{{Short description|Mountain range in New Jersey, United States}} {{Infobox mountain | name=Preakness Range | other_name=Watchung Mountains | image=Watchungs_PreaknessVista.JPG | image_size=260 | image_caption=Goffle Hill can be seen across a valley from a ledge near the summit of High Mountain in Wayne, New Jersey. | country= United States of America | subdivision1= New Jersey | range_coordinates= | length_mi=11 | length_orientation=northwest–south | highest=High Mountain | elevation_ft=879 | coordinates= {{coord|40|58|12.26|N|74|11|54.08|W|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | geology= {{enum|extrusive igneous|trap rock}} | age= {{enum|Triassic|Jurassic}} | map= | map_size= | map_caption= }} The '''Preakness Range''' is a range of the trap rock Watchung Mountains on the western edge of the Newark Basin in northern New Jersey. A large portion of this range is included in High Mountain Park Preserve, offering miles of hiking trails with vistas overlooking New Jersey and New York City. The peaks of the Preakness Range, the highest of the Watchung Mountains, shelter endangered ecosystems, including perched wetlands and rare trap rock glade communities.<ref name="US FWS">Joseph Dowhan et al. Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997. [http://library.fws.gov/pubs5/web_link/text/pmt_form.htm#Preakness%20Mountain Available via the US FWS National Conservation Training Center].</ref>
==Geography== The Preakness Range generally refers to the peaks of Preakness Mountain, the section of Second Watchung Mountain north of the Passaic River. Packanack Mountain, a section of Third Watchung Mountain west of Preakness Mountain, is sometimes included in the Preakness Range. Goffle Hill, historically known as Totoway Mountain, flanks the Preakness Range in the east and is usually not included in the range, but it is mentioned in association with it, being part of the northern extent of First Watchung Mountain.<ref name="1834 Description">Thomas Francis Gordon. Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey – A General View of its Physical and Moral Condition, together with a Topographical and Statistical Account of its Counties, Towns, Villages, Canals, Railroads, &c. Published by D. Fenton, 1834. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA8 Available via Google Books]</ref>
Preakness Mountain begins in Totowa, New Jersey, forming a curve which bows to the north-northeast before sweeping back towards the northwest and terminating near the Ramapo fault in Oakland, New Jersey. The three highest peaks of the Watchungs line the north-central part of Preakness Mountain in Wayne, New Jersey. Mount Cecchino, the southernmost of the three and also the lowest, rises to 755 ft (230m).<ref name="MountainZone">[http://www.mountainzone.com/mountains/detail.asp?fid=7297656 Mountain Zone – Mount Cecchino Summit, New Jersey]</ref> Immediately to the north, High Mountain reaches 879 ft (268m), becoming the highest peak of the Watchungs.<ref name="High Mtn Height">Joseph Volney Lewis & Henry Barnard Kümmel. ''Geological Survey of New Jersey - Bulletin 14 The Geology of New Jersey''. 1915. '''See Page 29''' ''Geographic Provinces: Piedmont - Watchung Mountains''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e8-zAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 Available via Google Books]</ref> Northwest of High Mountain, the second highest peak of the Watchungs, Beech Mountain, rises to 869 ft (265m).<ref name="NY-NJ Trails">[http://www.nynjtc.org/trails/overviews/ov-high.html New York-New Jersey Trail Conference – High Mountain (NJ)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226005941/http://www.nynjtc.org/trails/overviews/ov-high.html |date=2008-12-26 }}</ref>
==History== The Preakness Range was originally inhabited by the Munsee (Minsi) Lenape. Today, this Native American heritage lives on in the range's name. ''Preakness'' appears to be a modernized form of ''per-ukunees'', a Lenape term thought to mean ''young buck''.<ref name="Nelson">Nelson, William. ''The Indians of New Jersey: Their Origin and Development; Manners and Customs; Language, Religion, and Government''. The Press Printing and Publishing Company, Paterson, NJ, 1894. '''See Page 127'''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rgETAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127 Available via Google Books]</ref><ref>Hutchinson, Viola L. [http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=27 ''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names''], New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed November 14, 2015.</ref> For a time, Dutch settlers referred to the range as ''Harteberg'', which appropriately translates to ''Deer Mountain''.<ref name="Nelson"/>
