Pleuroctenium

{{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Geological range|510|506|early Middle Cambrian (Amgaian to Mayaian)}} | image = Pleuroctenium granulatum granulatum.jpg | image_caption = ''Pleuroctenium granulatum granulatum'' Menevia Formation, Wales | taxon = Pleuroctenium | authority = Hawle & Corda, 1847<ref name='Fatka'>{{cite journal|last1=FATKA|first1=O.|last2=HERYNCK|first2=J.|last3=NAJMAN|first3=P.|year=2004|title=New finds of agnostid trilobites in the Skryje-Týřovice area (Middle Cambrian, Barrandian Area, Czech Republic)|journal= Journal of the Czech Geological Society|volume=49|issue=1–2|pages=75–81|url= http://www.jgeosci.org/content/JCGS2004_1-2__fatka.pdf }}</ref> | synonyms = ''Dichagnostus'' | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = * ''P. granulatum'' (Barrande, 1846) (type) synonyms ''Battus granulatus'', ''Agnostus granulatus'', ''Dichagnostus granulatus'' ** ''P. granulatum granulatum'' ** ''P. granulatum pileatum'' Rushton, 1966 ** ''P. granulatum scanense'' Westergård, 1946 * ''P. bifurcatum'' (Illing, 1916) * ''P. magnificum'' Howell, 1935 * ''P. tuberculatum'' (Illing, 1916) }}

'''''Pleuroctenium'''''<ref>HAWLE, J. & CORDA, A. J. C. 1847. ''Prodrom einer Monographieder bohmischen Trilobiten''. 176 pp. J. G. Calve, Prague.</ref> is an agnostid trilobite belonging to the family Condylopygidae Raymond (1913).<ref>RAYMOND, P. E. 1913. Some changes in the names of genera of trilobites. ''The Ottawa Naturalist'', '''26''': 137−142.</ref> The genus occurs in Middle Cambrian (Drumian) strata of Canada (Newfoundland and New Brunswick), the Czech Republic, England and Wales, France, and Sweden.

== Type species == thumb|left|Artist's restoration of ''P. granulatum'' with pygidium spines By subsequent designation by Vogdes (1925) <ref>VOGDES, A. W. 1925. A list of the genera and subgenera of the Trilobita. ''Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History'', '''4''', 89-115.</ref> ''Battus granulatus'' Barrande, 1846, p. 15.,<ref>BARRANDE, J. 1846. ''Notice pre Âliminaire sur le syste Áme silurien et les trilobites de Bohême''. Leipzig, 97 pp.</ref> from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia.

'''Lectotype:''' By subsequent designation by Snajdr (1958),<ref>SNAJDR, M. 1958. Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho Kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu Geologickeho, 24, 280 pp., 46 pls. [English summary pp. 237-280].</ref> National Museum of Prague, coll. Barrande, cc 250, No.1008; figured Barrande (1852, pl. 49, fig.5);<ref>BARRANDE, J. 1852. ''Systême Silurien du centre de la Bohême. Ière partie. Recherches paléontologiques'', Vol. I. Crustacés, Trilobites. Prague & Paris, xxx + 935 pp.)</ref> Šnadjr (1958, pl. 2, fig. 5); and Horny & Bastl, 1970, p1. 1, fig. 6.<ref>HORNY, R. & BASTL, F. 1970. ''Type specimens of fossils in the National Museum, Prague. Volume 1, Trilobita'', 354 pp., 20 pls. Museum of Natural History, Prague.</ref> From the Skryje Beds (Jince Fmn.), ''Eccaparadoxides pusillus'' Zone, Týřovice, Bohemia.

