Belfast Harbour

{{Short description|Major maritime hub in Northern Ireland}} {{Use British English|date=October 2011}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} [[File:Belfast Container Terminal, April 2019.jpg|thumb|View of Belfast Container Terminal from Victoria Channel approach, April 2019]] [[File:New Belfast Liebherr crane under assembly.jpg|thumb|New Belfast Liebherr crane under assembly, May 2020]] [[File:New Belfast Liebherr gantry crane.jpg|alt=Newly assembled Liebherr gantry crane awaiting transfer|thumb|Newly assembled Liebherr gantry crane]] '''Belfast Harbour''' is a major maritime hub in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], handling 67% of Northern Ireland's seaborne trade and about 25% of the maritime trade of the entire island of [[Ireland]]. It is a vital gateway for raw materials, exports and consumer goods, and is also Northern Ireland's leading logistics and distribution hub.

The Belfast Harbour Estate is home to many well-known Northern Ireland businesses such as [[George Best Belfast City Airport]], [[Harland and Wolff]], [[Spirit AeroSystems]], Odyssey, the [[Catalyst Inc]], [[Titanic Quarter, Belfast|Titanic Quarter]] and [[Titanic Belfast]]. Over 700 firms employing 23,000 people are located within the estate.

Belfast is only one of two ports on the island of Ireland to handle a full range of cargoes, from freight vehicles to containers, dry, break and liquid bulk, as well as passenger services and cruise calls.

Belfast Harbour handled 23 million tonnes of cargo during 2015, similar to its throughput for 2014. The tonnages suggest a varying performance between sectors in the wider Northern Ireland economy.

[[File:Dusk at Belfast docks - geograph.org.uk - 1619438.jpg|thumb|Belfast docks in 2009]]

==History== Belfast Harbour's origins date back to 1613 when a [[royal charter]] for the incorporation of Belfast specified the need for a wharf at the confluence of the rivers Lagan and Farset in what is modern-day Belfast's High Street.

In the 1840s [[Samuel Kelly (coal merchant)|Samuel Kelly]] started a [[coal]] commissions and grocer along the docks. When he died in 1877, his son, [[John Kelly (coal merchant)|John Kelly]], took over and named it John Kelly's Coal Company, he would expand his fleet of ships and continue to important coal from various coal boats. John Kelly died in 1904, his son, [[Sir Samuel Kelly]] would drive the company to new heights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dictionary of Ulster Biography |url=https://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/776 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.newulsterbiography.co.uk}}</ref> Sir Samuel Kelly created it was a limited company in 1911 as [[John Kelly Limited]]. They are now known as Kelly's Fuels in the 1990s after the coal industry began to fall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-14 |title=John Kelly of Belfast - Shipping Today & Yesterday Magazine |url=https://shippingtandy.com/features/john-kelly-belfast/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Shipping Today & Yesterday |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Who's Who |title=90, Sir Ernest, (21 March 1856–4 June 1952), DL Belfast; JP; Chairman, Belfast Harbour Commissioners, 1926–45 |date=2007-12-01 |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u238514 }}</ref>

Records show that by 1663 there were 29 vessels owned in Belfast with a total tonnage of 1,100 tonnes. Trade continued to expand throughout the century, to the extent that the original quay was enlarged, to accommodate the increasing number of ships.

