Emirate of Afghanistan

{{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Short description|Afghan state from 1823 to 1926}} {{Distinguish|Afghanistan|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Emirate of Kabul {{small|{{nobold|(1834–1855) {{native name|fa|{{nq|امارت کابل}}|italic=no}}}}}}<hr/>Emirate of Afghanistan {{nobold|{{small|(1855–1926) {{native name|fa|{{nq|امارت افغانستان}}|italic=no}}}}}} | native_name = | common_name = Afghanistan | status = Principality (1823–1834) Emirate (1834–1926) ''De jure'' British protected state (1879–1919){{efn|Despite agreeing to the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak, Abdur Rahman Khan held Afghanistan as a de-facto independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as Persia and Russia, and often opposing the British.}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=395-397}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa|url=https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf|access-date=13 May 2023|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809135838/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | government_type = Unitary<ref name="Unitary">{{cite web |title=STATE-BUILDING AND STATE-FORMATION IN AFGHANISTAN: WHAT WENT WRONG? |url=https://udspace.udel.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/b2dbe201-2b72-4db3-a0c5-ba9e59a63c0b/content |date=2025 |publisher=University of Delaware |author=Wania Yad |quote=Overall, for its achievements and shortcomings, “Afghanistan became a unitary state under Abdur Rahman’s rule, and its inhabitants came to see it as such,” (Barfield 2023, 160). }}</ref> Islamic emirate | title_leader = Sardar {{small|{{nobold|(1823–1834)}}}} Emir {{small|{{nobold|(1834–1926)}}}} | leader1 = Habibullah Khan | year_leader1 = 1823–1824 {{small|(first)}} | leader2 = Amanullah Khan | year_leader2 = 1919–1926 {{small|(last)}} | legislature = Loya Jirga | event_start = | year_start = 1823 | flag_size = 125px | event_end = Transformed into a kingdom | year_end = 9 June 1926 | life_span = 1823–1926 | event1 = First Anglo-Afghan War | date_event1 = 1 October 1838 | event2 = Restoration | date_event2 = April 1843 | event3 = Unification and civil war | date_event3 = 9 June 1863 | event4 = Treaty of Gandamak | date_event4 = 24 May 1879 | event5 = Durand Line Agreement | date_event5 = 12 November 1893 | event6 = Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 | date_event6 = 8 August 1919 | p1 = Durrani Empire | s1 = Kingdom of Afghanistan | flag_p1 = Flag of the Durrani Kingdom.svg | image_flag = Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg | flag_type = Flag (1909–1926) | image_flag2 = | image_coat = 80px | symbol = Emblem of Afghanistan | symbol_type = Emblem (1909–1926) | image_map = {{Switcher|upright=1.15|frameless|Map of the Emirate of Afghanistan after the ''Durand Line Agreement''|upright=1.15|frameless|Afghanistan before the 1893 Durand Line Agreement|default=1}} | image_map_caption = Map of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1914 (green) Afghanistan before the 1893 Durand Line Agreement (yellow) | capital = Kabul Ghazni (''de facto'', 1879–1880) | official_languages = Persian Pashto{{efn|Dynastic}} | languages2_type = Spoken languages | languages2 = {{hlist|Pashto|Persian|Uzbek|Turkmen|Balochi|Pashayi|Nuristani|Central Asian Arabic|Kyrgyz|others}} | religion = Majority: Sunni Islam Minority: Twelver Shia Islam, Ismailism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity | currency = Afghan rupee (1823–1923) Afghan afghani (from 1923) | today = {{UBL|class=nowrap | Afghanistan | Pakistan | Tajikistan | Turkmenistan | Iran }} | demonym = Afghan{{Efn|from 1923}} | ethnic_groups = Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Hazara, Persian, Aimaq, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashai, Nuristani, Gurjar, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, others | flag_p2 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg | p2 = Herat (1793–1863){{!}}Emirate of Herat | p3 = Principality of Kandahar | p4 = Maimana Khanate | p5 = Kunduz Khanate | p6 = Badakhshan{{!}}Mirdom of Badakhshan | flag_s1 = Flag of Afghanistan (1926–1928).svg | iso3166code = omit }} {{History of Afghanistan}}

