"Penneys" redirects here. For the American retailer, see JCPenney. For the unrelated Philippine community mall chain, see Primark Town Center.
Primark Limited
Subsidiary
Trade namePrimark
Penneys (in Ireland)
Former namePenneys (outside of Ireland, 1969–1976)
IndustryRetail
Founded13 June 1969 (age 57) in Dublin, Ireland
FounderArthur Ryan, Micaela Mitchell [1]
Hq locationArthur Ryan House, 22–24 Parnell Street
Hq location cityDublin
Hq location countryIreland
Num locations (2025)476[2]
Area served
  • Ireland
  • United Kingdom
  • Spain
  • The Netherlands
  • Portugal
  • Germany
  • Belgium
  • Austria
  • France
  • Italy
  • United States
  • Slovenia
  • Poland
  • Czech Republic
  • Romania
  • Hungary
  • Slovakia
  • Kuwait
  • United Arab Emirates
Key peopleEoin Tonge (CEO)[3]
Products
Revenue (2024)£9,448 million
Num employees (2024)82,000
ParentAssociated British Foods
Websiteprimark.com

Primark Limited[4][5] (/ˈpraɪ.mɑːrk/; trading as Penneys in Ireland)[6][7] is an Irish multinational retailer specialising in fast fashion.[8] It is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland,[9] with 476 shops in Europe and in the United States and franchised shops in Kuwait and Dubai. The company was founded as Penneys; however, that brand hasn't been used outside of the Republic of Ireland since 1976 because of a trademark conflict with American retailer JCPenney. Primark is owned by Associated British Foods.

Primark sells clothing, accessories and footwear, beauty products, housewares, and confectionery.

It is a member of the UN Fashion Charter[10][11] and the Ethical Trading Initiative.[12] As of 2025, 74% of its garments use recycled fibers.[13]

The company has been criticised for sourcing products from suppliers with poor working conditions in investigations by War on Want, BBC News, as well as from notes found by alleged workers in clothing; however, some of these notes and footage have been determined to be fabricated or hoaxes.[14][15][16][17][18]

History

20th century

The company's first shop, named Penneys and still in operation today, was established at 47 Mary Street in Dublin by Arthur Ryan and his business partner Micaela Mitchell[1] in June 1969 on behalf of the Weston family, who had founded Allied Bakeries Limited in 1935, which was later renamed Associated British Foods (ABF).[19][20]

The first major shops outside of Dublin were opened in the cities of Cork and Belfast in 1971, both under the name of Penneys.[21][22]

The company opened a shop in Derby in 1973, marking its first expansion into Great Britain.[21] By 1974, it had 24 shops, including three in Scotland and two in England, all operating under the Penneys brand.[22]

JC Penney, an American company, opposed the use of Penneys as a business name. JC Penney registered the various business names of Penneys' parent company in countries throughout Europe, in order to put pressure on it to relinquish its registration of the Penneys brand, and issued court proceedings disputing the use of the brand. Following an injunction granted by the High Court of England in June 1974, the two shops in England were rebranded as Primark, named after the in-house clothing brand that had been introduced early on.[23] However, the Penneys brand continued to be used in Ireland and Scotland, and in 1975–1976, four more Penneys-branded shops were opened in Scotland and Northern Ireland.[22]

In a settlement of the trademark dispute, Penneys/Primark agreed that from 27 August 1976 onward, it would only use the Penneys brand in the Republic of Ireland, with its shops elsewhere, including in Northern Ireland, to be rebranded as Primark. In exchange, JC Penney agreed to relinquish its registration of the various business names of Primark's parent companies throughout Europe, and agreed not to trade under the Penneys brand in the Republic of Ireland.[22] Since that date, it has been known as Penneys in the Republic of Ireland and as Primark elsewhere.[19]

21st century

In 2005, Primark acquired UK retailer Littlewoods's retail shops for £409 million, retaining 40 of the 119 shops and selling the remainder.[24]

In May 2006, the first Primark shop in mainland Europe opened in Madrid, Spain.[25] In December 2008, it expanded into the Netherlands, followed by Portugal, Germany and Belgium in 2009.[26]

In January 2009, a supplier was forced by the Ethical Trading Initiative to remove its branding from Primark shops and websites following a BBC/The Observer investigation into the employment practices. The investigation alleged the use of illegal immigrant labour and argued that the workers were paid less than the UK legal minimum wage.[27]

