Protohermes

{{Short description|Genus of insects}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Protohermes grandis.jpg | image_caption = ''Protohermes grandis'' | taxon = Protohermes | authority = Van der Weele }}

'''''Protohermes''''' is a genus of dobsonflies in the family Corydalidae.<ref name="inaturalist-Protohermes">{{cite web |title=Genus Protohermes |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/244350-Protohermes |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=iNaturalist |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Protohermes'' is the most speciose and widely distributed genus within Megaloptera, but up to 85% of species are restricted to small endemic areas in Asia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=LIU |first=XINGYUE |last2=HAYASHI |first2=FUMIO |last3=YANG |first3=DING |date=2007-04-02 |title=Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1439.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1439 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1439.1.1 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIU |first=XINGYUE |last2=HAYASHI |first2=FUMIO |last3=YANG |first3=DING |date=2009-07-01 |title=Notes on the genus Protohermes van der Weele (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from Vietnam, with description of two new species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2146.1.2 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2146 |issue=1 |pages=22–34 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2146.1.2 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This endemism may be a result of an association with high elevation and high slope streams in Northern Vietnam and China.

== Description == Adult ''Protohermes'' generally have yellow coloration with white spots on the wings.<ref name=":0" /> The male genitalia are diverse across the genus and can be useful only for species-level identification, especially the shape and size of the tenth tergum and the subgenital plate at the ninth sternum. Nuptial gifts in ''Protohermes'' may as large as 20% of the total body mass of the male and can require up to 2 days to recover before mating again.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayashi |first=Fumio |date=1993 |title=Male mating costs in two insect species (Protohermes, Megaloptera) that produce large spermatophores |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1039 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=343–349 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1993.1039 |issn=0003-3472|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The size and phenology of larvae is closely tied to the availability of different sizes of prey.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hayashi |first=Fumio |title=Life-history patterns in 15 populations of Protohermes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae): Effects of prey size and temperature |date=1994 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1888-2_11 |work=Insect life-cycle polymorphism |pages=227–243 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-90-481-4401-3 |access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> Dwarfism occurs in populations on islands and peninsulas as a result of fewer species of large prey, and maturation may be synchronous with prey in locations with seasonal variability. Larger larvae do not consume smaller prey, and they actively select prey as an ambush predator.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HAYASHI |first=FUMIO |date=1988 |title=Prey selection by the dobsonfly larva, Protohermes grandis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1988.tb01713.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1988.tb01713.x |issn=0046-5070|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Larvae are motionless 90% of the time during the day, but do change position on the stream bed during the night.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayashi |first=Fumio |last2=Nakane |first2=Masatoshi |date=1989 |title=Radio tracking and activity monitoring of the dobsonfly larva, Protohermes grandis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378735 |journal=Oecologia |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=468–472 |doi=10.1007/bf00378735 |issn=0029-8549|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Taxonomy == ''Protohermes'' contains the following species:<ref>[https://lacewing.tamu.edu/SpeciesCatalog/AdvancedSearchResults?asordercriteria=beginswith&asorder=&asfamilycriteria=beginswith&asfamily=&assubfamilycriteria=beginswith&assubfamily=&astribecriteria=beginswith&astribe=&assubtribecriteria=beginswith&assubtribe=&asoriginalgenuscriteria=beginswith&asoriginalgenus=&ascurrentgenuscriteria=beginswith&ascurrentgenus=Protohermes&asoriginalcurrentgenuscriteria=beginswith&asoriginalcurrentgenus=&asoriginalsubgenuscriteria=beginswith&asoriginalsubgenus=&ascurrentsubgenuscriteria=beginswith&ascurrentsubgenus=&asoriginalcurrentsubgenuscriteria=beginswith&asoriginalcurrentsubgenus=&asoriginalcurrentgenussubgenuscriteria=beginswith&asoriginalcurrentgenussubgenus=&ascombinationgenuscriteria=beginswith&ascombinationgenus=&ascombinationsubgenuscriteria=beginswith&ascombinationsubgenus=&ascombinationgenussubgenuscriteria=beginswith&ascombinationgenussubgenus=&ascombinationspeciesgroupcriteria=beginswith&ascombinationspeciesgroup=&ascombinationspeciescriteria=beginswith&ascombinationspecies=&ascombinationsubspeciescriteria=beginswith&ascombinationsubspecies=&ascombinationvarietycriteria=beginswith&ascombinationvariety=&ascombinationsubinfrcriteria=beginswith&ascombinationsubinfr=&ascombinationspeciessubspeciesvarietycriteria=beginswith&ascombinationspeciessubspeciesvariety=&asauthorcriteria=beginswith&asauthor=&asyearcriteria=is&asyear=&asjournalcriteria=contains&asjournal=&asgenusnumber=&asspeciesnumber=&asreferencenumber=&ascombinationnumber=&asnamestatus=validonly&asextantfossil=extantorfossil Lacewing Digital Library: ''Protohermes'']</ref> {{div col|colwidth = 30 em}} * ''Protohermes acutatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes albipennis'' (Walker, 1853) * ''Protohermes arunachalensis'' Ghosh, 1991 * ''Protohermes assamensis'' Kimmins, 1949 * ''Protohermes axillatus'' Navás, 1932 * ''Protohermes basimaculatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes bellulus'' Banks, 1931 * ''Protohermes burmanus'' X.