The '''Emirate of Afghanistan''',{{Efn|{{langx|prs|امارت افغانستان|Imārat-i Afğānistān|label=Persian}} {{IPA|prs|ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾä.t̪ʰɪ ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn|}}}} known as the '''Principality of Kabul'''{{Efn|{{langx|prs|سرداری کابل|label=Persian}} {{IPA|prs|säɾ.d̪ɑː.ɾíː.jɪ kʰɑːˈbʊ́l|}}}} before 1834, and as the '''Emirate of Kabul'''{{efn|{{langx|prs|امارت کابل|Imārat-i Kābul|label=Persian}} {{IPA|prs|ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾä.t̪ʰɪ kʰɑːˈbʊ́l|}}}} until 1855,{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=317}} and also referred to as the '''Guarded Domains of Afghanistan''',{{Efn|{{langx|prs|ممالک محروسه افغانستان|Mamālik-i Mahrūsa-yi Afğānistān|label=Persian}} {{IPA|prs|mä.mɑː.lɪ́.kʰɪ mäɦ.ɾuː.sá.jɪ ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn|}}}} the '''Sublime State of Afghanistan''',{{Efn|{{langx|prs|دولت علیه افغانستان|Dawlat-i Aliya-yi Afğānistān|label=Persian}} {{IPA|prs|d̪äw.lá.t̪ʰɪ ʔä.li.já.jɪ ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn|}}}} and the '''God-Given State of Afghanistan''',{{Efn|{{langx|prs|دولت خداداد افغانستان|Dawlat-i Xudādād-i Afğānistān|label=Persian}} {{IPA|prs|d̪äw.lá.t̪ʰɪ xʊ.d̪ɑː.d̪ɑ́ː.d̪ɪ ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn|}}}} was an emirate in Central Asia that encompassed present-day Afghanistan, as well as parts of present-day Iran, Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=188 |language=English}}</ref> Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. The emirate emerged from its predecessor, the Durrani Empire, after the Barakzai dynasty prevailed in Kabul.

The history of the Emirate was dominated by the 'Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the British Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. This period was characterized by European influence in Afghanistan. The Emirate of Afghanistan continued the Durrani Empire's war with the Sikh Empire, losing control of the former Afghan stronghold of the Valley of Peshawar at the Battle of Nowshera on 14 March 1823. This was followed in 1838 by the First Anglo-Afghan War with British forces. The war eventually resulted in victory for Afghans, with the British withdrawal in 1842,<ref name="Kohn">{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George Childs |date=2013 |title=Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |location=London/New York |publisher=Routledge |page=5 |isbn=9781135954949 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142419/https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Dost Mohammad being reinstalled to the throne.<ref name="Kohn" /> However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), the British and Afghans signed the Treaty of Gandamak, which allowed the British to assume control of the Afghan territories within modern-day Pakistan as well as of Afghanistan's foreign affairs, on the condition that a subsidy be paid to the Afghans and the British military fully withdraw. Emir Amanullah Khan signed the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, gaining full Afghan autonomy, and the removal of Afghanistan's status of being a de-jure British protectorate. In 1926, Amanullah Khan reformed the country as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, becoming its first King.

==History== Escalated a few years after the establishment of the emirate, the Russian and British interests were in conflict between Muhammad Shah of Iran and Dost Mohammad Khan, which led to the First Anglo-Afghan War, fought between 1838 and 1842.<ref name="Shultz">{{Cite book |title=Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat |url=https://archive.org/details/insurgentsterror00shul |url-access=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=22 August 2006 |isbn=9780231503426 |first1=Richard H. |last1=Shultz |first2=Andrea J. |last2=Dew}}</ref> During the war, Britain occupied the capital, Kabul, of the then called Emirate of Kabul, in an effort to prevent Afghanistan from coming under Russian control and curb Russian expansion in the region, while also keeping Afghanistan in the British fold under a puppet leader, Shah Shujah Durrani. The war ended with Dost Mohammad returning to the throne, with the British withdrawing; unable to subjugate the country, they forged greater ties instead, allowing Dost Mohammad to move toward uniting the dis-united state of Afghanistan, which split from the Durrani Civil wars brought on by the sons of Timur Shah.<ref name=baxter>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Baxter |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |title=The First Anglo–Afghan War |encyclopedia=Afghanistan: A Country Study |year=2001 |publisher=Claitor's Pub. Division |location=Baton Rouge, LA |isbn=1-57980-744-5 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+af0012%29 |editor=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125094352/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+af0012%29 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon the death of Dost Mohammad in 1863, he was succeeded by his son, Sher Ali Khan. However, three years later, his older brother Mohammad Afzal Khan overthrew him. Upon the death of Mohammad Afzal Khan in 1867 due to cholera, his brother, Mohammad Azam Khan took the throne. However, with people's support for Sher Ali Khan, in 1868, Mohammad Azam Khan was overthrown and replaced as Emir by Sher Ali, who returned to the throne after spending few short years in exile in Russia. His return as Emir led to new conflicts with Britain. Subsequently, the British marched on 21 November 1878 into Afghanistan and Emir Sher Ali was forced to flee again to Russia, but he died in 1879 in Mazar-i-Sharif.<ref>[http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php#Top Dupree: ''Amir Sher Ali Khan''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031416/http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php |date=30 August 2010 }}</ref> His successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, sought solutions for peace with Russia and gave them a greater say in Afghanistan's foreign policy. Meanwhile, he signed the Treaty of Gandamak with the British on 26 May 1879, relinquishing solely the control of Afghanistan foreign affairs to the British Empire. However, when the British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari was killed in Kabul on 3 September 1879, the British offered to accept Abdur Rahman Khan as Emir. The British concluded a peace treaty with the Afghans in 1880, and withdrew again in 1881 from Afghanistan. The British, in 1893, forced Afghanistan to consent to a new border, termed the Durand Line, which cuts right through the historic Pashtun settlement region.<ref name="LoC-Smith">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html |title=A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line |publisher=Library of Congress |location=United States |first=Cynthia |last=Smith |date=August 2004 |access-date=11 February 2011 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109025224/http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the war, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, who struck down the country reformed and repressed numerous uprisings. After his death in 1901 his son Habibullah Khan II succeeded as emir and continued reforms. Habibullah Khan sought reconciliation with the UK, where he graduated in 1905 with a peace treaty with Russia, stretching for defeat in the Russo-Japanese War had to withdraw from Afghanistan. In the First World War, Afghanistan remained neutral, despite German and Ottoman efforts (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition). In 1919 Habibullah Khan was assassinated by political opponents.<ref>Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101</ref>