In July 2009, having led the company since its foundation in 1969, Arthur Ryan retired as Chief Executive and became Chairman instead. He was replaced as Chief Executive by the company's Chief Operating Officer, Paul Marchant.[28][29]

Primark expanded into Austria in 2012, France in 2013, and Italy in 2014.[26]

On 24 April 2013, in the Rana Plaza collapse, a manufacturing facility for Primark and other international brands, collapsed, killing 1,134 people. Primark was the largest contributor of compensation, paying over US$10 million for deceased, missing, and injured claims.[30]

From 2014, Primark began selling makeup products.[31]

Primark opened its current headquarters in 2015 in a redeveloped Dublin building, Arthur Ryan House, formerly Chapel House.[32][33]

In 2015, Primark opened its first United States shop, in Boston.[34]

Primark started selling vegan snacks from January 2018.[35]

In April 2019, Primark opened its largest shop to date, occupying Birmingham's former Pavilions Shopping Centre of 161,000 sq ft (15,000 m2), with five floors including a beauty salon, Disney-themed café and a barbershop, and adding the largest Greggs fast-food outlet in the world in February 2022.[36][37] In June 2019, it expanded to Slovenia with a shop in Ljubljana.[38]

In February 2020, Primark launched a Wellness collection, which includes 80 products made of organic, sustainable or recycled materials.[39][40]

In August 2020, Primark opened its first shop in Poland, in the Galeria Młociny shopping centre in Warsaw.[41] This was followed by shops in Poznań, Kraków, Katowice, Wrocław and Łódź in 2021.[42] In June 2021, it opened its first shop in the Czech Republic, occupying an area of 50,590 sq ft (4,700 m2) in Prague and serving as a flagship for the region of Central and Eastern Europe.[43]

In November 2022, Primark introduced an online shopping service, inspired by losses during the COVID-19 lockdowns.[44][45]

In December 2022, Primark expanded into Romania.[46][47]

In May 2024, Primark unveiled a new brand identity, revealing a more curved and bold logo based on its 2005 logo, along with changing the colour slightly.[48]

In May 2024, Primark expanded into Hungary.[49]

In June 2024, Primark opened an extension to its Colombo Centre, Lisbon shop, which, at 6,038 square metres (64,990 sq ft), made it the largest single-floor Primark shop in the world.[50][51]

In March 2025, in Belfast, Primark opened its first ever standalone homeware shop.[52]

In March 2025, Paul Marchant resigned as CEO of Primark following an investigation into inappropriate behaviour towards a woman in a social setting. Marchant admitted to an error in judgement, apologised to the individual, the ABF board and his colleagues, and accepted that his actions fell below the company's expected standards. Eoin Tonge, ABF's finance director, was appointed as interim CEO.[53][54] Tonge was confirmed as permanent CEO in March 2026.[3]

In May 2025, Primark entered into a franchise agreement with Alshaya Group to open four shops in the Arabian Peninsula, with one shop in Kuwait and three in Dubai.[55] The shop in Kuwait opened in October 2025.[56]

In August 2025, the business launched a mobile app.[57]

Corporate affairs

Key trends for Primark (financial years ending 17 September)[58]
YearRevenue
(£m)		Adjusted
operating
profit
(£m)		Number of
employees
(1000s)		Number
of shops		Number of
served
countries		Selling space
(million
sq ft)
20146,95066254278910.2
20155,347673612931011.1
20165,949689683151112.3
20177,053735733451113.8
20187,477843753601114.8
20197,792913783731215.6
20205,895362703841316.2
20215,593321713981416.8
20227,697756724081417.3
20239,008735764321618.1
20249,4481,108824511718.7
20259,4891,12682.64731719.5
Primark shops by country
CountryNumber
of shops
England157[59]
Spain63[60]
United States40[61]
Republic of Ireland38[62][63]
Germany32[64]
France27[65]
Scotland21[66]
Netherlands21[67]
Italy16[60]
Portugal10[60]
Northern Ireland9[68]
Belgium8[69]
Poland8[70]
Wales8[71]
Austria5
Romania4[72]
Czech Republic3[73]
Slovenia1[74]
Hungary1[75]
Slovakia1[76]
Kuwait1
Total460

In January 2024, RTÉ broadcast a six-part documentary, entitled Inside Penneys, exploring the workings of the company.[77][78]

References

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