== Distribution == * ''P. granulatum granulatum'' Barrande (1846) has been collected from the early Middle Cambrian of Canada (''Mawddachites hicksi'' <ref>FLETCHER, T. P., 2007: Correlating the zones of ‘Paradoxides hicksii’ and ‘Paradoxides davidis’ in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33, 35 – 56.</ref> Zone in the Manuels River Formation, South-East Newfoundland), the Czech Republic (higher levels of the Skryje Shales, Jince Formation, Skryje-Týřovice area), the ''"Paradoxides aurora"'' Zone to upper part of the ''Mawddachites hicksi'' Zone in the Abbey Shale Formation, Nuneaton, central England <ref name='Fatka'/> and from lower part of the ''Tomagnostus fissus'' Biozone within the Porth-y-rhaw Group, lower Menevia Formation <ref>REES, A. J., THOMAS, A. T., LEWIS, M., HUGHES, H. E. & TURNER, P. 2014. The Cambrian of SW Wales: Towards a United Avalonian Stratigraphy. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 42, 1–30.</ref> of Dwrhyd, Nine Wells, near St David's, SW Wales. The Whitesands Bay Formation (lowest lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Porth-y-rhaw Group) of Rees et al,. (op. cit., P. 72) is conventionally referred to the biozone of ''"Paradoxides aurora"'' Salter,<ref>SALTER, J. W., 1869. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 25, p. 54, pl. 2, fig. 2.</ref><ref>LAKE, P. 1935. p. 212, pl. 30, figs. 1 + 5.</ref> following Hicks (1881).<ref>HICKS, H. 1881. The classification of the Eozoic and Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the British Isles. ''Popular Science Review'', '''5''', 289–308.</ref> However, that species is a probable junior subjective synonym of ''Mawddachites hicksii'', and so no independent ''aurora'' Biozone can be recognized. * ''P. granulatum scanense'' Westergard, 1946 (p. 35, pl.1, figs. 8-11 & pl.2, figs. 14-17). <ref>WESTERGÄRD, A. H. 1946. Agnostidea of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden. ''Sveriges Geologiska Untersokning, Avhandlingar'' Series C. no. 526.</ref> The holotype cephalon was figured by Westergard (''op. cit''., pl. 2, fig 14); from the ''Hypagnostus parvifrons'' Biozone, Andrarum, Scania). The subspecies is also recorded from the Menevia Formation (Drumian) of Porth-y-rhaw, St David's Peninsula, SW Wales, Locs. OE-1 and PR-4 of Rees ''et al''., (''op. cit'' p. 26, Fig. 1.17 & p. 26, Fig. 1.18, respectively). * '' P. granulatum tuberculatum'' (Illing 1916, p. 421, pl. 33, figs. 4-8).<ref>ILLING, V. C. 1916. The paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shales. ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London'', '''71''' [for 1915], 386–450.</ref> The lectotype, SM A53055, is the specimen shown in Illing's (1916) fig. 7 of pl.33; selected and re-illustrated by Rushton (1979, p. 48, fig. 2H);<ref>RUSHTON, A. W. A. 1979. A review of the Middle Cambrian Agnostida from the Abbey Shales, England. ''Alcheringa'' '''3''': 43-61.</ref> from the Abbey Shale Formation, Hartshill Hayes, Nuneaton, ''T. fissus'' Biozone (horizon D3). Also recorded from the ''H. parvifrons'' Biozone, Menevia Formation in SW Wales, Loc PR-4 of Rees ''et al''., (''op. cit.'') and from the ''Mawddachites hicksii'' Zone and lower part of the ''P. davidis'' Zone in the Manuels River Formation of southeastern Newfoundland (Hutchinson 1962). * ''P. granulatum pileatum'' (Rushton 1966, p. 33, pl. 4, figs. 18 a-c), from the Purley Shale (c. 650' above base), ''Accadoparadoxides? pinus'' Zone, of Camp Hill, Stockingford, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. [Closest ICS interval: Cambrian Series 3 – Terreneuvian Epoch]. * ''P. bifurcatum'' (Illing 1916, p. 421, pl.33, figs. 2,3). Lectotype is SM A456, Illing's (1916) fig.2 of pl.33; selected and re-illustrated by Rushton (1979, p. 48, fig. 2C) and from the ''Ptychagnostus punctuosus'' Biozone (horizon G3), Abbey Shale Formation, Hartshill Hayes. The species occurs also in the Manuels River Formation of SE Newfoundland, uppermost part of the ''Paradoxides davidis'' Zone. ''P.'' cf. ''bifurcatum'' (listed as ''P. bifurcatum'') is recorded from the Menevia Formation of Porth-y-rhaw, SW Wales, ''Pt. punctuosus'' Biozone (Loc. PR-12 of Rees ''et al''. 2014, p. 27 & Fig. 1.18), and differs from ''bifurcatum'' (''s.s.'') in lacking the double row of three tubercles on the pygidium. Rushton (1979, p. 49) also mentioned a doubtful pygidium from Illing's Abbey Shales horizon G1, lowest horizon of the ''Pt. punctuosus'' Biozone at Nuneaton, which lacks the double row of tubercles on the axis, but which otherwise agrees with that of ''P. bifurcatum''. * ''P. magnificum'' Howell (1935) is from the Middle Cambrian of Hérault, Southern France.<ref>HOWELL B. F. 1935. Cambrian and Ordovician Trilobites from Hérault, Southern France. ''Journal of Paleontology'', Vol. 9, No. 3 (Apr., 1935), pp. 222-238.</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Condylopygoidea Category:Agnostida genera Category:Cambrian trilobites Category:Fossils of the Czech Republic Category:Fossils of Great Britain Category:Fossils of France Category:Fossils of Sweden Category:Fossils of Canada Category:Paleontology in Newfoundland and Labrador