-y. Liu & Dvořák, 2017 * ''Protohermes cangyuanensis'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes cavaleriei'' Navás, 1925 * ''Protohermes changninganus'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes chebalingensis'' X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006 * ''Protohermes concolorus'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes congruens'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2009 * ''Protohermes costalis'' (Walker, 1853) * ''Protohermes costatostriatus'' (van der Weele, 1907) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes curvicornis'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2013 * ''Protohermes davidi'' van der Weele, 1909 * ''Protohermes decemmaculatus'' (Walker, 1860) * ''Protohermes decolor'' Navás, 1931 * ''Protohermes dichrous'' (Brauer, 1878) * ''Protohermes differentialis'' (C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1986) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes dimaculatus'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes disjunctus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes dulongjiangensis'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2010 * ''Protohermes festivus'' Navás, 1932 * ''Protohermes flavinervus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2009 * ''Protohermes flavipennis'' Navás, 1929 * ''Protohermes flinti'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes fruhstorferi'' (van der Weele, 1907) * ''Protohermes fujianensis'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1999 * ''Protohermes furcatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 * ''Protohermes goodgeri'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2013 * ''Protohermes grandis'' (Thunberg, 1781) * ''Protohermes guangxiensis'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1986 * ''Protohermes gutianensis'' D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1995 * ''Protohermes hainanensis'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1990 * ''Protohermes horni'' Navás, 1932 * ''Protohermes hubeiensis'' D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992 * ''Protohermes hunanensis'' D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992 * ''Protohermes immaculatus'' Kuwayama, 1964 * ''Protohermes impunctatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 * ''Protohermes infectus'' (McLachlan, 1869) * ''Protohermes ishizukai'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2009 * ''Protohermes karubei'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2013 * ''Protohermes latus'' X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006 * ''Protohermes lii'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes maculiferus'' (Walker, 1853) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes maculipennis'' (G. Gray in Cuvier, 1832) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes montanus'' (McLachlan, 1869) * ''Protohermes motuoensis'' X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006 * ''Protohermes niger'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes nigerescens'' (X.-y. Liu et al., 2015) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes ohli'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2013 * ''Protohermes orientalis'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes owadai'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes parcus'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes pennyi'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2009 * ''Protohermes piaoacanus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 * ''Protohermes sabahensis'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 * ''Protohermes selysi'' (van der Weele, 1909) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes similis'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes sinensis'' D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992 * ''Protohermes sinuolatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2009 * ''Protohermes sonus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2013 * ''Protohermes spectabilis'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 * ''Protohermes stangei'' X.-y. Liu & Dobosz, 2019 * ''Protohermes stigmosus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes striatulus'' Navás, 1926 * ''Protohermes sublunatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2013 * ''Protohermes subnubilus'' Kimmins, 1949 * ''Protohermes subparcus'' X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006 * ''Protohermes sumatrensis'' (van der Weele, 1909) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes tenellus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes tonkinensis'' (van der Weele, 1909) (=''Neurhermes'') * ''Protohermes tortuosus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 * ''Protohermes trapezius'' Li & X.-y. Liu, 2021 * ''Protohermes triangulatus'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes uniformis'' Banks, 1931 * ''Protohermes vitalisi'' Navás, 1919 * ''Protohermes walkeri'' Navás, 1929 * ''Protohermes weelei'' Navás, 1925 * ''Protohermes wuyishanicus'' Li & X.-y. Liu, 2021 * ''Protohermes xanthodes'' Navás, 1914 * ''Protohermes xingshanensis'' X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2005 * ''Protohermes yangi'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2007 * ''Protohermes yunnanensis'' C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988 * ''Protohermes zhuae'' X.-y. Liu et al., 2008 {{div col end}} Some authors recognize species-group assemblages within the genus (e.g.,<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Xingyue |last2=Yang |first2=Ding |date=2005 |title=Revision of the'''''Protohermes changningensis'''''species group from China (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650420500054904 |journal=Aquatic Insects |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.1080/01650420500054904 |issn=0165-0424|url-access=subscription }}</ref>), and other authors treat the genus ''Neurhermes'' as valid (these species are marked above), but are generally treated as ''Protohermes''.<ref name="Pdiff">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Xingyue |last2=Yang |first2=Ding |date=2006 |title=The ''Protohermes differentialis'' group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae) from China, with description of one new species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650420600980297 |journal=Aquatic Insects |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=219–227 |doi=10.1080/01650420600980297 |issn=0165-0424|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q11847177}}

Category:Corydalidae Category:Insects of Vietnam Category:Insects described in 1907