{{Infobox person | name = Princess Qianjin | native_name = | native_name_lang = zh | other_names = Princess Dayi (大義公主) | death_date = 593 | death_cause = Executed | spouse = {{plainlist| *Taspar Qaghan *Ishbara Qaghan *Tulan Qaghan }} }}
'''Princess Qianjin''' ({{zh|c=千金公主}}) was a princess of the Northern Zhou dynasty and a poet. She was the wife of Taspar Qaghan, Ishbara Qaghan and Tulan Qaghan. She was killed by her husband in a political conflict. She was later bestowed the imperial surname Yang (楊) by the Sui dynasty and granted the title '''Princess Dayi''' (大義公主).
== Biography == Princess Qianjin was born to Yuwen Zhao, Prince of Zhao, the seventh son of Yuwen Tai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Urgunbuyan |first=Baatar |date=2023-08-28 |title=Princesses of the Central Plains Married into the Turkish Khaganate |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/modi-2023-2006/html |journal=Mongolian Diaspora. Journal of Mongolian History and Culture |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–51 |doi=10.1515/modi-2023-2006 |issn=2941-2722|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 579, Taspar Qaghan hoped to ally with the Northern Zhou through marriage. Emperor Xuan sent Taspar his cousin Princess Qianjin in return for a Northern Qi prince, an enemy of the Zhou who had taken refuge among the Göktürks.<ref name=":1">Jay, Jennifer W. "Yuwen, Princess Qianjin of Northern Zhou." In ''Biographical dictionary of chinese women'', edited by Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A.D. Stefanowska and Sue Wiles, 378-380. Armonk (N.Y.): M. E. Sharpe. pp. 378–380. {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1750-7}}.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tötösy de Zepetnek |first=Steven |last2=Wang |first2=I.-Chun |last3=Sun |first3=Hsiao-Yu |date=2013-04-24 |title=Perspectives on Identity, Migration, and Displacement |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/perspectivesonmigrationanddiaspora |journal=CLCWeb Library}}</ref><ref name=":3">Wright, David Curtis. “A Chinese Princess Bride's Life and Activism Among the Eastern Türks, 580-593 CE.” ''Journal of Asian History.'' Harrassowitz Verlag, n.d.</ref> Taspar and Qianjin married after the traditional nomadic continual marriage. Later that year, the Northern Zhou were defeated and the Sui dynasty was established.<ref name=":0" /> In this attack, Qianjin's father, three brothers, and two uncles were executed.<ref name=":1" />
Qianjin mourned the deaths of her family members and tried to convince Taspar to attack the Sui.<ref name=":1" /> After Taspar's death, she married his successor, Ishbara Qaghan, whom she persuaded to attack the Sui in 582.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> The Göktürks joined forces with Yingzhou officer Gao Baoning to attack the Sui, prompting the Sui Emperor to fortify the Great Wall.<ref name=":0" />
The Sui hoped to ally themselves with Ishbara, so Ishbara appointed an ambassador. This angered Apa Qaghan, who gathered his forces to defeat Ishbara.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Xiong |first=Victor Cunrui |title=Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: his life, times, and legacy |date=2006 |publisher=State University of New York |isbn=978-0-7914-6587-5 |series=SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture |location=Albany, NY |pages=210}}</ref> In response to this, Qianjin wrote to Emperor Wen, expressing her submission as a preliminary act of outreach.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Through their correspondence, Ishbara proposed that Emperor Wen be considered Qianjin's father, making the Emperor his father-in-law and allying the Göktürks and Sui. Emperor Wen accepted the terms and sent an envoy to visit his "daughter". Emperor Wen also changed Qiajin's name to Princess Dayi and bestowed on her the Sui imperial family surname Yang.<ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis |title=Sui-Tang foreign policy: four case studies |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0098752 |publisher=University of British Columbia |date=1990 |first=Yihong |last=Pan}}</ref> Qianjin went on to provide the Sui with diplomatic advice, urging them not to request ritual indications of Ishbara's status as a son-in-law.<ref name=":3" />
After Ishbara died in 587, his brother Chuluohou ruled briefly. Following his death the next year, Dayi married her third husband<ref name=":2" /> Ishbara's son and the new ruler, Tulan Qaghan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
In 593, a Chinese turncoat fled to the Göktürks with claims that the former rulers of the Northern Zhou dynasty, the Yuwen family, were plotting to attack the Sui. While these rumors were false, Dayi's marriage may have been harmed by these claims.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
In 589, Emperor Wen sent Dayi a room panel belonging to the recently destroyed Chen dynasty.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> This gift disheartened her, and she wrote a poem expressing her sorrow. When Emperor Wen learned of this poem, he was displeased. When she was suspected of resuming contact with the Western Turkic Khaganate, Emperor Wen feared an attack on the Sui.<ref name=":3" />
In 593, when Yami Qaghan contacted the Sui regarding a marriage alliance after the death of his first wife, they replied with the demand that Dayi be killed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Ultimately, Tulan decided to kill Dayi in her tent.<ref name=":0" /> The cause of this decision was unclear, with some sources claiming it was because she gossiped about Tulan, and others claimed Tulan was slandered.<ref name=":0" /> Others claim that she had committed adultery.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Romane |first=Julian |title=Rise of the Tang dynasty: the reunification of China and the military response to the steppe nomads (AD581-626) |date=2018 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1-4738-8777-0 |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |pages=13}}</ref> Although Tulan also requested a Sui wife, he was denied.<ref name=":6" />
== References == <references />
Category:593 deaths Category:6th-century monarchs in Asia Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire Category:Northern Zhou Category:Murdered Chinese royalty