Polynucleobacter

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic_taxobox | taxon = Polynucleobacter | authority = Heckmann & Schmidt 1987 | type_species = ''Polynucleobacter necessarius'' | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''P. acidiphobus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2011 ''P. aenigmaticus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2017 ''P. alcilacus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. antarcticus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. arcticus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. asymbioticus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2016 ''P. bastaniensis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. brandtiae'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. campilacus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2018 ''P. corsicus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. cosmopolitanus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2010 ''P. difficilis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2012 ''P. duraquae'' Hahn ''et al''. 2016 ''P. finlandensis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. hallstattensis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. hirudinilacicola'' Hahn ''et al''. 2018 ''P. ibericus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. kasalickyi'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. meluiroseus'' Pitt ''et al''. 2018 ''P. necessarius'' Heckm. & Sch. 1987 ''P. nymphae'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. paludilacus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. paneuropaeus'' Hoetzi. ''et al''. 2019 ''P. parvulilacunae'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. rarus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2011 ''P. sinensis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2016 ''P. sphagniphilus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2017 ''P. tropicus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2022 ''P. victoriensis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2017 ''P. wuianus'' Hahn ''et al''. 2017 ''P. yangtzensis'' Hahn ''et al''. 2016 }}

'''''Polynucleobacter''''' is a genus of bacteria, originally established by Heckmann and Schmidt (1987)<ref>Heckmann, K. and H. J. Schmidt (1987) ''Polynucleobacter necessarius'' gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately endosymbiotic bacterium living in the cytoplasm of ''Euplotes aediculatus''. [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-37-4-456 Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:456-457.] (doi: 10.1099/00207713-37-4-456)</ref> to exclusively harbor obligate endosymbionts of ciliates belonging to the genus ''Euplotes''.

