</ref>
The Prussian Formation is equivalent to the Obukhov Formation of Ukraine and Belarus.<ref name=":2" />
== History == Baltic amber was first collected during the Bronze Age around 1700 BC and it was traded along the Amber Road with evidence of the amber being processed across workshops along the Vistula and Oder where it was transported for use across Europe with evidence found in Šventoji, Lithuania, the Curonian Spit, and Mycenaean Greece.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schüler |first=C. J. |title=Along the amber route: St. Petersburg to Venice |date=2020 |publisher=Sandstone Press |isbn=978-1-912240-91-3 |location=Inverness, Scotland}}</ref>
During the 13th century, the Teutonic Order established a monopoly on the Baltic amber trade and they outlawed the unauthorised collection of the amber by assigning the illegal collection of Baltic amber to the death penalty as it became state property; the first documented large-scale mining of the Prussian Formation took place during the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Amber. Monopoly which does not exist. |url=https://rough-polished.com/article/amber-monopoly-which-does-not-exist |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Rough-Polished}}</ref> The amber was at the disposal of the owner of Lochstedt Castle, the “Bernsteinmeister”, and the mining operations intensified after the Teutonic Order was secularized in 1525.<ref>Friedrich, Karin (2011). ''Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State''. Studies in European History. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 19-20. {{ISBN|978-0-230-35696-2}}.</ref>
Starting from the 18th century, the mining operations at the Prussian Formation became regulated, and Stantien & Becker opened the Yantarny mine around 1858 to the benefit of nearby towns such as Königsberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltic Amber Extraction |url=https://www.amberartisans.com/baammi.html |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Amber Artisans}}</ref> Also in the 1850s, Heinrich Ernst Beyrich became the first to map the geology of the area, and Georg Giebel studied the arthropod genera found within the Baltic amber. By 1874, Beyrich determined the area was Eocene in age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Małka |first=Anna |last2=Jegliński |first2=Wojciech |last3=Relisko-Rybak |first3=Justyna |date=2016-12-01 |title=Prussian geological maps of Northern Poland in the archives of the Polish Geological Institute and their current application in geology |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2016-0017 |journal=Polish Cartographical Review |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=185–196 |doi=10.1515/pcr-2016-0017 |issn=2450-6966|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In the early 20th century, Theodore D. A. Cockerell and William Morton Wheeler studied the bee and ant genera found in the Baltic amber.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engel |first=Michael S. |date=2001 |title=A MONOGRAPH OF THE BALTIC AMBER BEES AND EVOLUTION OF THE APOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA) |url=https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)259<0001:amotba>2.0.co;2 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=259 |pages=1–192 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2001)259<0001:amotba>2.0.co;2 |issn=0003-0090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=William Morton |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14207 |title=The ants of the Baltic amber / by William Morton Wheeler. |date=1914 |publisher=B.G. Teubner |location=Leipzig}}</ref> Poinar Jr. (1992) studied preservation biases in the formation.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Tertiary Amber |date=1992-08-01 |title=Life in Amber |pages=16–50 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503623545-005 |access-date=2026-02-04 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-2354-5}}</ref>
== Geology == [[File:Bryłki Bursztynu Bałtyckiego (sukcynitu).jpg|thumb|150x150px|Baltic amber from the Prussian Formation]] ''In situ'' Baltic amber is found within the Prussian Formation and it is exposed in the northern part of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad and it overlies the Alka Formation and underlies the Palvé Formation.<ref name=":2" />
The Prussian Formation is up to {{convert|16|m|ft}} thick in its type section and has multiple sub-units.<ref name=":1" /> The lowermost unit is the Blue Earth Member which is up to {{convert|15|m|ft}} thick and is the main amber bearing horizon, so named due to its glauconite content.<ref name="Perrichot2010" /> The White Wall Member overlies this, and it is made from more consolidated calcareous layers with a reduced glauconite content reaching up to {{Convert|5|m|ft}} in thickness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aleksandrova |first=G. N. |last2=Zaporozhets |first2=N. I. |date=2008 |title=Palynological characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits on the west of the Sambian Peninsula (Kaliningrad region), Part 1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/s0869593808030052 |journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=295–316 |doi=10.1134/s0869593808030052 |issn=0869-5938|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The uppermost unit is the Upper Quicksand Member with fine to medium-grained sands up to {{Convert|4|m|ft}} thick with only minor concentrations of amber.<ref name=":2" />