{{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = Port and Ballast Office of Belfast Act 1785 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Ireland | long_title = An Act to amend an act entitled "An Act for cleansing the ports, harbours and rivers of the city of Cork, and of the towns of Galway, Sligo, Drogheda and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in the said city, and each of the said towns." | year = 1785 | citation = [[25 Geo. 3 (I)|25 Geo. 3]]. c. 64 (I) | territorial_extent = [[Ireland]] | royal_assent = 7 September 1785 | commencement = 20 January 1785{{efn|Start of session.}} | repeal_date = | amends = [[Ballast Offices Act 1729]] | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | original_text = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U25BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA580 | collapsed = yes }} By the early 18th century Belfast had replaced [[Carrickfergus]] as the most important port in [[Ulster]] and additional accommodation was necessary. A number of privately owned wharves were subsequently constructed on reclaimed land. Throughout the century trade continued to expand as Belfast assumed a greater role in the trading activities of the country as a whole. In 1785 the [[Parliament of Ireland]] passed the '''{{visible anchor|Port and Ballast Office of Belfast Act 1785}}''' ([[List of acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1781–1790#25 Geo. 3|25 Geo. 3]]. c. 64 (I)) to deal with the town's burgeoning port. As a result, a new body was constituted: The Corporation for Preserving and Improving the Port and Harbour of Belfast, commonly called 'the Ballast Board'.

The Ballast Board took over the running of the port from the Belfast Corporation. The Ballast Office was established in premises on the site of the present Customs House.

Although already well established by this stage, the port remained disadvantaged by the natural restrictions of shallow water, bends in the channel approach and inadequate quays. Most vessels were forced to lighten their loads downstream at Garmoyle before they could dock at the quays and complete their discharge. This cost importers extra handling charges and the need for additional Customs supervision.

{{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = Belfast Port and Harbour Act 1837 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act for the Formation of a new Cut or Channel, and for otherwise more effectually improving the Port and Harbour of Belfast. | year = 1837 | citation = [[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. lxxvi | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 30 June 1837 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Belfast Port and Harbour Act 1843}} | related_legislation = | status = repealed | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4and1Vict/7/76/pdfs/ukla_18370076_en.pdf | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} These problems, together with an increasing volume of trade, led to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] passing the '''{{visible anchor|Belfast Port and Harbour Act 1837}}''' ([[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. lxxvi). This reconstituted the board and gave it powers to improve the port, through the formation of a new channel. Initial work on straightening the river commenced in 1839 and by 1841 the first bend had been eliminated. Thus, beginning the creation of what was to become known as the Victoria Channel. The Victoria Channel was completed in 1849. The Clarendon Dock opened in 1851 and the Dufferin and Spencer Docks opened in 1897.

{{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Belfast Port and Harbour Act 1843}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to amend two several Acts for improving the Port and Harbour of Belfast. | year = 1843 | citation = [[6 & 7 Vict.]] c. lvi | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 27 June 1843 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Belfast Harbour Act 1847}} | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = Belfast Harbour Act 1847 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act for the Amendment of the Port and Harbour Acts of Belfast, for making further Improvements and New Works there, and for the Amendment of the Belfast and Cavehill Railway and Belfast Town Improvement Acts. | year = 1847 | citation = [[10 & 11 Vict.]] c. lii | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 21 June 1847 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/10-11/52/pdfs/ukla_18470052_en.pdf | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} The '''{{visible anchor|Belfast Harbour Act 1847}}''' ([[10 & 11 Vict.]] c. lii) repealed previous acts and led to the formation of the Belfast Harbour Commissioners. This new body, with much wider powers, completed the second stage of the new channel two years later. From that time the commissioners have developed and improved the port, reclaiming land to accommodate new quays, new trades and changes in shipping and cargo-handling technology.

{{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = Belfast Harbour Commissioners Act 1871 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to explain and amend certain enactments contained in the Commissioners Clauses Act, 1847, incorporated with the Belfast Harbour Act, 1847, and for other purposes. | year = 1871 | citation = [[34 & 35 Vict.]] c. xli | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 16 June 1871 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/34-35/41/pdfs/ukla_18710041_en.pdf | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} [[File:HMS Caroline 1914.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Caroline|1914|6}} is a First World War light cruiser permanently berthed in Belfast Harbour]]

