{{Short description|Trotskyist faction founded 1962 by J. Posadas}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox political party | name = Fourth International–Posadist | logo = Эмблема Посадистов.png | leader = J. Posadas | split = International Secretariat of the Fourth International | founded = {{start date and age|1962}} | website = {{URL|https://posadiststoday.com/}} | ideology = {{ubl|Communism|Trotskyism|Posadism}} | position = Far-left }} [[File:Juan Posadas.jpg|thumb|right|J. Posadas, founder of Posadism]] {{Trotskyism}} The '''Fourth International–Posadist'''{{efn|Also written as the '''Fourth International Posadist''',<ref>Beltrán Roca, Emma Martín-Díaz, Ibán Díaz-Parra (eds.), ''Challenging Austerity: Radical Left and Social Movements in the South of Europe'', Routledge, p. 1900.</ref> the '''Fourth International (Posadist)''', and the '''Posadist Fourth International'''}} ({{langx|es|Cuarta Internacional Posadista}}) is a Trotskyist international organisation whose followers are known as '''Posadists''' ({{IPAc-en|p|oʊ|ˈ|s|eɪ|d|ɪ|s|t|s}}). It was founded in 1962 by J. Posadas, who had been the leader of the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International in the 1950s, and of the Fourth International's section in Argentina.
Between their split from the International Secretariat of the Fourth International in 1962 and Posadas' death in 1981, Posadists developed a strain of communism, known as '''Posadism''', that included several fringe ideas, which brought them into conflict with more mainstream left-wing groups.
Posadism attempts to introduce elements of ufology into Marxist thought.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRa1JpOeG-EC&q=posadism&pg=PA245 |title=The A to Z of Marxism |last1=Walker |first1=David |last2=Gray |first2=Daniel |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-7018-5 |location=Lanham, MA and Plymouth |page=245 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gittlitz |first=A. M. |date=4 April 2020 |title=J. Posadas, the Trotskyist Who Believed in Intergalactic Communism |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/04/j-posadas-argentina-trotskyism-ufos |access-date=2020-06-24 |magazine=Jacobin |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424121412/https://jacobin.com/2020/04/j-posadas-argentina-trotskyism-ufos/ |archive-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> Arguing that only communism can allow the development of interplanetary travel, they concluded that visiting aliens from other planets must live in highly advanced communist societies and are bound to help Earth-based communists with bringing about the world revolution.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Posadas |first=J. |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/posadas/1968/06/flyingsaucers.html |title=Les soucoupes volantes, le processus de la matière et de l'énergie, la science, la lutte de classes et revolutionnaire et le future socialiste de l'humanité |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Réed |year=1968 |location=Paris |trans-title=Flying Saucers, the Process of Matter and Energy, Science, the Revolutionary and Working-class Struggle and the Socialist Future of Mankind}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Nikolaou |first=Kiveli |date=15 September 2014 |title=Posadists Believe that Socialism Can Only Be Established With the Help of Aliens |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/posadism-trotskyism-guillermo-almeyra-interview-876/ |access-date=3 March 2019 |website=Vice |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308152958/https://www.vice.com/en/article/dpw5aj/posadism-trotskyism-guillermo-almeyra-interview-876 |archive-date=8 March 2024}}</ref>
== History ==
=== Origins === When the Fourth International (FI) split in 1953, Posadas and his followers sided with Michel Pablo and the International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2 |quote=michel pablo posadas 1953. |title=International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement |last=Alexander |first=Robert Jackson |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2 |location=Durham and London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/41 41]–42 |language=en}}</ref> The Posadists began quarrelling with the majority of the ISFI in 1959 over the question of nuclear war with Posadas being a proponent as, he claimed, it would destroy capitalism and clear the way for socialism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Robert Jackson |title=International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement |year=1991 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-1066-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/659 659–664] |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/659}}</ref> The Posadists finally split with the ISFI in 1962 to form the Fourth International (Posadist).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mJRDwAAQBAJ&q=posadas&pg=PT484 |title=Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain |last=Kelly |first=John |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-317-36894-6 |series=Routledge Studies in Radical History and Politics |volume=22 |page=44 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> The group initially had a following in several countries, particularly among railway workers in Cuba, tin workers in Bolivia and farm workers in Brazil.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
There was a significant Posadist group in Cuba. Posadist guerrillas fought alongside Castro and Che Guevara in the 1959 revolution. When the Posadists split from the Fourth International in 1962, they took the Cuban section with them, meaning no other Trotskyist group was represented in Cuba in the 1960s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