=== Age === Different authors have given estimates of 47–40 Ma and 43–35 Ma as the age of the Prussian Formation.<ref name=":0" /> Iakovleva et al. (2022) used dinoflagellate cysts from Primorsky quarry to date the Prussian Formation to the Priabonian.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Iakovleva |first=Alina I. |last2=Aleksandrova |first2=Galina N. |last3=Mychko |first3=Eduard V. |date=2021-12-08 |title=Late Eocene (Priabonian) dinoflagellate cysts from Primorsky quarry, southeast Baltic coast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2021.1980743 |journal=Palynology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1080/01916122.2021.1980743 |issn=0191-6122|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Paleogeography == The Baltic amber likely originated from the proto-Scandinavian highlands and was fluvially deposited in a coastal lagoon environment which is today the Prussian Formation as evidenced by the presence of glauconite.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Alexander P. |last2=Tappert |first2=Ralf |last3=Muehlenbachs |first3=Karlis |last4=Boudreau |first4=Marc |last5=McKellar |first5=Ryan C. |last6=Basinger |first6=James F. |last7=Garrett |first7=Amber |date=2009 |title=A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber |url=https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0806 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=276 |issue=1672 |pages=3403–3412 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0806 |issn=0962-8452|pmc=2817186 }}</ref>
== Paleobiology == Numerous extinct genera and species of plants and animals have been discovered and scientifically described from inclusions in the Prussian Formation.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Weitschat, W. |title=Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber |author2=Wichard, W. |publisher=Pfeil |year=2002 |isbn=978-3931516949}}</ref> Inclusions of insects make up over 98% of the animals preserved in the amber, while all other arthropods, annelids, molluscs, nematodes, protozoans contribute less than 0.5% of the animals. Vertebrates are another 0.5% of the animals included and mostly are represented by mammal fur, feathers, and reptiles.<ref name="Perrichot2010">{{cite book |last1=Weitschat |first1=W. |title=Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits |last2=Wichard |first2=W. |date=2010 |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |isbn=978-0-9558636-4-6 |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=D. |pages=80–115 |chapter=Chapter 6: Baltic amber}}</ref> Dinoflagellates are also known.<ref name=":1" />
=== Flora === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:70%;" !Name !Authors !Year !Family !Notes !Images |- | * ''Notoscyphus balticus''<ref name="Heinrichs2015">{{cite journal |last1=Heinrichs |first1=J |last2=Schmidt |first2=AR |last3=Schäfer-Verwimp |first3=A |last4=Gröhn |first4=C |last5=Renner |first5=MAM |year=2015 |title=The leafy liverwort ''Notoscyphus balticus'' sp. nov. (Jungermanniales) in Eocene Baltic amber |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=217 |pages=39–44 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.217...39H |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.006}}</ref> |Heinrichs ''et al'' |2015 |Geocalycaceae |A liverwort | |- | * ''Rhizomnium dentatum''<ref name="Heinrichs2014">{{cite journal |last1=Heinrichs |first1=J |last2=Hedenäs |first2=L |last3=Schäfer-Verwimp |first3=A |last4=Feldberg |first4=K |last5=Schmidt |first5=AR |year=2014 |title=An in situ preserved moss community in Eocene Baltic amber |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=210 |pages=113–118 |bibcode=2014RPaPa.210..113H |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.005}}</ref> |Heinrichs ''et al'' |2014 |Mniaceae |A bryopsid moss | |- |}
=== Fauna === {{columns-list|*''Agroecomyrmex'' <small>Wheeler, 1910</small><ref name="Wheeler1915">{{ cite journal | last1 = Wheeler | first1 = W. M. | title = The Ants of the Baltic Amber | journal = Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg | year = 1914 | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 56–59 }}</ref> *''Aphaenogaster mersa'' <small>Wheeler, 1915</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/> *''Aphaenogaster oligocenica'' <small>Wheeler, 1915</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/> *''Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti'' <small>(Mayr, 1868)</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/> *''Arostropsis'' <small>Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011</small><ref name="Yunakov2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Yunakov |first1=N.N. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A.G. |year=2011 |title=New genus and species of broad-nosed weevils from Baltic amber and notes on fossils of the subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) |journal= ZooKeys |issue=160 |pages = 73–96 |doi= 10.3897/zookeys.160.2108 |pmid=22303121 |pmc=3253632|doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Aspidopleura'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Gibson | first1 = G. A. P. | year = 2009 | title = Description of three New Genera and four New Species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic Amber, with Discussion of their Relationships to Extant Taxa | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 20 | pages = 175–214 | url = http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/161 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.20.161 | access-date = 2011-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922071426/http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/161 | archive-date = 2010-09-22 | url-status = dead | doi-access = free }}</ref> *''Asymphylomyrmex'' <small>Wheeler, 1915</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/> *''Balticopta gusakovi'' <small>Balashov & Perkovsky, 2020</small><ref name="Balashov">Balashov I.A. & Perkovsky E.E. 2020. [https://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/IZ/IZ%20Vol%2017/invert17_1_018_024_Balashov_Perkovsky_for_Inet.pdf An Eocene land snail ''Balticopta gusakovi'' gen.n., sp.n. (Stylommatophora: Gastrocoptidae) from Baltic amber] // Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.17. No.1: 18–24.