During World War II the ''Port of Belfast'' was used by the [[Royal Navy]] as the home base for many of the ships that escorted [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] and [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Russian convoys]] including {{Sclass|Captain|frigate}}s of the 3rd Escort Group. {{HMS|Caroline|1914|6}} is a First World War light cruiser permanently berthed in Belfast Harbour. It served as the training ship for some 130 reservists as the headquarters for the Ulster Division Royal Naval Reserve until it was decommissioned in 2011. After extensive restoration work, HMS ''Caroline'' opened to the public in June 2016 as a museum as part of the National Museum of the Royal Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmrn.org.uk/exhibitions-projects/hms-caroline?gclid=EAIaIQobChMInfuxgpO56QIV1GDmCh1pogbxEAAYASAAEgLEA_D_BwE|title=Caroline|publisher=[[National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth|National Museum of the Royal Navy]]}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Belfast West Power Station (formerly Power Station West) was opened in 1961 on a site in the port subleased to the Belfast Corporation Electricity Department. This subleased is today held by [[Northern Ireland Electricity]]. The station continued to generate electricity until its closure in March 2002. On 6 July 2007 the station's three {{convert|240|ft|m|abbr=on}} chimneys were demolished by controlled explosion and the remainder of the site was cleared in the following months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/6278312.stm|title=Tall chimneys come down to earth|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=6 July 2007}}</ref> The site continues to be managed by NIE on behalf of the utility regulator which has stated that the various conditions of the lease "suggest that the best use for the site going forward is electrical generation. The site is currently used for coal storage and sorting "<ref>[http://www.uregni.gov.uk/uploads/publications/2010-05-13_Consultation_on_Vacant_Sites_within_the_NIE_Land_Bank.pdf Consultation on Vacant Sites within the NIE Land Bank] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002424/http://www.uregni.gov.uk/uploads/publications/2010-05-13_Consultation_on_Vacant_Sites_within_the_NIE_Land_Bank.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }} 13 May 2010</ref>

==Management== Belfast Harbour is one of the UK's many "trust ports" and is an independent statutory body. Trust ports are not owned by government; they are obliged to operate independently and on a commercial basis. Its board – known as Belfast Harbour Commissioners – is appointed by Northern Ireland's Department for Regional Development on the basis of open public advertisement.

The commissioners currently number fifteen and are led by a chairman. The positions are remunerated and are for terms of three years. All of the commissioners with the exception of the chief executive are non-executives.

===Board members=== The current commissioners as of February 2020 include David Dobbin CBE as chairman and Joe O’Neill as CEO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/corporate/the-board|title=The Board|website=belfast-harbour.co.uk}}</ref>

===Law enforcement=== The port is patrolled by the [[Belfast Harbour Police]], which is one of the oldest constabularies in the British Isles, dating back over 160 years.

In recent times the service has faced new challenges as the relocation of marine facilities to the seaward end of the port have created opportunities to develop new residential, commercial and public spaces. In addition to traditional port users the Belfast Harbour Police now provide a range of policing services to tenants, residents and visitors who frequent the harbour estate.

==Operations== [[Image:Lagan seaways belfast april 2011.jpg|thumb|{{MS|Stena Lagan}} as ''Lagan Seaways'' in Belfast]]

===Freight=== In 2014 476,000 freight vehicles used the Port, a 2.2% increase over 2013. By 2019, [[Stena Line]]'s Belfast-Loch Ryan route, Belfast-Birkenhead and Belfast-Heysham service together carried 542,000 freight vehicles were handled; a record number for nine consecutive years.

125,000 [[Shipping container|containers]] and 6.0 million tonnes of [[bulk cargo]] were handled in 2009.<ref name="bhc ar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/corporate/the-board/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106112922/https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/corporate/the-board/|url-status=dead|title=Belfast Harbour: The Board|archivedate=6 January 2015}}</ref> By 2019, bulk cargo throughput had increased to 9.9 million tonnes and the number of containers handled at Victoria Terminal 3 increased to more than 130,000 units, carrying over 2.1 million tonnes of goods. The total trade tonnage in 2019 exceeded 24 million tonnes for the second successive year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/news/belfast-harbour-tonnages-remain-strong-255/|title=Belfast Harbour tonnages remain strong|publisher=Belfast Harbour|date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

In 1993, container operations moved from York Dock and Herdman Channel to Victoria Terminal 3; a new terminal equipped with three Liebherr ship-to-shore gantry cranes and three rail-mounted stacking gantry cranes. This terminal was operated by Coastal Container Line Limited; a subsidiary of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company; later Peel Ports Belfast. VT3 served feeder traffic from Rotterdam, Le Havre, Antwerp, Felixstowe, Southampton and Liverpool.