Recently, several new ''Polynucleobacter'' species were described,<ref>Hahn, M.W., E. Lang, U. Brandt, H. Lünsdorf, Q. L. Wu, and E. Stackebrandt (2010) ''Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus'' sp. nov., free-living planktonic bacteria inhabiting freshwater lakes and rivers. [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.002421 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:166-173.] (doi:10.1099/ijs.0.010595-0)</ref><ref>Hahn, M.W., E. Lang, U. Brandt, and C. Spröer (2011) ''Polynucleobacter acidiphobus'' sp. nov., a representative of an abundant group of planktonic freshwater bacteria. [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.023929-0 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61:788-794.] (doi:10.1099/ijs.0.023929-0)</ref><ref>Hahn, M.W., E. Lang, M. Tarao, and U. Brandt (2011) ''Polynucleobacter rarus'' sp. nov., a free-living planktonic bacterium isolated from an acidic lake. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/61/4/781.abstract?sid=658c4d44-99dc-434c-8c9a-9d09c9e703e2 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61:781-787] (doi:10.1099/ijs.0.017350-0)</ref><ref>Hahn, M.W., A. Minasyan, E. Lang, U. Koll, and C. Spröer (2012) ''Polynucleobacter difficili''s sp. nov., a planktonic freshwater bacterium affiliated with subclustr B1 of the genus ''Polynucleobacter''. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/62/2/376.abstract?sid=84b2c304-d23a-4524-bfae-6e4ba12a38b4 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62:376-383.] (doi:10.1099/ijs.0.031393-0)</ref><ref>Hahn, M.W., J. Schmidt, A. Pitt, S.J. Taipale, and E. Lang (2016) Reclassification of four ''Polynucleobacter necessarius'' strains as representatives of ''Polynucleobacter asymbioticus'' comb. nov., ''Polynucleobacter duraquae'' sp. nov., ''Polynucleobacter yangtzensis'' sp. nov. and ''Polynucleobacter sinensis'' sp. nov., and emended description of ''Polynucleobacter necessarius''. [http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.001073 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66: 2883-2892.] (doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001073)</ref><ref>Hahn, M.W., L.R. Huymann, U. Koll, J. Schmidt, E. Lang, M. Hoetzinger (2017) ''Polynucleobacter wuianus'' sp. nov., a free-living freshwater bacterium affiliated with the cryptic species complex PnecC. [http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.001637 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67: 379-385.] (doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001637)</ref><ref>Pitt A., Schmidt J., Lang E., Whitman W.B., Woyke T., Hahn M. W. (2018). ''Polynucleobacter meluiroseus'' sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a lake located in the mountains of the Mediterranean island of Corsica. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. '''68''': 1975-1985 [http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/deliver/fulltext/ijsem/68/6/1975_ijsem002777.pdf?itemId=/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.002777&mimeType=pdf&isFastTrackArticle=]</ref><ref>Hoetzinger M., Schmidt J., Pitt A., Koll U., Lang E., Hahn M.W. (2019) ''Polynucleobacter paneuropaeus'' sp. nov., characterized by six strains isolated from freshwater lakes located along a 3000 km north–south cross-section across Europe. [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.003130 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. '''69''':203-213.] (doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003130)</ref><ref>Hahn M.W., Pitt A., Schmidt J., Camacho A. (2022) Fourteen new ''Polynucleobacter'' species: ''P. brandtiae'' sp. nov., ''P. kasalickyi'' sp. nov., ''P. antarcticus'' sp. nov., ''P. arcticus'' sp. nov., ''P. tropicus'' sp. nov., ''P. bastaniensis'' sp. nov., ''P. corsicus'' sp. nov., ''P. finlandensis'' sp. nov., ''P. ibericus'' sp. nov., ''P. hallstattensis'' sp. nov., ''P. alcilacus'' sp. nov., ''P. nymphae'' sp. nov., ''P. paludilacus'' sp. nov. and ''P. parvulilacunae'' sp. nov. [https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.005408 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. '''72''':5408.] (doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005408)</ref> which all represent free-living (i.e. not host-associated) planktonic freshwater bacteria. Thus, the genus ''Polynucleobacter'' currently includes one species containing obligate endosymbionts of ciliates and nine species representing free-living planktonic strains. The type strains of the planktonic species were isolated from freshwater systems located in Antarctica, Armenia, Austria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Spain, Uganda, and the United States. Currently, the genus harbors 31 species.

Free-living ''Poynucleobacter'' bacteria represent important members of bacterioplankton in freshwater systems such as lakes, ponds, and streams.<ref>Jezberová, J., J. Jezbera, U. Brandt, E.S. Lindström, S. Langenheder, and M.W. Hahn (2010). Ubiquity of ''Polynucleobacter necessarius'' ssp. ''asymbioticus'' in lentic freshwater habitats of a heterogenous 2000 km2 area. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02106.x/abstract;jsessionid=D1A0FDB07D6DCDF1FAED276EA094EBC7.f02t04 Environ. Microbiol. 12 : 658-669.]</ref>

==Genomics== Two genome projects are finished on ''P. necessarius'' strains: one project on an obligately freeliving strain isolated from an acidic freshwater pond,<ref>[http://www.genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/GOLDCards.cgi?goldstamp=Gc00537 GOLD CARD: Gc00537] Genome project: ''Polynucleobacter necessarius'' subsp. ''asymbioticus'' QLW-P1DMWA-1, GOLD - Genomes OnLine Database</ref> and one project on an obligate endosymbiont of the ciliate ''Euplotes aediculatus''.<ref>[http://www.genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/GOLDCards.cgi?goldstamp=Gc00757 GOLD CARD: Gc00757] Genome project: ''Polynucleobacter necessarius'' subsp. ''necessarius'' STIR1, GOLD - Genomes OnLine Database</ref> Analyses of the genome sequences resulted in the discovery of a conserved RNA motif.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/polynucleobacter Genus: ''Polynucleobacter''] - LPSN, List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=44013 ''Polynucleobacter''] – NCBI Taxonomy Browser

Category:Burkholderiaceae Category:Bacteria genera