</ref> *''Baltimartyria'' <small>Skalski, 1995</small> *''Baltocteniza'' <small>Eskov & Zonstein, 2000</small><ref name="Eskov2000">{{cite journal |last1=Eskov |first1=K. Y. |last2=Zonstein |first2=S. L. |year=2000 |title=The First Ctenizoid Mygalomorph Spiders from Eocene Baltic Amber (Araneida: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae) |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=S268–S274}} [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS268.pdf Part 1]; [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS271.pdf part 2], PDF.</ref> *''Brevivulva'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009"/> *''Deinodryinus areolatus'' <small>(Ponomarenko, 1975)</small><ref name="Guglielmino2011">{{Cite journal |last1= Guglielmino |first1=A. |last2=Olmi |first2=M. |year=2011 |title=Revision of fossil species of ''Deinodryinus'', with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) |journal= ZooKeys |issue=130 |pages = 495–504 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.130.1326 |pmid=22259295 |pmc=3260777|doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Deinodryinus velteni'' <small>Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011</small><ref name="Guglielmino2011"/> *''Diochus electrus'' <small>Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011</small><ref name="Chatzimanolis2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Chatzimanolis |first1=S. |last2=Engel |first2=M. S. |title=A new species of ''Diochus'' from Baltic amber (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Diochini) |journal=ZooKeys |year=2011 |issue=138 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.138.1896 |url=https://www.pensoft.net/J_FILES/1/articles/1896/1896-G-3-layout.pdf |pmid=22144854 |pmc=3208521|doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Electrinocellia'' <small>(Carpenter) Engel, 1995</small><ref name="Engel1995">{{ cite journal | last1 = Engel | first1 = M. S. | year = 1995 | title = A New Fossil Snake-Fly Species from Baltic Amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) | journal = Psyche: A Journal of Entomology | volume = 102 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1155/1995/23626 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1808/16479 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> *''Electrocteniza'' <small>Eskov & Zonstein, 2000</small><ref name="Eskov2000"/> *''Electropodagrion'' <small>Azar & Nel, 2008</small><ref name="Azar2008">{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=D. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2008 |title= First Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera) |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=New Series |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2008.10697580|doi-access=free }}{{subscription required|via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> *''Electrostephanus'' <small>Brues, 1933</small><ref name="Engel2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M.S. |last2=Ortega-Blanco |first2=J. |year=2008 |title=The fossil crown wasp ''Electrostephanus petiolatus'' Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae |journal= ZooKeys |issue=4 |pages = 55–64 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.4.49|doi-access=free |hdl=2445/36428 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> *''Elektrithone'' <small>Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014</small><ref name="Makarkin2014b">{{Cite journal|last1=Makarkin |first1=VN |last2=Wedmann |first2=S |last3=Weiterschan |first3=T |year=2014 |title=First record of the family Ithonidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3796 |issue=2 |pages=385–393 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.10 |pmid=24870683 }}</ref> *''Eogeometer vadens'' <small>Fischer, Michalski & Hausmann, 2019</small><ref name="Fischer_al.2019">{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Thilo C. |last2=Michalski |first2=Artur |last3=Hausmann |first3=Axel |year=2019 |title=Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=17201 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53734-w |pmid=31748672 |pmc=6868187|bibcode=2019NatSR...917201F }}</ref> *''Epiborkhausenites'' <small>Skalski, 1973</small><ref name="Skalski1973">{{Cite journal | last1 = Skalski | first1 = A. W. | title = Studies on the Lepidoptera from Fossil Resins. Part II. ''Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus'' gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a Tineid-Moth Discovered in the Baltic Amber | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | year = 1973 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–160 | url = http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app18/app18-153.pdf }}</ref> *''Glisachaemus'' <small>Szwedo, 2007</small><ref name="Szwedo2007">{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=J. |year=2007 |title=''Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni'' gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) |journal=Alavesia |volume=1 |pages=109–116 |url=http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719015738/http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''Gracillariites'' <small>Kozlov, 1987</small> *''Metanephrocerus collini'' <small>Carpenter & Hull, 1939</small><ref name="Kehlmair2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kehlmaier |first1=C |last2=Dierick |first2=M |last3=Skevington |first3=JH |year=2014 |title=Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of ''Metanephrocerus'' Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae) |journal=Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=23–36|doi=10.3897/asp.72.e31784 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Metanephrocerus groehni'' <small>Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014</small><ref name="Kehlmair2014"/> *''Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum'' <small>Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014</small><ref name="Kehlmair2014"/> *''Electrocrania'' <small>Kuznezov, 1941</small> *''Fibla carpenteri'' <small>Engel, 1995</small><ref name="Engel1995"/> *''Metapelma archetypon'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009"/> *''Micropterix gertraudae'' <small>Kurz & Kurz, 2010</small> *''Mindarus harringtoni'' <small>(Hele, 2008)</small> *''Neanaperiallus'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009"/> *''Palaeovespa baltica'' <small>Cockerell, 1909</small><ref name="Cockerell1906">{{Cite journal|last1 = Cockerell | first1 = T. D. A. | year = 1906 | title = Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado | journal = Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | url = https://archive.org/details/fossilhymenopter00cockiala }}</ref> *''Palaeovespa socialis'' <small>Pionar, 2005</small><ref name="Poinar2005">{{ cite journal | last1 = Poinar | first1 = G. | author-link = George Poinar Jr. | year = 2005 | title = Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic Amber | journal = Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington | volume = 107 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–63 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32142741 }}</ref> *''Prolyonetia'' <small>Kusnetzov, 1941</small> *''Propupa'' <small>Stworzewicz & Pokryszko, 2006</small><ref name="Stworzewicz 2006">{{ cite journal |author1=Stworzewicz, E. |author2=Pokryszko, B. M. | year = 2006 | title = Eocene Terrestrial Snails (Gastropoda) from Baltic Amber | journal = Annales Zoologici | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 215–224 | url = http://www.miiz.waw.pl/periodicals/annales-zoologici/abstracts/AZ-56-1-abs.pdf }}</ref> *''Pseudogarypus synchrotron'' <small>Henderickx, 2012</small><ref name="Hendrickx2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Henderickx |first1=H. |last2=Tafforeau |first2=P. |last3=Soriano |first3=C |year=2012 |title=Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new ''Pseudogarypus'' in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae) |journal= Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=15 |issue=2;17A,11p |pages = 1–11 |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2012-issue-2-articles/252-pseudogarypus-synchrotron}}</ref> *''Stigmellites baltica'' <small>(Kozlov, 1988)</small> (Lepidopteran leaf mines) *''Xylolaemus sakhnovi'' <small>Alekseev & Lord, 2014</small><ref name="Alekseev2014">{{cite journal |last1=Alekseev |first1=VI |last2=Lord |first2=NP |year=2014 |title=A new species of ''Xylolaemus'' (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from Baltic amber |journal=Baltic Journal of Coleopterology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |issn= 1407-8619}}</ref> *''Succinipatopsis'' <small>Poinar, 2000</small><ref name="Poinar Jr2000">{{Cite journal | first1 = G. Jr. | last1 = Poinar | title = Fossil Onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic Amber: ''Tertiapatus dominicanus'' n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and ''Succinipatopsis balticus'' n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a Proposed Classification of the Subphylum Onychophora | journal = Invertebrate Biology | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–9 | year = 2000| doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> *''Yantarogekko balticus'' <small>Bauer et al., 2005</small> *''Yantaromyrmex constricta'' <small>(Mayr, 1868)</small><ref name="Dlussky2013">{{cite journal |last1=Dlussky |first1=GM |last2=Dubovikoff |first2=DA |year=2013 |title=''Yantaromyrmex'' gen. n. – a new ant genus (Hymenoptera Formicidae) from Late Eocene ambers of Europe |journal=Caucasian Entomological Bulletin |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=305–314 |url=http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/0/08/Dlussky%2C_G.M._%26_Dubovikoff%2C_D.A._2013._Yantaromyrmex_gen._n._%E2%80%93_a_new_ant_genus_%28Hymenoptera_Formicidae%29_from_Late_Eocene_ambers_of_Europe.pdf|doi=10.23885/1814-3326-2013-9-2-305-314 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Yantaromyrmex geinitzi'' <small>(Mayr, 1868)</small><ref name="Dlussky2013"/> *''Yantaromyrmex samlandica'' <small>(Wheeler, 1915)</small><ref name="Dlussky2013"/>|colwidth=15em}}
== References == <references />
Category:Geology of Russia Category:Amber