Protome batalaria

{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}} {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]], <br>{{fossilrange|221.5|205.6}} | image = Protome batalaria.jpg | image_caption = Life restoration of ''Protome batalaria'' | genus = Protome | parent_authority = Stocker, [[2012 in paleontology|2012]] | species = batalaria | authority = Stocker, 2012 }}

'''''Protome''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[parasuchid]] [[phytosaur]] from the [[Late Triassic]] of [[Arizona]], represented by a single [[species]], '''''Protome batalaria'''''. It is known from a single [[holotype]] incomplete, partially disarticulated [[skull]] and left [[Mandible|lower jaw]] called PEFO 34034 from the Upper Lot's Wife beds, [[Sonsela Member]] of the [[Chinle Formation]] in [[Petrified Forest National Park]]. The skull was discovered in 2004 by Michelle Stocker and Bill Parker and was described by them as a specimen of ''[[Smilosuchus adamanensis]]'' (then a species of ''[[Leptosuchus]]'').<ref name=Chinleana /> It was placed in the new genus ''Protome'' in 2012. The genus name ''Protome'' is the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for an animal's face. The specific name ''batalaria'' is the [[Latin]] word for battleship, which is a reference to Battleship NW, the locality within Petrified Forest where the skull was found.<ref name=SMR12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Stocker | first1 = M. R. | title = A new phytosaur (Archosauriformes, Phytosauria) from the Lot's Wife beds (Sonsela Member) within the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.649815 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 573–586 | year = 2012 | s2cid = 129527672 }}</ref>

==Description== ''Protome'' has a long, narrow, tubular-shaped snout. It has a partial rostral crest at the back of the snout, a feature which it shares with phytosaurs like ''[[Smilosuchus adamanensis]]'', ''[[Pravusuchus]]'', and ''[[Leptosuchus]]'', but which is not as prominent as it is in other ''Smilosuchus'' species and some ''[[Pseudopalatus]]'' species. It lacks the [[premaxilla]]ry crest along the midline of the snout that is present in ''[[Leptosuchus studeri]]'' and ''[[Mystriosuchus westphali]]''. Many characteristics that associate ''Protome'' with other phytosaurs can be found in its [[squamosal bone]], which makes up the cheek region and extends behind the main portion of the skull.<ref name=SMR12/>

''Protome'' was named on the basis of several unique characteristics, or [[autapomorphies]]. The first autapomorphy is the flat shape of the basitubera, an area at the base of the skull in front of its attachment point with the neck. Another is that bony projections called [[exoccipital condyle|exoccipital prong]]s at the back of the skull make up the top margin of the [[foramen magnum]], the hole through which the spinal cord enters the skull. A third autapomorphy is a small depression or fossa surrounding the front tip of a hole in the lower jaw called the [[mandibular fenestra]]. These features were used to distinguish PEFO 34034 as a new genus and species, distinct from ''Leptosuchus adamanensis''. ''Protome'' and ''Leptosuchus'' are similar in that both have broad squamosals and holes called [[supratemporal fenestrae]] that are located on top of the skull.<ref name=SMR12/>

When it was described in 2004, PEFO 34034 was thought to represent a small ''Leptosuchus'' individual, possibly a juvenile.<ref name=Chinleana>{{cite web|title=Introducing ''Protome batalaria'', a New Phytosaur from the Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona|url=https://chinleana.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-protome-batalaria-new.html|publisher=Chinleana|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> The lack of a premaxillary crest has been used as evidence for it being a juvenile, although the absence of a crest has also been interpreted as a distinct characteristic of some species, and more recently as a possible characteristic of [[sexual dimorphism]]. Most juvenile phytosaurs are identified on the basis of incomplete fusion of different parts of each [[vertebra]], but ''Protome'' is not known from any postcranial remains.<ref name=SMR12/>

==Phylogeny== When ''Protome'' was named in 2012, a [[phylogenetic]] analysis was conducted to determine its evolutionary relationships. The analysis placed PEFO 34034 outside the [[clade]]s containing species of ''Leptosuchus'' and ''Smilosuchus'', the two most likely genera to which the specimen could be referred. PEFO 34034's placement outside these groups justified the erection of a new genus and species. ''Protome'' was found to be a [[phytosaurid]] just outside the clade [[Leptosuchomorpha]]. As was the case in previous studies, species of ''Leptosuchus'' formed a [[paraphyletic]] grouping, meaning that they did not represent one coherent genus. Many isolated phytosaur skull fragments from Petrified Forest have been assigned to ''Leptosuchus'' because they had broad squamosals, but the presence of this type of squamosal in the distinct taxon ''Protome'' suggests that not all of these fragments can be assigned with confidence to ''Leptosuchus''. Below is a [[cladogram]] showing the phylogenetic relationships of ''Protome'' from Stocker (2012):<ref name=SMR12/> {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Phytosauria]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Paleorhinus|"Paleorhinus" scurriensis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Paleorhinus bransoni]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Paleorhinus|"Paleorhinus" sawini]]'' |label2=[[Phytosauridae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Brachysuchus megalodon]]'' |2=''[[Angistorhinus]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Rutiodon carolinensis]]'' |2=''[[Rutiodon|"Machaeroprosopus" zunii]]'' |3='''''Protome batalaria''''' |label4=[[Leptosuchomorpha]] |4={{clade |1=''[[Phytosaurus|"Phytosaurus" doughtyi]]'' |2=TMM 31173-120 |3={{clade |1=''[[Leptosuchus crosbiensis]]'' |2=''[[Leptosuchus studeri]]''}} |4={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Smilosuchus lithodendrorum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Smilosuchus adamanensis]]'' |2=''[[Smilosuchus gregorii]]''}} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Pravusuchus hortus]]'' |label2=[[Pseudopalatinae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Pseudopalatus mccauleyi]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mystriosuchus westphali]]'' |2=''[[Pseudopalatus pristinus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References== {{Reflist}}

[[Category:Phytosauria]] [[Category:Late Triassic reptiles of North America]] [[Category:Triassic Arizona]] [[Category:Paleontology in Arizona]] [[Category:Chinle fauna]] [[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2012]]