Habibullah Khan's son Amanullah Khan was in 1919 against the rightful heir apparent Nasrullah Khan, the then Emir of Afghanistan. Shortly afterwards another war broke which lasted for three months.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEI5CEZX-UC&pg=PT80 |publisher=Routledge |date=13 May 2013 |isbn=9781135923105 |first1=Ruud van |last1=Dijk |first2=William Glenn |last2=Gray |first3=Svetlana |last3=Savranskaya |first4=Jeremi |last4=Suri |first5=Qiang |last5=Zhai |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519193217/https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEI5CEZX-UC&pg=PT80 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAHna6aqtX4C&pg=PA203 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=1 January 2012 |isbn=9780810878150 |first=Ludwig W. |last=Adamec |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617213750/https://books.google.com/books?id=AAHna6aqtX4C&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Aryana, ancient Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNg5AQAAIAAJ&q=%2522afghan+victory%2522+%2522Anglo-Afghan+War%2522 |last1=Pazhvāk |first1=ʻabd al-Raḥmān |year=1959 |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101175318/https://books.google.com/books?id=vNg5AQAAIAAJ&q=%2522afghan+victory%2522+%2522Anglo-Afghan+War%2522 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Year Book of the Muslim World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22afghan+victory%22+%22Anglo-Afghan+War%22 |publisher=Medialine |date=1 January 1996 |first=Mohammed Nasir |last=Jawed |isbn=9788186420003 |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101175324/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22afghan+victory%22+%22Anglo-Afghan+War%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> This war was ended with the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 after which, the Afghans were able to resume the right to conduct their own foreign affairs as a fully independent state.<ref>{{harvnb|Barthorp|2002|pp=27 & 64}}</ref> Amanullah Khan began the reformation of the country and was crowned 1926 Padshah (king) of Afghanistan and founded the Kingdom of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Afghanistan.htm |title=Afghanistan |publisher=World Statesmen |language=en |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114040627/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Afghanistan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Deprecated source|certain=yes|date=February 2025}}

== Flags == The flags used by the Emirate of Afghanistan underwent numerous changes as Afghan emirs introduced a series of distinct banners ranging from monochrome standards to complex designs incorporating Islamic motifs, royal emblems, and modern state insignia due to administrative reforms. The first use of a coat of arms on a flag was during the reign of Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, which was a solid black banner featuring a white emblem in the center, to which the succeeding Afghan emblems trace their origins to.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahab |first=Shaista |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y20MTE0C9kwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA139&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=A Brief History of Afghanistan |author-link2=Barry Youngman |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |year=2010 |pages=139 |quote=In the late 19th century, Emir Abdur Rahman flew a black flag (a traditional Muslim military banner) with the royal arms in the center in white, a mosque surmounting crossed arms and surrounded by the Durrani symbol of wheat sheaves. This flag continued in use under Abdur Rahman's successors until 1919, but only over the palace and at military bases and customs offices.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp5IrLhWbTkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA147&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |author-link2= |publisher=Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press |year=1997 |pages=147 |quote=Abdul Rahman preferred a black banner (Abu Muslim's Abbasid standard) on which was drawn in white a mihrab (prayer niche), minbar (pulpit), sword, and gun. Amir Habibullah's "national flag" (bayraq-i daulati) was similar, except that it omitted the sword and gun.}}</ref>