As with the majority of the Watchungs, the Preakness Range saw use as a lookout during the American Revolutionary War.<ref>[http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/volumes/revwar/revwar10.html The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series volume 10, June – August 1777] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021032222/http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/volumes/revwar/revwar10.html |date=2006-10-21 }}, accessed October 18, 2006</ref> In October and November, 1780 General Arthur St Clair’s men were camped at the base of the mountain.<ref>John Austin Stevens, et al. ''The Magazine of American history with Notes and Queries''. A. S. Barnes., 1879. '''See Page 490'''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=490OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA490 Available via Google Books]</ref>
For most of modern history the Preakness Range remained a wilderness providing recreation to the inhabitants of surrounding towns. Only the southern section of the range was particularly built up, with William Paterson University acting as buffer to hold back development from encroaching northward across the main ridge of Preakness Mountain. In the 1980s, when development began to threaten the remaining wilderness of the range, a push by local citizens to preserve the Preakness Range for the public interest was begun, ultimately resulting in the creation of High Mountain Park Preserve.<ref>[http://www.northjersey.com/obituaries/50864937.html North Jersey Record Obituaries – Ethel Kauffman, open space activist.] Note: Ethel Kauffman organized a group which blocked residential development on High Mountain.</ref>
==Geology== The Preakness Range formed as molten rock extruded onto the surface 200 million years ago. At that time the range occupied the northern section of an active rift valley running through northern and central New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania. After the rift failed in the early Jurassic, the range was elevated as erosion removed the sandstone and shale surrounding the basalt lava flows of Preakness Mountain and Packanack Mountain.<ref name="USGS1">[https://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/mesozoic/mesozoicbasins.htm U.S. Geological Survey - NYC Regional Geology, Mesozoic Basins]</ref>
An interesting trait of the Preakness Range is its alternating north-south valleys. These valleys, which form two major divisions, are a result of three separate eruptive events which laid down three closely spaced basalt ridges which combine to form the main section of the Preakness Range on the northern end of Second Watchung Mountain.<ref name="US FWS"/><ref name="USGS Basalt">[https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=NJJp%3B5 USGS Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data – Preakness Basalt]</ref> These ridges decrease in height from east to west, which mirrors the order in which the ridges, really successive sheets of lava, were formed. Here, as in the rest of the Watchungs, the easternmost ridge was extruded first.<ref name="USGS 1890">Nelson Horatio Darton. ''Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey No. 67 – The Relations of the Traps of the Newark System in the New Jersey Region''. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1890. '''See Page 24''' ''Watchung Traps – Succession of Sheets''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iB0MAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA24 Available via Google Books]</ref>
==Ecology== The Preakness Range may be the most environmentally sensitive section of the Watchungs, hosting a variety of ecologically diverse areas of wilderness. The New Jersey National Heritage Program has given the Preakness Range a rating of B2, meaning it has priority as a site with very high biodiversity significance.<ref name="US FWS"/> Nine different ecological communities have been cited in the Preakness Range, including globally imperiled trap rock glade communities and increasingly rare hickory-ash red cedar woodlands.
Seven state-listed endangered plant species call the Preakness Range home, including a globally endangered species, Torrey's mountain mint (''Pycnanthemum torrei''). Twelve other rare plants survive in forested uplands and the range's perched wetlands. Some of the rare plants are reasoned to take root in the range due to the calcareous secondary minerals in the range's trap rock which may serve to increase soil alkalinity relative to the surrounding acidic soils of the piedmont region.<ref name="US FWS"/>
The mountains of the Preakness Range also provide significant habitat to wildlife. In particular, sixty species of birds are thought to breed in the range's various environs.<ref name="US FWS"/>
==See also== *Goffle Hill, which borders the Preakness Range.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *[http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/bight/newark.html Geology of the Newark Basin and Connecticut River Basin] *[http://www.nynjtc.org/region/watchungs New York-New Jersey Trail Conference - Watchungs Region]
{{Geology of the Newark Basin}}
Category:Landforms of Bergen County, New Jersey Category:Landforms of Passaic County, New Jersey Category:Ridges of New Jersey Category:Watchung Mountains Category:Volcanism of New Jersey