Procambarus

{{Short description|Genus of crayfishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|50|0|Early Eocene to present}} | image = Lagniappe Crayfish (14174285151).jpg | image_caption = ''Procambarus lagniappe'' | taxon = Procambarus | authority = Ortmann, 1905 <ref>{{ITIS |id=97490 |taxon=''Procambarus'' Ortmann, 1905 |access-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref> | type_species = '''''Procambarus digueti''''' | type_species_authority = (Bouvier, 1897) | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} {{Species list | Cambarus (Girardiella) | Lyle, 1938 | Cambarus (Ortmannicus) | Fowler, 1912 | Cambarus (Paracambarus) | Ortmann, 1906 | Cambarus (Procambarus) | Ortmann, 1905 | Paracambarus | Ortmann, 1906 | Procambarus (Acucauda) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Austrocambarus) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Capillicambarus) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Girardiella) | Lyle, 1938 | Procambarus (Hagenides) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Leconticambarus) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Lonnbergius) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Mexicambarus) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Ortmannicus) | Fowler, | Procambarus (Pennides) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Remoticambarus) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) | Hobbs, 1972 | Procambarus (Villalobosus) | Hobbs, 1972 }} {{hidden end}} | synonyms_ref = }}

'''''Procambarus''''' is a genus of crayfish in the family Cambaridae, all native to North and Central America. It includes a number of troglobitic species, and the marbled crayfish (''marmorkrebs''), which is parthenogenetic. Originally described as a subgenus for four species, it now contains around 161 species.

==Biogeography== [[File:Procambarus clarkii Campogalliano.jpg|thumb|The well-known and widespread ''Procambarus clarkii'']] The majority of the diversity is found in the southeastern United States, but the genus extends as far south as Guatemala and Honduras, and on the Caribbean island of Cuba.<ref name="Hobbs84">{{cite journal |title=On the distribution of the crayfish genus ''Procambarus'' (Decapoda: Cambaridae) |author=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |year=1984 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–24 |doi=10.2307/1547892 |jstor=1547892|bibcode=1984JCBio...4...12H |author-link=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. }}</ref><ref name=Kawai2015>{{cite book | author1=Alvarez. F. | author2=J.L. Villalobos | year=2015 | chapter=The Crayfish of Middle America | editor1=T. Kawai | editor2=Z. Faulkes | editor3=G. Scholtz | title=Freshwater Crayfish: A Global Overview | pages=448–463 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9781466586390 }}</ref> After United States, the highest diversity is in Mexico with about 45 species. Only two are native to Guatemala (''P. pilosimanus'' and ''P. williamsoni''), one to Belize (''P. pilosimanus''), one to Honduras (''P. williamsoni'') and three to Cuba (''P. atkinsoni'', ''P. cubensis'' and ''P. niveus'').<ref name=Kawai2015/>

Subgenus ''Ortmannicus'' was the most widespread, with the range of ''Procambarus acutus'' extending as far north as the Great Lakes and New England, as well as south into northeastern Mexico; the subgenus ''Girardella'' also extended from the Great Lakes to Mexico, but was distributed further west than ''Ortmannicus''.<ref name="Hobbs72"/> ''Scapulicambarus'' and ''Pennides'' were widespread in the southeastern United States, further west (Texas and Louisiana) than ''Leconticambarus'' which was centered on Florida and neighbouring states. The subgenus ''Austrocambarus'' had the most southerly distribution, being found in Cuba and parts of Central America from Mexico to Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. The other subgenera are more restricted in their distributions, including three endemic to central Mexico, and six endemic to small areas in the United States.<ref name="Hobbs84"/><ref name=Kawai2015/><ref name="Hobbs72"/>

