{{about|a United States federal program|the video game that was initially called Project Exile|Black Sigil: Blade of the Exiled}} '''Project Exile''' is a federal program started in [[Richmond, Virginia]], in 1997. Project Exile shifted the prosecution of illegal technical [[gun]] possession offenses to federal court, where they carried a [[mandatory sentencing|mandatory minimum sentence]] of five years in federal prison under the federal [[Gun Control Act of 1968]], rather than in state court. Note that federal law ([[18 U.S. Code § 922(g)]] & 924) at the time provided for a penalty of up to ten years in federal prison for being a "prohibited person", i.e., a convicted felon in possession of a firearm, as well as for falsifying information in order to obtain one, or furnishing a gun to a convicted felon.
The program has since been copied by several other cities, sometimes under other names. In Atlanta, for example, the program was known as FACE 5 (Firearms in Atlanta Can Equal 5 years in federal prison). While many have discontinued or modified their programs, Project Exile is still in effect in [[Rochester, New York]].<ref name="bialik">{{cite web|last1=Bialik|first1=Carl|title=In the Shadow of Exile|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/homicide-in-rochester/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714151325/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/homicide-in-rochester/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2016|publisher=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
==Origin and implementation== The program was designed to address the [[gang]] violence which had plagued Richmond. At the time of its inception, the level of [[murder]]s and shootings had regularly increased each year, with Richmond's murder-per-capita rates being one of the highest five for the country. In 1997, 140 people were murdered, 122 of them with firearms.<ref name=HouseJudiciarySummary>[http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/earlatt.htm United States House of Representatives House Judiciary Committee: "PROJECT EXILE AND VIRGINIA EXILE - SOLUTIONS FOR THE GUN PROBLEM WHICH WORK"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218100257/http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/earlatt.htm |date=2012-12-18 }} 2000</ref> There was strong community support for federal intervention. The African American community was being devastated by the violence (80% of all the homicide victims in Richmond were African-American). Half of the victims had no prior criminal record and many were innocent bystanders, the result of drug dealers' poor marksmanship and wild shooting at targets of opportunity.<ref name=HouseJudiciarySummary />
The guiding principle of the program was to remove from the streets those who were mostly likely to commit gun violence: criminals with guns. This included convicted felons caught with guns (federal law prohibits felons from owning firearms) and those who committed crimes with a gun.<ref name=bialik /> It also intended to deter would be-offenders with strict sentencing, specifically longer sentences with no possibility of bail or early release.<ref name="crimesolutions">{{cite web|title=Program Profile: Project Exile|url=https://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=413|website=CrimeSolutions.gov|publisher=National Institute of Justice|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>
Project Exile was named for the idea that if the police catch a criminal in Richmond with a gun in a crime, the criminal has forfeited his right to remain in this community, will face immediate federal prosecution and stiff mandatory federal prison sentences (often five years), and will thus be "exiled" to federal prison, often far away from the criminal's home town.<ref name=HouseJudiciarySummary />
In 1997, the program was implemented in conjunction with an extensive public outreach and media campaign to educate citizens about lengthy federal prison sentences for gun crimes and to maximize [[deterrence (legal)|deterrence]]. The message "An Illegal Gun Gets You Five Years in Federal Prison" was placed on 15 billboards, a fully painted city bus carried the message changing routes every day, TV commercials, Metro Richmond traffic reports, over a million supermarket bags were also used to advertise Project Exile.<ref name=HouseJudiciarySummary /> [[Rochester, New York]], became the second city to implement the plan in 1998 under the leadership of Mayor Bill Johnson.<ref name=bialik />