The Posadist group was accused by Soviet-friendly forces in Cuba of arguing that the Cuban government should forcibly expel the American military base at Guantanamo Bay and of trying to organize workers in the town of Guantánamo to march on the nearby military base. That was taken as a justification by the government for imposing a ban on them, Castro denouncing their influence as "pestilential" at the Tricontinental Conference held in January 1966.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Robert Jackson |title=International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement |year=1991 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-1066-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/230 230–231] |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/230}}</ref> Cuban Posadists went on to claim that Castro had Guevara killed when, it turned out, he was actually in Bolivia fighting with the guerrilla movement there. Conversely, after Guevara was executed by Bolivian authorities, Posadas claimed in 1967 that Che Guevara was not actually dead but was being kept in prison by Castro's government.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/ufos-dolphins-nuclear-war-and-communism-the-stranger-than-sci-fi-political-party |title=UFOs, dolphins, nuclear war and communism: the stranger than sci-fi political party |last=Wenz |first=John |date=5 August 2021 |website=SYFY WIRE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805155728/http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/ufos-dolphins-nuclear-war-and-communism-the-stranger-than-sci-fi-political-party |language=en |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1966/01/15.htm |title=At the Closing Session of the Tricontinental Conference |last=Castro |first=Fidel |author-link=Fidel Castro |date=15 January 1966 |via=Marxists Internet Archive |publisher=University of Texas: Fidel Castro Speech Database |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> By 1968, a Posadist movement began to develop in Europe; however, the ufology elements of the movement caused it to fail to garner much traction.<ref name=":3" />
=== Decline and resurgence === In the late 1960s, the Posadists became increasingly interested in UFOs, claiming they were evidence of socialism on other planets.<ref name=":3" /> The organization soon began to wane in influence and membership, aided by an increasingly paranoid Posadas who expelled many of its members by 1975.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/posadas/critical.htm |title=A critical assessment of the former Latin American Bureau tendency within the Fourth International [Translated by Nicolas Allen, annotated by A.M. Gittlitz] |last=Gittlitz |first=A. M. |date=9 April 2018 |via=Marxists Internet Archive |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
Posadas' death in 1981 meant the virtual dissolution of the organization, with only a few isolated groups continuing to operate to the present day.<ref name=":0" /> In the United Kingdom, the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) was founded in 1963 by Posadist members of the Revolutionary Socialist League and despite several schisms and a dwindling membership, it continued to publish its newspaper ''Red Flag'' until 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&q=Revolutionary+Workers%27+Party+%28Trotskyist%29 |title=Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century |last1=Barberis |first1=Peter |last2=McHugh |first2=John |last3=Tyldesley |first3=Mike |last4=Pendry |first4=Helen |publisher=A&C Black |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8264-5814-8 |location=London and New York |page=161 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://posadiststoday.com/775-2/ |title=Homage to Brian McNeal: The Posadist IV International in Britain Renders Homage to Its Dead Comrade |date=9 January 2016 |website=Posadists Today |language=en-US |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
In the 2010s online interest in the Posadists increased, particularly in regard to their views in ufology. Several satirical and non-satirical "neo-Posadist" groups emerged on social media, making Posadas "one of the most recognizable names in the history of Trotskyism".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://theoutline.com/post/5384/the-secret-history-of-marxist-alien-hunters |title=The secret history of Marxist alien hunters |last=Gittlitz |first=A. M. |date=14 July 2018 |website=The Outline |language=en |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
== Theories ==
=== Posadist society === Posadists advocate for a society akin to those proposed by general Marxist theory. A proletarian revolution will destroy the bourgeois state, replacing it with a socialist state.<ref name=":3" />
=== Nuclear first strike === At the height of the Cold War, Posadas thought that nuclear war was inevitable. He asserted that the nuclear-armed socialist states should launch a preemptive nuclear attack that would destroy the nuclear capabilities of capitalist countries. Additionally, he believed that a nuclear catastrophe between the United States and USSR would spark the world revolution.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IMqAQAAIAAJ&q=posadas+nuclear+war+pre-emptive |title=Hayter of the Bourgeoisie |last=Hayter |first=Teresa |publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-283-97800-5 |page=144 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref>
Posadas vocally opposed the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 by the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom, believing that a nuclear war between the US and the USSR was inevitable and desirable, and would create the conditions for socialism, with the "workers' states" winning and resetting society.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bie0mgEACAAJ |title=Ted Grant: Permanent Revolutionary |last=Woods |first=Alan |publisher=Wellred Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-900007-47-4 |location=London and Minneapolis, MN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jyd7AAAAMAAJ&q=posadist+nuclear+war |title=The Latin American Revolution: Politics and Strategy from Apro-Marxism to Guevarism |last=Hodges |first=Donald Clark |publisher=W. Morrow |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-688-00315-9 |page=120 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref>
=== Scientific progress === Posadas was highly interested in the way scientific advancement could improve human lives when used for the common good, rather than for profit. In an essay written entitled "Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism" (1978), he espoused his vision of a Utopian future under the guidance of science:
