{{Short description|Genus of annelids (fossil)}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Tremadocian|Middle Devonian}} | image = Plumulites bengstoni.jpg | image_caption = A digital reconstruction of ''Plumulites bengstoni'' | image2 = Plumulites fossil.jpg | image2_caption = Fossil of two articulated ''Plumulites bengstoni'' | display_parents = 2 | parent_authority = Jell, 1979 | taxon = Plumulites | type_species = '''''Plumulites canadensis''''' | type_species_authority = Woodward, 1889 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}
'''''Plumulites''''' is an extinct genus of machaeridians, an extinct annelid group.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Jakob Vinther & David Rudkin |year=2010 |title=The first articulated specimen of ''Plumulites canadensis'' (Woodward, 1889) from the Upper Ordovician of Ontario, with a review of the anterior region of Plumulitidae (Annelida: Machaeridia) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=327–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00938.x |bibcode=2010Palgy..53..327V |doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Description == ''Plumulites'' is normally small animal, for example complete specimen of ''P. canadensis'' reached only {{Convert|16.5|mm|in}}, and ''P. bengtsoni'' being {{Convert|28|mm|in}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> However, several largest specimens probably reached around {{Convert|15|cm|in}}, making ''Plumulites'' largest machaeridians ever known.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
Fossils of ''Plumulites'' were mostly known from isolated sclerites, and originally considered as arthropod or an echinoderm. However, complete sclerite assemblages of ''P. richorum'' described in 1979 has shown that this animal is more likely to be annelid worm, the group which includes modern-day earthworm, leech and bristleworm.<ref name=":6" />
According to complete specimens, this animal is surrounded by pairs of outer and interior shell plates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Some of anterior outer and interior shell plates different in shape.<ref name=":7" /> Specimen of ''P. bengtsoni'' shows soft tissue including parapodia and chaetae.<ref name=":4" />
== Taxonomy == Preservation of jaw element of ''P. bengtsoni'' leads conclusion that machaeridians should be placed within the crown group of Phyllodocida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parry |first1=Luke A. |last2=Edgecombe |first2=Gregory D. |last3=Sykes |first3=Dan |last4=Vinther |first4=Jakob |date=2019-07-24 |title=Jaw elements in Plumulites bengtsoni confirm that machaeridians are extinct armoured scaleworms |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=286 |issue=1907 |article-number=20191247 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1247 |pmc=6661337 |pmid=31337310}}</ref>
=== Species === As of 1929, more than 20 species have been described.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=British Museum (Natural History). |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8581 |title=Catalogue of the Machaeridia (Turrilepas and its allies) in the Department of Geology |last2=History) |first2=British Museum (Natural |last3=Withers |first3=Thomas Henry |date=1926 |location=London}}</ref> Subsequent studies have described many more species.
* ''P. canadensis ''<small>Woodward, 1889 (type)</small> Ottawa, Canada, Katian (Upper Ordovician)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /> * ''P. australis'' <small>Talent, 1963</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/taxon-4813911.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> * ''P. bengtsoni'' <small>Vinther, Van Roy & Briggs, 2008</small> Fezouata Formation, Morocco, Upper Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician)<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Vinther |first1=Jakob |last2=Van Roy |first2=Peter |last3=Briggs |first3=Derek E. G. |date=2008 |title=Machaeridians are Palaeozoic armoured annelids |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06474 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=451 |issue=7175 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1038/nature06474 |pmid=18185586 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..185V |s2cid=4401508 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''P. bohemicus'' <small>Barrande, 1868</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. chikunensis'' <small>Kobayashi, 1934</small> Chikunsan shale (Jigunsan Formation), South Korea, Llandeilian (Middle Ordovician)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Teiichi |last2=Hamada |first2=Takashi |date=1976 |title=Occurrences of the Machaeridia in Japan and Malaysia |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1945/52/7/52_7_371/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=Proceedings of the Japan Academy |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=371–374 |doi=10.2183/pjab1945.52.371|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Duck Keun |last2=Lee |first2=Dong-Chan |date=1992 |title=PLUMULITES FROM THE JIGUNSAN FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) DONGJEOM AREA, KOREA |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01385856 |journal=고생물학회지 |language=ko |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=52–58 |issn=1225-0929}}</ref> * ''"P". clarki'' <small>Shaw, 1966</small> (=?''P. mobergi'' <small>Clark, 1924</small>) Highgate Formation, Vermont, USA, Lower Ordovician<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Alan B. |date=1966 |title=Paleontology of Northwestern Vermont. XII. Fossils from the Ordovician Highgate Formation |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1312–1330 |jstor=1301947 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> * ''P. compar'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. contarius'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. dalecarlicus'' <small>Moberg, 1914</small> Scania, Sweden, Middle Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. delicatus'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Silurian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. devonicus'' <small>J. M. Clarke, 1882</small> Hamilton group, New York, USA, Middle Devonian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. discretus'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Silurian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. esthonicus'' <small>Withers, 1921</small> Jewe