{{Infobox Mandir | name = Po Nagar | image = File:Ganesh Tempel Po Nagar Nha Trang.jpg | alt = | caption = Ganesh Temple in Po Nagar | map_type = Vietnam | map_caption = Location in Vietnam | coordinates = {{coord|12|15|55|N|109|11|44|E|type:landmark_region:VN_source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=inline,title}} | other_names = | country = Vietnam | province = Khanh Hoa | district = | location = Nha Trang | elevation_m = | deity = Yan Po Nagar | festivals = | architecture = Champa | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | inscriptions = | year_completed = mid-10th to 13th century<ref>estimates by Trần Kỳ Phương (Tran 2009, 182)</ref> | creator = | website = }}
'''Po Nagar''' is a Cham temple tower founded sometime before 781 and located in the medieval principality of Kauthara, near modern Nha Trang in Vietnam. It is dedicated to Yan Po Nagar, the goddess of the country, who came to be identified with the Hindu goddesses Bhagavati and Hariti, and who in Vietnamese is called Thiên Y Thánh Mẫu.
==History== A stele dated 781 indicates that the Cham King Satyavarman regained power in the area of "Ha-Ra Bridge", and that he restored the devastated temple. From this inscription can be deduced that the area previously had come under temporary foreign dominion, and that foreign vandals had damaged the already existing temple. Other steles indicate that the temple had contained a mukhalinga decorated with jewelry and resembling an angel's head. Foreign robbers, perhaps from Java, "men living on food more horrible than cadavers, frightful, completely black and gaunt, dreadful and evil as death" had arrived in ships, had stolen the jewelry and had broken the linga.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|91}} Though the king had chased the robbers out to sea, the treasure had been lost forever. The steles also indicate that the king restored the linga in 784.<ref>Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers'', p.192.</ref><ref name=Maspero>Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9789747534993}}</ref>{{rp|48}}
The Cham military leader Senapati Par, under the reign of Harivarman I, made endowments in 817. Senapati made attacks on the Khmers under Jayavarman II. Harivarman I was succeeded by his son, Vikrantavarman III, who also made endowments.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|104}}
A stele dated 918 by the Cham King Indravarman III states an order to build a golden statue to the goddess Bhagavati. Later steles report that the original gold statue was stolen by the Khmer's Rajendravarman II in 950,<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|124}} and that in 965, the king Jaya Indravarman I replaced the lost statue with a new stone one.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|124}}<ref name=Maspero/>{{rp|56}} A stele dated 1050 says that offerings of land, slaves, jewelry, and precious metals were made to the statue by Jaya Paramesvaravarman I.<ref name=Maspero/>{{rp|61}} Paramabhodisattva made "rich offerings" in 1084 after reuniting the country.<ref name=Maspero/>{{rp|73}} Jaya Indravarman III gave the temple a Shivalinga and a Shrishana Vishnu in 1141 and another donation in 1143.<ref name=Maspero/>{{rp|75}} In 1160, Jaya Harivarman I "offered rich gifts".<ref name=Maspero/>{{rp|77}} An inscription states Jayavarman VII of the Khmer Empire, "took the capital of Champa and carried of all the lingas."<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|170}} Later steles indicate the celebration of a cult in honor of the goddess Yan Po Nagar, as well as the presence of statues dedicated to the principal deities of Buddhism.<ref>Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers'', p.192 f.</ref>
In the 17th century, the Vietnamese occupied Champa and took over the temple, calling it Thiên Y Thánh Mẫu Tower.<ref>Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers'', p.198.</ref> A number of Vietnamese legends regarding the goddess and the tower have come into being.
==Site== thumb|left|The towers of Po Nagar are located on a hill. The Po Nagar complex is situated on Cù Lao Mountain. It consists of three levels, the highest of which encompasses two rows of towers. The main tower is about 25 m high.<ref>Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers'', p.209 ff.</ref>
right|thumb|Durga, the slayer of the buffalo-demon, is represented on the pediment above the entrance to the temple. The temple's central image is a 1.2m tall stone statue of the goddess Yan Po Nagar sitting cross-legged, dressed only in a skirt, with ten hands holding various symbolic items. According to Vietnamese scholar Ngô Vǎn Doanh, these attributes show that Yan Po Nagar was identified also with the Hindu goddess Mahishasuramardini or Durga, the slayer of the buffalo-demon. Another sculpture of the goddess Mahishasuramardini may be found in the pediment above the entrance to the temple: it depicts the four-armed goddess holding a hatchet, a lotus and a club, and standing on a buffalo.<ref>Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers'', p.194 f., 212 f.</ref> This sculpture belongs to the Tra Kieu style of Cham art from the end of the 10th century or the beginning of the 11th century.<ref>Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers'', p.215.</ref>
==See also== * Art of Champa * Phosop
==References== <references/> ;Bibliography * Coedès, George, ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia''. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1968. * Ngô Vǎn Doanh, ''Champa: Ancient Towers''. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 2006. Chapter 14: "Po Nagar Tower: The Temple of the Goddess of the Country," pp. 187 ff. * Trần Kỳ Phương (2009): The Architecture of the Temple-Towers of Ancient Champa. in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore
==External links== {{Commons category|Thap Po Nagar}} * [https://khanhhoatravel.com.vn/en/ponagar-tower/ Information about Po Nagar] {{Hindu temples in Vietnam}} {{Champa topics}} Category:Yang Po Inu Nagar Taha Category:8th-century religious buildings and structures Category:Hindu temples in Vietnam Category:Buildings and structures in Nha Trang Category:Tourist attractions in Khánh Hòa province Category:8th-century establishments in Vietnam