The earliest records of the flag of the Emirate of Afghanistan traces to the reigns of Dost Mohammad Khan:<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLAGS ii. Of Afghanistan |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/flags-ii/ |website=Encyclopedia Iranica}}</ref>

<blockquote>"In the reign of Amir Dōst Moḥammad and Šēr ʿAlī Khan there existed triangular, red and green military flags bearing the words of the Islamic confession of faith (šahāda) as well as the names of the four caliphs and verses from the Koran relating to jehād "holy war," all in white color."</blockquote>

After Ghulam Haidar Khan was captured during the Battle of Ghazni on 23 July 1839, two banners were seized by John Smith, which showed a triangular dark-red flag with a centered green circle featuring the names of the four Islamic caliphs in Ghulam Haidar's room, as well as another blue standard with designs in red and white, as well as words in red, mainly repeating the first part of the Islamic declaration of faith 15 times, implying the declaration of belief in the oneness of God.

Another standard hoisted by the followers of Mohammad Akbar Khan was captured by Armourer Sergeant Henry Ulyett during the Battle of Jalalabad on 7 April 1842, following the death of an Afghan standard-bearer in action. It was a red triangular flag with dark green outer layers, having a centered light blue traditional Islamic prayer niche with a dark yellow text featuring the Basmala with Quranic verses from the Chapter of As-Saff:<blockquote>"In the name of God, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, Help from Allah, and a victory near at hand"</blockquote>This flag was also shown depicted by Afghan tribesmen during the Battle of Asmai Heights in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, and could possibly match with historical records that document the national standard under the reign of Sher Ali Khan:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp5IrLhWbTkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA147&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |author-link2= |publisher=Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press |year=1997 |pages=147}}</ref><blockquote>"Amir Sher Ali's standard was triangular in shape, red and green, with Koranic inscriptions."</blockquote>

=== Former flags === <gallery class="center" widths="70"> File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839) File:Flag of Afghanistan (1843–1879).svg|Flag of Afghanistan (1843–1879) File:Former War Flag of Afghanistan.svg|War Flag until 1879 File:Flag of Afghanistan (1879–1880).svg|Flag of Afghanistan (1879–1880) File:Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1892).svg|Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1892) File:Flag of Afghanistan (1901–1919).svg|Flag of Afghanistan (1895–1909) </gallery>

== List of rulers ==

=== Sardar of Kabul (1823–1834) === {{Succession table monarch|name1=Habibullah Khan|life1=Unknown|reignstart1=1823|reignend1=1823|notes1=Succeeded the Durrani Empire after ousting the final Durrani King Ayub Shah Durrani, by establishing his own independent principality in Kabul|family1=Barakzai|image1=Habibullah Khan.jpg|name2=Yar Mohammad Khan|life2=1790–1847|reignstart2=1823|reignend2=1826|family2=Barakzai|notes2=Overthrew his nephew Habibullah Khan|name3=Sultan Mohammad Khan|reignstart3=1826|reignend3=6 May 1834|family3=Barakzai|life3=1795–1861|notes3=Succeeded following the resignation of his elder brother Yar Mohammad Khan, out of illness|image3=Sultan Mohammad Khan. Watercolour by a Company artist, Punjab, ca.1865.jpg|image2=Sin foto.svg|family4=Barakzai|image4=Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg|name4=Dost Mohammad Khan|life4=23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863|notes4=Overthrew his uterine brother Sultan Mohammad Khan in a coup}}

=== Emir of Kabul (1834–1839) === {{Succession table monarch|name1=Dost Mohammad Khan|reignstart1=6 May 1834|image1=Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg|family1=Barakzai dynasty|reignend1=2 August 1839|life1=23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863|notes1=Assumed the title of "''Emir''" after taking the title of "Commander of the Faithful" after waging the holy war of ''Jihad'' against the Sikhs, beginning the Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1834–1835)}}