Station, Esthonia, Middle Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. eueides'' <small>Högström ''et al.'', 2008</small> Boda Limestone, Siljan district, Sweden, Lower Ordovician (Katian–Hirnantian)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Högström |first1=Anette E.S. |last2=Ebbestad |first2=Jan Ove R. |last3=Suzuki |first3=Yutaro |date=2009 |title=Armoured annelids and molluscs from the Upper Ordovician Boda Limestone, central Sweden |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11035890903189801 |journal=GFF |language=en |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=245–252 |doi=10.1080/11035890903189801 |bibcode=2009GFF...131..245H |s2cid=140672683 |issn=1103-5897|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''P. folliculum'' <small>Barrande, 1868</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. fraternus'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Middle Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. gracillimus'' <small>Ringueberg, 1888</small> Rochester Shale, New York, USA, Middle Silurian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. gumunsoensis'' <small>Choi & Kim, 1989</small> Dumugol Formation, South Korea, Upper Tremadocian<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Duck Keun |last2=Kim |first2=Keon Ho |date=1989 |title=Problematic Fossils from the Dumugol Formation(Lower Ordovician), Dongjeom Area, Korea |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01603229 |journal=지질학회지 |language=ko |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=405–412 |issn=0435-4036}}</ref> * ''P. kutscheri'' <small>Schrank, 1978</small> Germany, Upper Wenlock Epoch (Silurian)<ref name=":4" /> * ''P. lamonti'' <small>Candela & Crighton, 2017</small> Law Linn Formation, Pentland Hills, Scotland, Telychian (Silurian)<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Candela |first1=Y. |last2=Crighton |first2=W. R. B. |date=2017-01-27 |title=Addenda to the record of machaeridian shell plates in the Wether Law Linn Formation (Late Llandovery), Pentland Hills, Scotland |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312961619 |journal=Scottish Journal of Geology |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1144/sjg2016-006 |bibcode=2017ScJG...53...35C |s2cid=132750137 |issn=0036-9276}}</ref> * ''P. llanvirnensis'' <small>Withers & Henry, 1926</small> Pembrokeshire, Wales, United Kingdom, Skiddavian (Lower Ordovician)<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. malayensis'' <small>Kobayashi & Hamada, 1976</small> Pulau Langgon, Langkawi Islands, Malaysia, Upper Ordovician<ref name=":2" /> * ''P. minumus'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Silurian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. mitchelli'' <small>R. Etheridge, 1890</small> Bowning Creek, New South Wales, Australia, ?Wenlock Epoch (Silurian)<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. mobergi'' <small>T. H. Clark, 1924</small> Quebec, Canada, Lower Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. ornatus'' <small>Chapman, 1910</small> Victoria, Australia, Melbournian (Silurian)<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. peachi'' <small>Nicholson & Etheridge, 1880</small> Ayrshire, Scotland, Ashgillian (Upper Ordovician) * ''P. primus'' <small>Kobayashi, 1934</small> Dumugol Formation, South Korea, Upper Tremadocian<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> * ''P. pygmaeus'' <small>Moberg, 1914</small> Dalarna, Sweden, Lower Silurian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. rastritum'' <small>Moberg, 1914</small> Dalarna, Sweden, Lower Silurian<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. regius'' <small>Barrande, 1872</small> Bohemia, Czech Republic, Middle-Upper Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. richorum'' <small>Jell, 1979</small> Humevale Formation, Victoria, Australia, Early Devonian<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Jell |first=Peter A. |date=1979 |title=Plumulites and the machaeridian problem |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115517908527797 |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=253–259 |doi=10.1080/03115517908527797 |bibcode=1979Alch....3..253J |issn=0311-5518|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''P. ruskini'' <small>Lamont, 1978</small> Wether Law Linn Formation, Pentland Hills, Scotland, Telychian (Silurian)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Candela |first1=Yves |last2=Crighton |first2=William R. B. |date=2015-01-23 |title=Revision of ''Plumulites ruskini'' Lamont, and new data from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills, Scotland |journal=Scottish Journal of Geology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1144/sjg2014-053 |bibcode=2015ScJG...51...31C |s2cid=131111779 |issn=0036-9276}}</ref> * ''P. scoticus'' <small>R. Etheridge, 1878</small> Balclatchie group, Ayrshire, Scotland, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician)<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. tafennaensis'' <small>Chauvel, 1967</small> Morocco, Caradoc (Upper Ordovician) and Tafilalt Biota, Morocco, Katian (Upper Ordovician)<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Lefebvre |first1=Bertrand |last2=Van Roy |first2=Peter |last3=Zamora |first3=Samuel |last4=Gutiérrez-Marco |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Nohejlová |first5=Martina |date=2022-03-31 |title=The Late Ordovician Tafilalt Biota, Anti-Atlas, Morocco: a high-latitude perspective on the GOBE |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=485 |issue=1 |pages=5–35 |doi=10.1144/sp485-2022-29 |bibcode=2022GSLSP.485....5L |s2cid=247351043 |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> * ''P. törnquisti'' <small>Moberg, 1914</small> Dalarna, Sweden, Middle Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. trentonensis'' <small>Withers & Henry, 1926</small> Middle Trenton Beds, New York, USA, Middle Ordovician<ref name=":12" /> * ''P. yeringiae'' <small>Chapman, 1910</small> Victoria, Australia, Yeringian (Silurian)<ref name=":12" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *{{Wikispecies-inline|Plumulites canadensis|''Plumulites canadensis''}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q7205490|from2=Q21291236}}
Category:Prehistoric annelid genera Category:Fossils of the Czech Republic Category:Letná Formation Category:Fezouata Formation fossils Category:Fossil taxa described in 1889 Category:Devonian genus extinctions Category:Annelids Category:Polychaete genera