A few species of ''Procambarus'' have been introduced to regions outside their native range, both in North America and other continents. They are frequently categorized as invasive species, representing a threat to natives, including rarer crayfish species.<ref name=Kawai2015/><ref name="Holdich">{{cite journal |title=A review of the ever increasing threat to European crayfish from non-indigenous crayfish species |author1=D. M. Holdich |author2=J. D. Reynolds |author3=C. Souty-Grosset |author4=P. J. Sibley |year=2009 |journal=Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems |volume=394–395 |issue=394–395 |page=11 |doi=10.1051/kmae/2009025|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{cite journal |author1=J. P. G. Jones |author2=J. R. Rasamy |author3=A. Harvey |author4=A. Toon |author5=B. Oidtmann |author6=M. H. Randrianarison |author7=N. Raminosoa |author8=O. R. Ravoahangimalala |year=2009 |title=The perfect invader: A parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1475–1482 |doi=10.1007/s10530-008-9334-y|bibcode=2009BiInv..11.1475J |s2cid=19583878 }}</ref> [[File:Procambarus primaevus.jpg|thumb|''Procambarus primaevus'' from Fossil Butte, the earliest known fossil member of the genus]] The earliest known fossil member of the genus is ''Procambarus primaevus'', known from the Early Eocene-aged deposits of Fossil Butte in the Green River Formation in Wyoming, USA. This suggests that during the Eocene, ''Procambarus'' was found as far west as the Intermountain West of the United States, where it is no longer present today.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feldmann |first1=Rodney M. |last2=Grande |first2=Lance |last3=Birkhimer |first3=Cheryl P. |last4=Hannibal |first4=Joseph T. |last5=McCoy |first5=David L. |date=1981 |title=Decapod Fauna of the Green River Formation (Eocene) of Wyoming |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304425 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=788–799 |jstor=1304425 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref>

==Description== thumb|Larva

''Procambarus'' can be distinguished from other genera of crayfish by the form of the first pleopod in males, which typically has three or more processes at the tip, compared to two or fewer in ''Faxonius'' and ''Cambarus''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/procambarus.html |work=Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine |title=''Procambarus'' |date=June 27, 2006 |author=Richard Fox |publisher=Lander University |access-date=March 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044258/http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/procambarus.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Ecology== [[File:Procambarus vasquezae.jpg|thumb|''Procambarus vazquezae'' is found only in Laguna Catemaco in Mexico]]

Most ''Procambarus'' species live in various above-ground waters such as rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and swamps, but several are troglobitic, living in caves, particularly in karstic areas. In the United States, these include both species in subgenus ''Lonnbergius'' (''P. acherontis'' and ''P. morrisi'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/troglocrays.htm |title=Troglobitic crayfishes |publisher=Carnegie Museum of Natural History |date=January 11, 2006 |author=James W. Fetzner Jr. |work=Global Crayfish Resources |access-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051923/http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/troglocrays.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other cave-dwellers in the United States with various levels of troglomorphic adaptions are ''P. attiguus'', ''P. erythrops'', ''P. franzi'', ''P. leitheuseri'', ''P. lucifugus'', ''P. milleri'' and ''P. orcinus'', but these are all members of subgenera that also include species from above-ground waters. In Cuba, ''P. niveus'' is a cave-dweller. In Mexico, many species have been recorded in caves, but most of these have also been recorded from above-ground waters; only ''P. cavernicola'', ''P. oaxacae'', ''P. rodriguezi'' and ''P. xilitlae'' are strict cave-dwellers and troglomorphic.<ref>{{cite journal | author1=Mejía-Ortíz, L.M. | author2=R.G. Hartnoll | author3=J.A. Viccon-Pale | year=2003 | title=A New Stygobitic Crayfish from Mexico, Procambarus Cavernicola (Decapoda: Cambaridae), with a Review of Cave-Dwelling Crayfishes in Mexico | journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology | volume=23 | issue=2 | pages=391–401 | doi=10.1163/20021975-99990349 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2003JCBio..23..391M }}</ref> In 2007, troglomorphic specimens of ''P. clarkii'' were found in caves in Portugal and Italy.<ref>{{cite journal | year=2014 | journal=Journal of Cave and Karst Studies| volume=86 | issue=1 | pages=62–65 | doi=10.4311/2013LSC0115| doi-access=free | title=A New Threat to Groundwater Ecosystems: First Occurrences of the Invasive Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in European Caves | last1=Mazza | first1=Giuseppe | last2=Sofia | first2=Ana | last3=Reboleira | first3=P.S. | last4=Goncalves | first4=Fernando | last5=Aquiloni | first5=Laura | last6=Inghilesi | first6=Alberto | last7=Spigoli | first7=Daniele | last8=Stoch | first8=Fabio | last9=Taiti | first9=Stefano | last10=Gherardi | first10=Francesca | last11=Tricarico | first11=Elena | bibcode=2014JCKS...76...62M}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== [[File:Marmorkrebs Procambarus fallax forma virginalis.JPG|thumb|The marbled crayfish (''marmorkrebs'') is parthenogenetic]]