{{quote|"Humanity feels pressed and oppressed by the straightjacket that imprisons science. For science is oppressed! The capitalists oppress science by using it to kill people. When science is liberated – it will not be long, in only a few years – we will wipe out all the problems, floods, hunger, and misery. All this could already be done, and it will not be long before we do. And when we do, everyone will be an architect, an engineer, a doctor, and the like."|Posadas (1978)<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://quatrieme-internationale-posadiste.org/pdf_texte/EN/JP-Childbearing-in-space-JP-final.pdf |title=Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism |last=Posadas |first=J. |year=1978}}</ref>}}
Posadas was also a supporter of space exploration by the former USSR and the People's Republic of China. He praised an alleged plan by the USSR to have a woman give birth in space, considering such endeavors the mark of an advanced society: {{quote|"If we have already the audacity to envisage childbearing in space, it is because we feel part of a quest that transcends life on Earth."|Posadas (1978)<ref name=":6" />}}
These views are in line with the more mainstream positions of Russian cosmism and transhumanism.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojMqDwAAQBAJ&q=Childbearing+in+space%2C+the+confidence+of+humanity%2C+and+Socialism&pg=PT142 |title=Space Oddities: Our Strange Attempts to Explain the Universe |last=Tucker |first=S. D. |publisher=Amberley Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4456-6263-3 |location=Stroud |language=en}}</ref>
=== Ufology === Posadas was the author of a number of works with an unconventional slant and towards the end of his life he tried to create a synthesis of Trotskyism and ufology. His most prominent thesis from this perspective was the 1968 pamphlet ''Flying saucers, the process of matter and energy, science, the revolutionary and working-class struggle and the socialist future of mankind'' which exposed many of the ideas associated today with Posadism. Here, Posadas claims that while there is no proof of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, the science of the time makes their existence likely. Furthermore, he claims that any extraterrestrials visiting earth in flying saucers must come from a socially and scientifically advanced civilisation to master inter-planetary travel, and that such a civilisation could have only come about in a post-capitalist world.<ref name=":2" />
Believing visiting aliens to be naturally non-violent and only here to observe, Posadas argues that humans must call on them to intervene in solving the Earth's problems, namely "to suppress poverty, hunger, unemployment and war, to give everyone the means to live in dignity and to lay the bases for human fraternity". The means to achieving this end remained within the mainstream Trotskyism and included ending capitalism as well as the bureaucracy of the workers' states and establishing a socialist society.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/24/opinion/make-it-so-star-trek-and-its-debt-to-revolutionary-socialism.html |title=Opinion {{!}} 'Make It So': 'Star Trek' and Its Debt to Revolutionary Socialism |last=Gittlitz |first=A. M. |date=24 July 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=3 March 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Despite Posadas himself never publishing anything on the subject after 1968,{{efn|As the conditions of his stay in Italy formally prevented Posadas from undertaking any political activity, all articles written between 1968 and his 1981 death in Paris have appeared with the dateline "1968."}} ufology nonetheless became an important part of Posadism. After his death in 1981, some Posadists continued to explore the subject, notably Dante Minazzoli,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/8381463 |title=Perché gli extraterrestri non-prendono contatto pubblicamente?: Come vede un marxista il fenomeno degli UFO |language=it |trans-title=Why do extraterrestrials not make public contact? How does a Marxist view the phenomenon of UFOs |last=Minazzoli |first=Dante |publisher=Editrice Nuovi Autori |year=1989 |location=Milano}}</ref> Paul Schulz, and Werner Grundmann.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbmCBAAAQBAJ&q=Paul+Schulz+posadism&pg=PA353 |title=Historical Dictionary of Marxism |last1=Johnson |first1=Elliott |last2=Walker |first2=David |last3=Gray |first3=Daniel |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4422-3798-8 |edition=Second |location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, London |page=353 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> Others, however, have distanced themselves from the more unconventional notions and have claimed that Posadas' interest in extraterrestrial life was a marginal point that was blown out of proportions.<ref name=":0" />
== Member parties == The Fourth International Posadist claims a number of parties as members.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://quatrieme-internationale-posadiste.org/QIP/index.php?lang=en |title=Posadist 4th International |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218083826/http://quatrieme-internationale-posadiste.org/QIP/index.php?lang=en |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is unknown how many of these organisations still exist or how many members they have. However it is unlikely there are more than a hundred members of the Posadist movement throughout the world. The organization currently lists contacts in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, however only Uruguay has a functioning party:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cuartainternacionalposadista.org/ |title=跑狗图|993994跑狗网 localhost|高清跑狗图新版 993994 |website=cuartainternacionalposadista.org |access-date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128154847/http://cuartainternacionalposadista.org/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> the Revolutionary Workers Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario).
== See also == * List of Trotskyist internationals * Nazi UFOs * Posadist Communist Party
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist|25em}}
== External links == {{Commons category|Posadism}} * [https://www.marxists.org/archive/posadas/1968/06/flyingsaucers.html Flying saucers, the process of matter and energy, science, the revolutionary and working-class struggle and the socialist future of mankind] (1968) * [https://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1116334/posts Trotskyites in Space!] at Fortean Times
{{Socialism}} {{UFOs}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Fourth International Posadist Category:Trotskyist organizations Category:Ufology Category:Nuclear war and weapons in popular culture