=== Emir of Kabul (1843–1855) === {{Succession table monarch|name1=Dost Mohammad Khan|reignstart1=30 November 1855|image1=Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg|family1=Barakzai dynasty|reignend1=April 1843|life1=23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863|notes1=Restored the Emirate of Kabul after being re-installed to the throne by his son Mohammad Akbar Khan after the deposition of Shahpur Shah Durrani}}

=== Emir of Afghanistan (1843–1926) === {{Succession table monarch|name1=Dost Mohammad Khan|life1=23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863|reignstart1=30 November 1855|reignend1=9 June 1863|notes1=Recognized by the British as "Emir of Afghanistan", despite contemporary maps featuring the name of Afghanistan.|family1=Barakzai|image1=Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg|name2=Sher Ali Khan|life2=1825 – 21 February 1879|reignstart2=9 June 1863|reignend2=10 May 1866|family2=Barakzai|notes2=Succeeded following the natural death of his father Dost Mohammad Khan.|name3=Mohammad Afzal Khan|reignstart3=10 May 1866|reignend3=7 October 1867|family3=Barakzai|life3=1815 – 7 October 1867|notes3=Overthrew his uterine brother Sher Ali Khan at the Battle of Shaikhabad during the Afghan Civil War (1863–1869).|image3=Amir-Muhammad-Afzal-Khan.jpg|name4=Mohammad Azam Khan|reignstart4=7 October 1867|reignend4=8 September 1868|family4=Barakzai|notes4=Succeeded following the natural death of his brother Mohammad Afzal Khan.|name5=Sher Ali Khan|reignstart5=8 September 1868|family5=Barakzai|notes5=Succeeded following the overthrow of Mohammad Azam Khan at the Battle of Tinah Khan during the Afghan Civil War (1863–1869).|image2=Sher Ali (1825-1879) Amir of Afghanistan, photographed in 1869 by John Burke.jpg|name6=Mohammad Yaqub Khan|name7=Mohammad Musa Khan|name8=Abdur Rahman Khan|name9=Habibullah Khan II|name10=Nasrullah Khan|name11=Amanullah Khan|image4=Amir-Muhamad-Azam-Khan.jpg|image5=Sher Ali (1825-1879) Amir of Afghanistan, photographed in 1869 by John Burke.jpg|image6=Mohammad Yaqub Khan.jpg|image7=Sin foto.svg|family6=Barakzai|family7=Barakzai|image8=Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan-cropped.jpg|image9=Habibullah.jpg|image10=Emir Nasrullah Khan.jpg|image11=King Amanullah Khan.jpg|family8=Barakzai|family9=Barakzai|family10=Barakzai|family11=Barakzai|life4=1820 – 12 October 1869|life5=1825 – 21 February 1879|life6=1849 – 15 November 1923|life7=1868–1951|life8=1844 – 1 October 1901|life9=2 July 1872 – 20 February 1919|life10=7 April 1875 – 31 May 1920|life11=1 June 1892 – 26 April 1960|notes7=Succeeded following the abdication of his father Mohammad Yaqub Khan.|notes6=Succeeded following the natural death of his father Sher Ali Khan.|notes8=Succeeded following the overthrow of his first cousin once removed Mohammad Musa Khan.|notes9=Succeeded after the natural death of his father Abdur Rahman Khan.|notes10=Succeeded after the assassination of his brother Habibullah Khan II.|notes11=Succeeded after overthrowing his uncle at the 1919 Afghan coup d'état.|reignstart6=21 February 1879|reignstart7=19 October 1879|reignstart8=11 August 1880|reignstart9=1 October 1901|reignstart10=19 October 1879|reignstart11=11 August 1880|reignstart12=1 October 1901|reignstart13=20 February 1919|reignstart14=28 February 1919|reignend5=21 February 1879|reignend6=19 October 1879|reignend7=11 August 1880|reignend8=1 October 1901|reignend9=20 February 1919|reignend10=28 February 1919|reignend11=9 June 1926}}

==See also== {{Continental Asia in 1900 CE|right|The Emirate of Afghanistan and contemporary polities {{c.|1900}}}} * List of emirs of Afghanistan * Durrani dynasty & Barakzai dynasty * Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations * European influence in Afghanistan * Invasions of Afghanistan

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References==

===Citations=== {{Reflist}}

===Works cited=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Barthorp |first=Michael |title=Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947 |orig-year=1982 |year=2002 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-36294-8}} {{refend}}

==Further reading== * Clements, Frank. ''Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia'' (ABC-Clio, 2003), (online).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afghanistan, Emirate of}} Category:Emirate of Afghanistan Category:Former emirates Emirate of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan Category:Former countries of the interwar period Category:Former monarchies in Afghan history