In 2001, after the launch of a similar state program named Virginia Exile, Project Exile evolved from a federal-only program to a larger cooperative effort with state and local authorities meeting bimonthly to review ongoing arrests to determine in which venue to bring the case so as to ensure the maximum possible penalty.<ref name="WSJRichmondCleansUp">{{cite news|last1=Fields|first1=Gary|title=Going After Crimes -- and Guns|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121789872887012221|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109162134/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121789872887012221|archive-date=January 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[President George W. Bush]] made the program a part of his [[Project Safe Neighborhoods]] crime-prevention plan, which included increased funding for U.S. attorneys to prosecute gun crime.<ref name=bialik />
==Politics== In [[United States Congress|Congress]], Project Exile had both supporters (such as Representative [[Bill McCollum]] of Florida, [[Sue Myrick]] of North Carolina, and [[Bob Ehrlich]] of Maryland) and opponents (such as Representatives [[Robert C. Scott|Bobby Scott]] of Virginia and [[Maxine Waters]] of California).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RATyep8nF7EC&pg=PA5208 Congressional Record-House], 5207-5211 (April 11, 2000)</ref>
===Support=== The [[National Rifle Association of America]] (NRA) and the [[Brady Campaign]] were both early and vocal supporters of Project Exile.<ref name=WSJRichmondCleansUp /> The NRA lobbied the [[U.S. Congress]] to help secure $2.3 million for emulation of Exile in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], and [[Camden County, New Jersey]], where similar firearms-related violence has plagued the communities. The NRA has remained a strong supporter of the program as its focus is on severely punishing all gun crimes especially illegal possession rather than by making gun purchases more difficult.<ref name=WSJRichmondCleansUp /> NRA executive vice president [[Wayne LaPierre]] stated "By prosecuting them they prevent the drug dealer, the gang member and the felon from committing the next crime... Leave the good people alone and lock up the bad people and dramatically cut crime."<ref name=WSJRichmondCleansUp />
===Opposition=== Project Exile was opposed by some gun-rights groups and some black leaders, the latter saying that it disproportionately affected [[African Americans]].<ref name="Kimberlin">{{cite web |author1=Joanne Kimberlin |title=Project Exile flexes federal muscle at gun crime |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2008/03/project-exile-flexes-federal-muscle-gun-crime |website=hamptonroads.com |publisher=The Virginian Pilot |access-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307111928/http://hamptonroads.com:80/2008/03/project-exile-flexes-federal-muscle-gun-crime |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |language=en-US |date=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Families Against Mandatory Minimums]] also opposed the project.<ref name="Kimberlin"/>
A "Project Exile Condemnation Petition" was launched by Brian Puckett of GunTruths.com,<ref name="KeepAndBearArms">{{cite web |title=We Condemn "Project Exile" |url=http://www.keepandbeararms.com/information/XcIBViewItem.asp?ID=720 |website=Keep and Bear Arms |access-date=April 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010517172428/http://www.keepandbeararms.com/information/XcIBViewItem.asp?ID=720 |archive-date=May 17, 2001 |language=en-US |url-status=live}}</ref> Larry Pratt of [[Gun Owners of America]],<ref name=KeepAndBearArms /><ref>{{cite web |author1=Larry Pratt |title=Liberal Think Tank Finds That Project Exile Doesn't Work |url=http://gunowners.org/op0239.htm |website=gunowners.org |publisher=Gun Owners of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020913014941/http://gunowners.org/op0239.htm |archive-date=September 13, 2002 |language=en-US |date=August 2002 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Angel Shamaya of KeepAndBearArms.com,<ref name=KeepAndBearArms /> and former NRA director Russ Howard.<ref name=KeepAndBearArms /> Other opponents who were members of this anti-Exile coalition included [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]],<ref name=KeepAndBearArms /> the [[Law Enforcement Alliance of America]],<ref name=KeepAndBearArms /> Libertarian Party presidential candidate [[Harry Browne]],<ref name=KeepAndBearArms /> and science fiction writer [[L. Neil Smith]].<ref name=KeepAndBearArms />
