{{short description|American politician (1858–1933)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Porter James McCumber |image = Porter James McCumber.jpg |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = North Dakota |term_start = March 4, 1899 |term_end = March 3, 1923 |predecessor = William N. Roach |successor = Lynn Frazier |birth_date = {{birth date|1858|2|3}} |birth_place = Crete, Illinois, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1933|5|18|1858|2|3}} |death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. |resting_place = Columbia Gardens Cemetery<br/>Arlington, Virginia, U.S. |party = Republican |alma_mater = University of Michigan Law School |spouse = {{marriage|Jennie M. Schorning|1889}} |children = 2 |signature = Signature of Porter James McCumber (1858–1933).png }}
'''Porter James McCumber''' (February 3, 1858{{spaced ndash}}May 18, 1933) was a United States senator from North Dakota. He was a supporter of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and of the League of Nations.
==Early life== Born in Crete, Illinois in 1858, he moved with his parents to a farm in Rochester, Minnesota, later that year. He attended the common schools and taught school for a few years. He graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1880. He was admitted to the bar and began his practice at Wahpeton, Dakota Territory, in 1881.<ref name="Compendium">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Porter J. McCumber |url=http://www.griggscountyhistoricalsociety.com/online/compendium/mccumber_hon_p_j.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829174612/http://www.griggscountyhistoricalsociety.com/online/compendium/mccumber_hon_p_j.php |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Griggs County Historical Society}}</ref>
In his youth, he reportedly worked as a grain stacker on the farm of George Worner, near Great Bend. Worner was one of the town's founders and served in the county government.<ref name=richland>{{cite book |title=A History of. Richland County |publisher=Richland County Historical Society |location=Wahpeton, North Dakota |year=1977 |page=295 & 298 |oclc=3273577}}</ref>
McCumber married Jennie M. Schorning of Wahpeton on May 29, 1889. By 1899, they had two children.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/bismarck-weekly-tribune-the-people-of-bi/129308094/ |title=The people of Bismarck... |date=1889-05-10 |newspaper=Bismarck Weekly Tribune |page=8 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=2023-08-02}}{{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-mrs-mccumber-1/129308192/ |title=Mrs. McCumber... |date=1899-02-11 |newspaper=The Brooklyn Citizen |page=4 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=2023-08-02}}{{Open access}}</ref>
==Political career== McCumber, a staunch Republican, was elected to the territorial House of Representatives in 1884 and the territorial Senate in 1886. He served as the state attorney of Richland County from 1889 to 1891.
==McCumber Agreement== In an effort to resolve disputes over hunting territory, in 1858 the Ojibwe and Dakotas, with the assistance of U.S. negotiators, agreed to the "Sweet Corn Treaty", defining their respective lands. The Ojibwe lands were about 11,000,000 acres. The Dakota Territory became an organized territory on March 2, 1861. Two years later, the federal government, pressured by people who wished to settle there, entered into negotiations with the Pembina and the Red Lake Ojibwe. One of the representatives of the Pembina Ojibwe, who lived west of the Red River, was Little Shell. The U.S. Government asked the Ojibwe to cede about nine million acres.<ref name="turtle">{{Cite web |last=State Historical Society of North Dakota |title=Section 12: Turtle Mountain {{!}} North Dakota Studies |url=https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-1-changing-landscapes/topic-4-reservation-boundaries/section-12-turtle-mountain |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=North Dakota Studies}}</ref> In 1863, the United States signed The Old Crossing Treaty with the Red Lake and Pembina Bands of Chippewa who ceded several thousand acres of Indian lands near the Red River of the North to the United States government in exchange for a nominal amount of money to be paid to the Ojibwe. Chief Little Shell signed for the Pembina band. By 1875, the Government had compelled a substantial part of the Pembinas, on threat of loss of their annuities from the 1863 cession, to move from the unceded portion to the White Earth reservation in Minnesota. The rest remained in the area of Turtle Mountain.
