Polygyridae

{{Short description|Family of gastropods}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Neohelix dentifera.jpg |image_caption = A live individual of ''Neohelix dentifera'' |image2 = MesodonThyroidusExBinney.jpg |image2_caption = Three views of a shell of ''Mesodon thyroidus'' from W. G. Binney, 1878<ref>Binney, William G. (1878). The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States and Adjacent Territories of North America. Vol. 5 (plates). Bull. Mus. Comparative Zool., Harvard. Plate 11.</ref> |taxon = Polygyridae |authority = Pilsbry, 1895 |subdivision_ranks = Genera |subdivision = ''See text'' |display_parents= 3 }}

'''Polygyridae''' is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.<ref name="WoRMS">MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993919 on 2021-02-11</ref>

The Polygyridae make up a significant proportion of the land snail fauna of eastern North America, and are also found in western North America, northern Central America, and are present on some Caribbean islands. The definitive reference to the group is Henry Pilsbry's 1940 monograph.<ref name="Pilsbry1940">Pilsbry, Henry A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(2): 575-994.</ref>

==Anatomy== This snail family is distinguished from other gastropods on the basis of several anatomical features: They have no dart apparatus (see love dart), the muscles which allow the eyes and pharynx to be retracted are united into a single band, and the jaws are ribbed.<ref>Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(1): 1.</ref>

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 35 (according to the values in this table).<ref name="Barker">Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]''. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.</ref>

==Taxonomy== According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) this family consists of the following subfamilies and tribes: *Subfamily Polygyrinae Pilsbry, 1895 ** tribe Allogonini Emberton, 1995 ** tribe Ashmunellini Webb, 1954 ** tribe Polygyrini Pilsbry, 1895 ***subtribe Mesodontina Tryon, 1866 *** subtribe Polygyrina Pilsbry, 1895 *** subtribe Stenotrematina Emberton, 1995 *Subfamily Triodopsinae Pilsbry, 1940

==Genera== This family is defined by an absent diverticulum and absent stimulatory organ. The two subfamilies, Polygyrinae and Triodopsinae, are distinguished on the basis of reproductive anatomy,<ref>Pilsbry, H. A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). ''Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia'' Monograph 3, 1(2): 576.</ref><ref>Emberton, K. C. 1991. The genetic, allozymic and conchological evolution of the tribe Mesodontini. ''Malacologia'' 33 (1-2): 71-178</ref><ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=77429] Polygyridae at ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System); accessed 18 Dec. 2007.</ref> as some species in the subfamily Polygyrinae show a penial appendage. This family is monophyletic.<ref name="Polygirid relations">{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00903.x | author=Emberton, K. C.| title=Polygyrid relations: a phylogenetic analysis of 17 subfamilies of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)| journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| year=1991| volume=103| issue=3| pages=207–224| url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119842427/abstract| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105071701/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119842427/abstract| url-status=dead| archive-date=2013-01-05| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Pilsbry<ref name="Pilsbry1940"/> uses the generic names ''Allogona'', ''Ashmunella'', ''Giffordius'', ''Mesodon'', ''Polygyra'', ''Praticolella'', ''Stenotrema'', ''Trilobopsis'', ''Triodopsis'', and ''Vespericola''. The remaining names listed here have either been elevated from Pilsbry's subgenera since 1940, or newly created.

Subfamily Polygyrinae: * ''Appalachina'' * ''Daedalochila'' * ''Euchemotrema'' * ''Fumonelix'' * ''Giffordius'' * ''Hochbergellus'' * ''Inflectarius'' * ''Linisa'' * ''Lobosculum'' * ''Mesodon'' * ''Millerelix'' * ''Patera'' * ''Polygyra'' * ''Praticolella'' * ''Stenotrema'' * ''Trilobopsis''

Shells of species within the Polygyrinae <gallery class="center"> Image:PHiptAll2.jpg|''Daedalochila hippocrepis'' Image:EuchemotremaFraternum1.jpg|''Euchemotrema fraternum'' Image:LinisaTamaulipasensis.jpg|''Linisa tamaulipasensis'' Image:LobosculumPustula1.jpg|''Lobosculum pustula'' Image:MesodonClenchi1.jpg|''Patera clenchi'' Image:PateraPerigraptus1.jpg|''Patera perigrapta'' Image:PolygyraSeptemvolvaVolvoxis.jpg|''Polygyra septemvolva volvoxis'' Image:PraticolellaBerlandieriana.jpg|''Praticolella berlandieriana'' Image:StenotremaFlorida1.jpg|''Stenotrema florida'' Image:TrilobopsisLoricata.jpg|''Trilobopsis loricata'' </gallery>

Subfamily Triodopsinae: * ''Allogona'' * ''Ashmunella'' * ''Cryptomastix'' * ''Neohelix'' * ''Triodopsis'' * ''Vespericola'' * ''Webbhelix'' * ''Xolotrema''

Shells of species within the Triodopsinae <gallery class="center"> Image:AllogonaPtychophora1.jpg|''Allogona ptychophora'' Image:AshLevAngAll.jpg|''Ashmunella levettei angigyra'' Image:CryptomastixMullaniClappi.jpg|''Cryptomastix mullani clappi'' Image:TriodopsisHopetonensis.jpg|''Triodopsis hopetonensis'' Image:VespericolaArmigera.jpg|''Vespericola armiger'' Image:WebbxMultiAll.jpg|''Webbhelix multilineata'' </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == *{{Commons category-inline|Polygyridae}}

Category:Polygyridae Category:Taxa named by Henry Augustus Pilsbry Category:Gastropod families