In 2006, a rival service operated by a subsidiary of the Irish Continental Group; Belfast Container Terminal, began to operate a service to Antwerp and Rotterdam from the Herdman Channel using a mobile ship-to-shore crane and three straddle carriers.

In 2015, Peel Ports lost the tender to operate the service at VT3 to the Irish Continental Group. Belfast Container Terminal began to operate solely from VT3 by September 2015; initially for a five-year period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icg.ie/our-businesses/container-terminal/?tab=3|title=Container and Terminal Division|publisher=[[Irish Continental Group]]}}</ref>

In October 2019, Belfast Harbour announced a £40million project to upgrade VT3 with eight new remote-controlled Kalmar rubber-tyres gantry cranes and two Liebherr ship-to-shore gantry cranes. Five of the new cranes were delivered in November 2019. The first two are expected to go into service in the first quarter of 2020. Major civil engineering works are underway to accommodate the new equipment<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/news/vt3-244/|title=£40m Investment to upgrade container terminal|date=1 October 2019|publisher=Belfast Harbour}}</ref>

The first of the two new Liebherr ship-to-shore gantry cranes arrived in Belfast at the end of April 2020. This was discharged alongside the cruise ship berth on the County Down side of the Victoria Channel to be assembled.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1260225668744437760|title=A few weeks ago a new @Liebherr_GB Ship to Shore crane arrived in Port (picture on the left) and the assembly is now complete. She will soon move across to VT3 and will increase efficiency of handling essential goods for Northern Ireland.|user=BelfastHarbour|author=Belfast Harbour|date=12 May 2020}}</ref> Assembly of gantry crane 101 was completed in May 2020. This crane was floated across the channel by barge in June 2020. The second Liebherr crane, 102, arrived in August 2020. These new Liebherr STS gantry cranes two of the three existing gantry cranes which have been on site since 1993.

=== Passenger services === 1.4 million passengers used the port's ferry services in 2014. Routes from the Port of Belfast include:

*[[Stena Line]] to [[Cairnryan]]. Stena discontinued its operations to Stranraer in 2011 in favour of new ferries, {{MS|Stena Superfast VII}} and {{MS|Stena Superfast VIII}}, sailing to its new port at Cairnryan. *Stena Line to Birkenhead. Stena bought this operation from [[DFDS]], renaming the two ships {{MS|Stena Lagan}} and {{MS|Stena Mersey}}.In early 2020, the Stena Edda - the first of two new super ferries on the route - will go into service on this route. The Stena terminal at Victoria Terminal 2 has been upgraded to accommodate the larger vessels. The Stena Edda sailed into Belfast on 26 February 2020 to test the new facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niferry.co.uk/pr-highly-anticipated-new-stena-line-ferry-arrives-in-northern-ireland-for-final-trials/|title=[PR] Highly anticipated new Stena Line ferry arrives in Northern Ireland for final trials|date=2020-02-26|website=NI Ferry Site|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>

===Ferry and rail connections=== Connecting Belfast with [[Glasgow Central railway station|Glasgow Central]] via using the coach link from [[Cairnryan]]. Trains run along the [[Glasgow South Western Line]] from [[Stranraer railway station|Ayr]] to [[Glasgow Central railway station|Glasgow Central]].