''Procambarus'' was originally described by Arnold Edward Ortmann in 1905 as a subgenus of a wider genus ''Cambarus'', and originally contained only four species (''P. williamsoni'', ''P. digueti'', ''P. mexicanus'' and ''P. cubensis'').<ref>{{cite journal |title=''Procambarus'', a new subgenus of the genus ''Cambarus'' |year=1905 |author=Arnold Edward Ortmann |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=435 |doi=10.5962/p.332165 |bibcode=1905AnCM....3..435O |url=https://archive.org/details/procambarusnewsu00ortm|author-link=Arnold Edward Ortmann }}</ref> The subgenus was elevated in 1942 to the taxonomic rank of genus by Horton H. Hobbs Jr., who later erected most of the subgenera formerly recognized within the genus in a 1972 monograph.<ref name="Hobbs72">{{cite journal |author=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |year=1972 |title=The subgenera of the crayfish genus ''Procambarus'' (Decapoda: Astacidae) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |volume=117 |pages=1–22 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/5550/2/SCtZ-0117-Lo_res.pdf |author-link=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. }}</ref> However, more recently, the subgenera have been eliminated, and while it is recognized that ''Procambarus'' is not monophyletic, later literature does not make further taxonomic changes, instead suggesting that more species sampling is required.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Crandall, Keith A. |author-link=Keith A. Crandall|last2=De Grave |first2=Sammy |date=8 August 2017 |title=An updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea) of the world, with a complete species list |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article/37/5/615/4060680 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=615–653 |doi=10.1093/jcbiol/rux070 |access-date=17 November 2022|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Species=== {{div col|colwidth=24em}} *''Procambarus ablusus'' Penn, 1963 *''Procambarus acanthophorus'' Villalobos, 1948 *''Procambarus acherontis'' (Lönnberg, 1894) *''Procambarus acutissimus'' (Girard, 1852) *''Procambarus acutus'' (Girard, 1852) *''Procambarus adani'' Álvarez, Torres & Villalobos, 2021<ref>{{cite journal |author=Álvarez, Torres & Villalobos |year=2021 |title=Procambarus adani • A New Species of Crayfish of the Genus Procambarus, and Notes on Procambarus pilosimanus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from Chiapas, Mexico |journal= Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad |doi=10.22201/ib.20078706e.2021.92.3833 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Procambarus advena'' (LeConte, 1856) *''Procambarus albaughi'' (Johnson, 2018) *''Procambarus alleni'' (Faxon, 1884) *''Procambarus ancylus'' Hobbs, 1958 *†''Procambarus angustatus'' (LeConte, 1856){{efn|† extinct}} *''Procambarus apalachicolae'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus atkinsoni'' (Ortmann, 1913) *''Procambarus attiguus'' Hobbs Jr. & Franz, 1992 *''Procambarus barbatus'' (Faxon, 1890) *''Procambarus barbiger'' Fitzpatrick, 1978 *''Procambarus bivittatus'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus blandingii'' (Harlan, 1830) *''Procambarus bouvieri'' (Ortmann, 1909) *''Procambarus braswelli'' J. E. Cooper, 1998 *''Procambarus brazoriensis'' Albaugh, 1975 *''Procambarus caballeroi'' Villalobos, 1944 *''Procambarus capillatus'' Hobbs, 1971 *''Procambarus caritus'' Hobbs, 1981 *''Procambarus catemacoensis'' Rojas, Alvarez & Villalobos, 2000 *''Procambarus cavernicola'' Mejía-Ortiz, Hartnoll & Viccon-Pale, 2003 *''Procambarus ceruleus'' Fitzpatrick & Wicksten, 1998 *''Procambarus chacei'' Hobbs, 1958 *''Procambarus