In 1882, the Turtle Mountain Reservation of about 460,000 acres was established. Two years later, the area was reduced to about 46,000 acres. The federal government did not include in its calculations those Ojibwe who periodically crossed over to Canada for hunting, nor the ''Metis'', the offspring of an Ojibwe mother and an English or French fur trader. The reservation was entirely too small.<ref name=turtle/>
By 1892 McCumber was a federal commissioner. He and others met with Chief Little Shell who wanted to retain more land than acceptable to the commission, and refused to accept the terms, including the government's offer of 10 cents an acre for 10 million acres of prime farming land.<ref>[https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/2123611-matter-identity "A matter of identity", ''Grand Forks Herald'', April 3, 2010]</ref> He walked out of the negotiations in protest and never signed the subsequent McCumber Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Delorme v. United States |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/354/354.F3d.810.02-3460.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827201155/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/354/354.F3d.810.02-3460.html |archive-date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=law.resource.org}}</ref> His people were left out of the settlement. Negotiations continued with a Council of 32" selected by the local federal agent, John Waugh.<ref>[https://www.leagle.com/decision/19741425490f2d93511248 "Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians v. United States", United States Court of Claims. Appeal No. 6-72. January 23, 1974. 490 F.2d 935]</ref> Although Little Shell traveled to Washington, D.C. to file a protest in Washington regarding the negotiations, the McCumber Agreement was accepted by Congress in 1904. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewas received $1,000,000 for the 9,000,000 acres they ceded.<ref name=turtle/>
==Senator== thumb|Porter J. McCumber, U.S. Senator from North Dakota
McCumber was elected to the US Senate in 1899.<ref name=Compendium/> McCumber was re-elected in 1905, 1911, and 1916 and served from March 4, 1899, to March 3, 1923. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1922, having been defeated in the Republican primary by former governor Lynn Frazier.<ref>''Riverside Daily Press'', Volume XXXVII, Number 155, 30 June 1922</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2918013/the_decatur_daily_review/ "Ex-Senator Dies"], Associated Press</ref>
In the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (Fifty-seventh Congress) and a member of the Committee on Pensions (Fifty-eighth to Sixty-second and Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses), the Committee on Indian Affairs (Fifty-ninth Congress), the Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (Sixty-third to Sixty-fifth Congresses), and the Committee on Finance (Sixty-seventh Congress). In 1905, McCumber was an ardent advocate of a pure food law.<ref>Refier, C. C., "The Struggle for Federal Food and Drugs Legislation", ''Law and Contemporary Problems'', 1933, pp. 7-8</ref> One of his main legislative accomplishments was the Fordney–McCumber Tariff Act of 1922.
In his position on the Pension Committee, he was part of the interrogation of Colonel W.S. Metcalfe on the alleged shooting of unarmed prisoners during the Philippine–American War, at the Battle of Caloocan, on February 10, 1899. Brigadier General Frederick Funston was accused of interfering with an investigation into the alleged shooting. Metcalfe denied the charges.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4lMTAAAAIAAJ&dq=colonel+metcalf+caloocan+bishop&pg=PA1466 Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate in Relation to Affairs in the Philippine Islands, January 31-June 28, 1902, Volume 2], U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902, from books.google.com retr 2013 7 6</ref>
McCumber was Woodrow Wilson's staunchest Republican supporter in the Senate for the League of Nations.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=j0ZKDK4Bg8kC&dq=Porter+J.+McCumber&pg=PA21 Cooper, John Milton. ''Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations'', Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 21]{{ISBN|9780521807869}}</ref>
==Later life== thumb|right|Grave of McCumber and his wife at Columbia Gardens Cemetery McCumber resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C., and was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1925 as a member of the International Joint Commission to pass upon all cases involving the use of the boundary waters between the United States and Canada. He served in that capacity until his death in Washington, DC, in 1933. His first interment was in Abbey Mausoleum, adjoining Arlington National Cemetery. His remains were removed and reinterred at Columbia Gardens Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== {{CongBio|M000397}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Porter J. McCumber}} *[https://archive.org/stream/nationalmagazine22brayrich#page/388/mode/1up ''What Lies Ahead of This People''], by Porter J. McCumber, ''National Magazine'', July 1905 (with photo) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=7JZQAAAAYAAJ&dq=Porter+J.+McCumber&pg=RA23-PA33 McCumber, Porter J., "How the New Tariff Will Aid the Music Industries", ''Music Trades'', December 16, 1922]
{{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|first}} {{s-ttl|title=Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from North Dakota<br/>(Class 1)|years=1916}} {{s-aft|after=Lynn Frazier}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{U.S. Senator box |state=North Dakota |class=1 |before=William N. Roach |after=Lynn Frazier |alongside=Henry C. Hansbrough, Martin N. Johnson, Fountain L. Thompson, William E. Purcell, Asle Gronna, Edwin F. Ladd |years=1899 – 1923}} {{s-off}} {{succession box |title=Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance |before=Boies Penrose |years=1922 – 1923 |after=Reed Smoot }} {{s-end}}
{{USSenND}} {{SenFinanceCommitteeChairs}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McCumber, Porter J.}} Category:1858 births Category:1933 deaths Category:People from Crete, Illinois Category:Republican Party United States senators from North Dakota Category:Republican Party members of the North Dakota House of Representatives Category:Republican Party North Dakota state senators Category:People from Wahpeton, North Dakota Category:University of Michigan Law School alumni Category:20th-century United States senators Category:19th-century United States senators Category:Members of the Dakota Territorial Legislature