{{s-rail-start|noclear=yes}} {{s-rail|title=Ferry}} {{rail line|next=Terminus (nearest stations [[York Street railway station|York Street]] or [[Lanyon Place railway station|Lanyon Place]] )|previous=[[Ayr railway station|Ayr]] (via coach link from Cairnryan)|route=[[Stena Line]] Ferry|col={{ferry colour}} }} {{rail line|next=Terminus (nearest stations [[York Street railway station|York Street]] or [[Lanyon Place railway station|Lanyon Place]])|previous=[[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]]|route=[[Stena Line]] Ferry|col={{ferry colour}} }}

There is [[Metro (Belfast)|Metro]] bus Service 96 connecting with {{Stnlnk|York Street}} onto the [[Belfast–Derry line|Derry~Londonderry Line]] and [[Belfast Suburban Rail]] network of [[Northern Ireland Railways]].

=== Cruise ships ===

It is increasingly popular with cruise liners, with 2016 due to be the busiest cruise season in the city's history with over 145,000 passengers and crew due to visit, representing a 26% increase in visitor numbers compared with 2015.

The 2 cruise berths that are used are the Pollock dock, named after Northern Irish politician [[Hugh MacDowell Pollock]], for smaller ships and the Stormont Wharf (deep water berth) for larger ships, The extended Stormont Wharf was opened on 30 June 2009 by the [[Grand Princess]]. Pollock Dock: (Length 457m, depth 8.5m) Stormont Wharf (Length 177m, depth 10.2m)

===Property=== Belfast Harbour has extensive property interests covering about {{convert|1950|acre}}. 855 acres are used directly for port operations, {{convert|90|acre|m2}} are reserved for nature conservation and the remaining 1,005 are either leased or under negotiation.<ref>{{cite news |title=New law raises questions about future of key asset and island's second-largest port |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=25 March 2008}}</ref>

====Titanic Quarter==== {{main|Titanic Quarter}} [[Image:Queen's Island Panorama.jpg|thumb|center|825px|{{center|Panorama of the Titanic Quarter, showing the remaining Harland and Wolff buildings, the Samson and Goliath cranes and the Odyssey.}}]] Belfast Harbour's largest property project is the [[Titanic Quarter]], which is "co-promoted" with Titanic Quarter Limited.

====Holywood Exchange==== [[File:Sainsbury's Holywood Exchange2.jpg|thumb|[[Sainsbury's]] at Holywood Exchange.]] {{main|Holywood Exchange}} Belfast Harbour Commissioners and its partners made the first planning application for Holywood Exchange (previously known as D5 or Harbour Exchange) on 14 November 1995. Planning permission was granted three times and successfully challenged twice before construction commenced in December 2002; when completed the development consisted of an 11 unit 13,940 m2 (150,000 ft2) retail warehouse centre, a [[Sainsbury's]] store and service station, and a [[B&Q]] store. A 29,000 m2 (312,000 ft2) IKEA store opened on 13 December 2007.

==== City Quays ==== City Quays is a mixed-use commercial offices in '''City Quays 1''' and '''City Quays 2''' and includes shops, cafes, restaurants and other local services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/cityquays|title=Belfast Harbour|website=Belfast Harbour|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref>

====Other==== The Odyssey Complex, which consists of the Odyssey Pavilion, SSE Arena Belfast and W5 is a large sports and entertainment centre in the Belfast Harbour Estate. The [[Odyssey (Belfast)|Odyssey]] arena and pavilion is built on land owned by The Odyssey Trust under a 150-year lease with Belfast Harbour Commissioners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theodyssey.co.uk|title=The Odyssey Trust|website=theodyssey.co.uk}}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Harbour Commissioners' Office, Port of Belfast.jpg|Harbour Commissioners' Office, Port of Belfast </gallery>

==See also== *[[Belfast Lough]] *[[Queen's Island]]

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.visitmyharbour.com/harbours/west-scotland-northern-ireland/belfast-docks/charts.asp?cattype=5 UKHO charts of Belfast Docks and the approaches in Belfast Lough] *[https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/ Belfast Harbour Commissioners]

{{coord|54|37|04|N|5|54|06|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} {{UK Docks}}{{FerriesIrishSea}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Northern Ireland|Belfast]] [[Category:Transport in Belfast]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of the Irish Sea]]