citlaltepetl'' Rojas, Alvarez & Villalobos, 1999 *''Procambarus clarkii'' (Girard, 1852) *''Procambarus clemmeri'' Hobbs, 1975 *''Procambarus cometes'' Fitzpatrick, 1978 *''Procambarus connus'' Fitzpatrick, 1978 *''Procambarus contrerasi'' (Creaser, 1931) *''Procambarus cubensis'' (Erichson, 1846) *''Procambarus cuetzalanae'' Hobbs, 1982 *''Procambarus curdi'' Reimer, 1975 *''Procambarus delicatus'' Hobbs & Franz, 1986 *''Procambarus digueti'' (Bouvier, 1897) *''Procambarus dupratzi'' Penn, 1953 *''Procambarus echinatus'' Hobbs, 1956 *''Procambarus econfinae'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus elegans'' Hobbs, 1969 *''Procambarus enoplosternum'' Hobbs, 1947 *''Procambarus epicyrtus'' Hobbs, 1958 *''Procambarus erichsoni'' Villalobos, 1950 *''Procambarus erythrops'' Relyea & Sutton, 1975 *''Procambarus escambiensis'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus evermanni'' (Faxon, 1890) *''Procambarus fallax'' (Hagen, 1870) *''Procambarus fitzpatricki'' Hobbs, 1972 *''Procambarus franzi'' Hobbs & Lee, 1976 *''Procambarus geminus'' Hobbs, 1975 *''Procambarus geodytes'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus gibbus'' Hobbs, 1969 *''Procambarus gonopodocristatus'' Villalobos, 1958 *''Procambarus gracilis'' (Bundy, 1876) *''Procambarus hagenianus'' (Faxon, 1884) *''Procambarus hayi'' (Faxon, 1884) *''Procambarus hinei'' (Ortmann, 1905) *''Procambarus hirsutus'' Hobbs, 1958 *''Procambarus hoffmanni'' (Villalobos, 1944) *''Procambarus holifieldi'' (Schuster, Taylor & Adams, 2015) *''Procambarus horsti'' Hobbs & Means, 1972 *''Procambarus hortonhobbsi'' Villalobos, 1950 *''Procambarus howellae'' Hobbs, 1952 *''Procambarus hubbelli'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus hybus'' Hobbs & Walton, 1957 *''Procambarus incilis'' Pennington, 1962 *''Procambarus jaculus'' Hobbs & Walton, 1957 *''Procambarus kensleyi'' Hobbs Jr., 1990 *''Procambarus kilbyi'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus lagniappe'' Black, 1968 *''Procambarus latipleurum'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus lecontei'' (Hagen, 1870) *''Procambarus leitheuseri'' Franz & Hobbs, 1983 *''Procambarus leonensis'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus lepidodactylus'' Hobbs, 1947 *''Procambarus lewisi'' Hobbs & Walton, 1959 *''Procambarus liberorum'' Fitzpatrick, 1978 syn. ''Procambarus ferrugineus'' Hobbs & Robison, 1988 *''Procambarus litosternum'' Hobbs, 1947 *''Procambarus llamasi'' Villalobos, 1954 *''Procambarus lophotus'' Hobbs & Walton, 1960 *''Procambarus lucifugus'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus lunzi'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus luxus'' (Johnson, 2011) *''Procambarus lylei'' Fitzpatrick & Hobbs, 1971 *''Procambarus machardyi'' Walls, 2006 *''Procambarus mancus'' Hobbs & Walton, 1957 *''Procambarus marthae'' Hobbs, 1975 *''Procambarus maya'' Alvarez, López-Mejía & Villalobos, 2007 *''Procambarus medialis'' Hobbs, 1975 *''Procambarus mexicanus'' (Erichson, 1846) *''Procambarus milleri'' Hobbs, 1971 *''Procambarus mirandai'' Villalobos, 1954 *''Procambarus morrisi'' Hobbs Jr. & Franz, 1991 *''Procambarus natchitochae'' Penn, 1953 *''Procambarus nechesae'' Hobbs Jr., 1990 *''Procambarus nigrocinctus'' Hobbs Jr., 1990 *''Procambarus niveus'' Hobbs & Villalobos, 1964 *''Procambarus nueces'' Hobbs Jr. & Hobbs III, 1995 *''Procambarus oaxacae'' Hobbs, 1973 *''Procambarus okaloosae'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus olmecorum'' Hobbs, 1987 *''Procambarus orcinus'' Hobbs & Means, 1972 *''Procambarus ortmannii'' Villalobos, 1949 *''Procambarus ouachitae'' Penn, 1956 *''Procambarus paeninsulanus'' (Faxon, 1914) *''Procambarus