==Results== Project Exile was widely praised after its first year's results were released.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Gun-Enforcement-Holds-Down-Richmond-s-Homicide-2946640.php San Francisco Gate: "Gun Enforcement Holds Down Richmond's Homicide Rate / `Project Exile' helping reverse violent trend" by Michael Janofsky] February 17, 1999</ref><ref>[https://www.baltimoresun.com/2000/02/08/changing-a-culture-of-gun-violence-no-compromise-unbending-enforcement-makes-criminals-less-likely-to-carry-guns-and-kill-getting-away-with-murder/ Baltimore Sun: "Changing a culture of gun violence - No compromise: Unbending enforcement makes criminals less likely to carry guns and kill. Getting Away With Murder"] February 08, 2000</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=20000330&id=EAQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pAgGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6049,7487982 The Free Lance-Star: "Stopping Gun Crime: Project Exile is the Best Program Yet Devised to Stop the Carnage on our Streets"] March 30, 2000</ref>
Within the first year (1997–1998) Project Exile resulted in:<ref name=HouseJudiciarySummary /> * The first Exile case made by Officer Gene Baskette, and Officer Mark Wooten of the Street Enforcement Unit of the Richmond Police Dept. *372 persons indicted for Federal gun violations. *440 illegally possessed guns seized. *300 persons arrested or held in State custody. *222 arrestees (more than 74 percent) held without bond. *247 persons convicted. *196 persons sentenced to an average of 55 months of imprisonment.
During the first year of Project Exile (1998), homicides in Richmond declined 33%, for the lowest number since 1987, and armed robberies declined 30%. In 1999, homicides declined another 21%.<ref name="HouseJudiciarySummary"/> By 2007, homicides in Richmond were down to 57 compared to 122 in the year before Project Exile.<ref name=WSJRichmondCleansUp />
Research analysts offered different opinions as to the program's success in reducing gun crime.
[[Jens Ludwig (economist)|Jens Ludwig]] and [[Steven Raphael]], in a 2003 analysis of the program, argued that the decline in gun homicide was part of a general [[regression to the mean]] across U.S. cities with high homicide rates.<ref>Jens Ludwig & Steven Raphael, "[http://home.uchicago.edu/~ludwigj/papers/Exile_chapter_2003.pdf Prison Sentence Enhancements: The Case of Project Exile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083304/http://home.uchicago.edu/~ludwigj/papers/Exile_chapter_2003.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}" in ''Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence'' ([[Brookings Institution Press]], 2003), p. 251.</ref> A 2005 study by [[Richard Rosenfeld]] and others, published in ''[[Criminology & Public Policy]]'', disagreed, concluding that Richmond's gun homicide rate fell more rapidly than the rates in other large U.S. cities, when [[Controlling for a variable|controlling for other variables]].<ref>[[Richard Rosenfeld]], Robert Fornango & Eric Baumer, [http://www2.gsu.edu/~crirxf/CPP%204-3%20Rosenfeld.pdf Did Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile Reduce Homicide?], 4 Criminology & Pub. Pol'y 419 (2005)</ref>
==Legacy== Project Exile, which was confined to Richmond and surrounding areas, has since been supplanted by [[Virginia Exile]], the Commonwealth's statewide program which carries bail restrictions and imposes a mandatory minimum sentence of five years in a Virginia prison for those who:
*have a prior conviction for a violent [[felony]] and are convicted of possessing a firearm; *are convicted of possessing a firearm on school property with the intent to use it, or displaying it in a threatening manner; *are convicted of possessing a firearm and [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule_I_controlled_substances|Schedule I]] or II drugs such as [[cocaine]] or [[heroin]], or convicted of possessing more than a pound of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] with the intent to sell.
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *Daniel C. Richman, "Project Exile" and the Allocation of Federal Law Enforcement Authority, 43 Ariz. L. Rev. 369 (2001).
==External links== *[https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/gun_violence/profile38.html Virginia Exile]
[[Category:United States federal firearms law]] [[Category:History of Richmond, Virginia]]