pallidus'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus paradoxus'' (Ortmann, 1906) *''Procambarus parasimulans'' Hobbs & Robison, 1982 *''Procambarus pearsei'' (Creaser, 1934) *''Procambarus penni'' Hobbs, 1951 *''Procambarus pentastylus'' Walls & Black, 2008 *''Procambarus petersi'' Hobbs, 1981 *''Procambarus pictus'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus pilosimanus'' (Ortmann, 1906) *''Procambarus planirostris'' Penn, 1953 *''Procambarus plumimanus'' Hobbs & Walton, 1958 *''Procambarus pogum'' Fitzpatrick, 1978 *''Procambarus primaevus'' (Packard, 1880){{efn|† extinct}} *''Procambarus pubescens'' (Faxon, 1884) *''Procambarus pubischelae'' Hobbs, 1942 **''Procambarus pubischelae deficiens'' Hobbs, 1981 *''Procambarus pycnogonopodus'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus pygmaeus'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus raneyi'' Hobbs, 1953 *''Procambarus rathbunae'' (Hobbs, 1940) *''Procambarus regalis'' Hobbs & Robison, 1988 *''Procambarus regiomontanus'' Villalobos, 1954 *''Procambarus reimeri'' Hobbs, 1979 *''Procambarus riojai'' (Villalobos, 1944) *''Procambarus roberti'' Villalobos & Hobbs, 1974 *''Procambarus rodriguezi'' Hobbs, 1943 *''Procambarus rogersi'' (Hobbs, 1938) *''Procambarus ruthveni'' Pearse, 1911 *''Procambarus sbordonii'' Hobbs, 1977 *''Procambarus seminolae'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus shermani'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus simulans'' (Faxon, 1884) *''Procambarus spiculifer'' (LeConte, 1856) *''Procambarus steigmani'' Hobbs Jr., 1991 *''Procambarus strenthi'' Hobbs, 1977 *''Procambarus suttkusi'' Hobbs, 1953 *''Procambarus talpoides'' Hobbs, 1981 *''Procambarus texanus'' Hobbs, 1971 *''Procambarus teziutlanensis'' (Villalobos, 1947) *''Procambarus tlapacoyanensis'' (Villalobos, 1947) *''Procambarus toltecae'' Hobbs, 1943 *''Procambarus troglodytes'' (LeConte, 1856) *''Procambarus truculentus'' Hobbs, 1954 *''Procambarus tulanei'' Penn, 1953 *''Procambarus vazquezae'' Villalobos, 1954 (species name often misspelled ''vasquezae'') *''Procambarus veracruzanus'' Villalobos, 1954 *''Procambarus verrucosus'' Hobbs, 1952 *''Procambarus versutus'' (Hagen, 1870) *''Procambarus viaeviridis'' (Faxon, 1914) *''Procambarus villalobosi'' Hobbs, 1969 *''Procambarus vioscai'' Penn, 1946 **''Procambarus vioscai paynei'' Fitzpatrick, 1990 *''Procambarus virginalis'' (Lyko, 2017)<ref>{{cite journal |first=Frank |last=Lyko |year=2017 |title=The marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) represents an independent new species |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4363 |issue=4 |pages=544–552 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4363.4.6 |pmid=29245391 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *''Procambarus williamsoni'' (Ortmann, 1905) *''Procambarus xilitlae'' Hobbs & Grubbs, 1982 *''Procambarus xochitlanae'' Hobbs, 1975 *''Procambarus youngi'' Hobbs, 1942 *''Procambarus zapoapensis'' Villalobos, 1954 *''Procambarus zihuateutlensis'' Villalobos, 1950 *''Procambarus zonangulus'' Hobbs Jr. & Hobbs III, 1990 {{div col end}}

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== {{Portal|Crustaceans}} *{{Commons category-inline|Procambarus|''Procambarus''}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Procambarus|''Procambarus''}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171020232837/http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/Keys/procambarus_subgen.htm Key to the subgenera of ''Procambarus'']

Category:Cambaridae Category:Freshwater crustaceans of North America Category:Crustacean genera Category:Taxa named by Arnold Edward Ortmann Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances