{{Short description|Romanesque architectural style variant}} {{Infobox art movement | name = Pisan Romanesque |image = Cathedral and Campanary - Pisa 2014 (2).JPG | caption = [[Piazza dei Miracoli]] in Pisa | yearsactive = 11th to 13th century |country=[[Italy]]}}
'''Pisan Romanesque style''' is a variant of the [[Romanesque architectural style]] that developed in [[Pisa]] at the end of the 10th century and which influenced a wide geographical area at the time when the city was a powerful [[maritime republic]] (from the second half of the 11th century to the first half of the 13th century).
The Pisan Romanesque culture developed above all at the construction sites of [[Piazza dei Miracoli]] (some stylistic elements can also be noticed in the earlier buildings), and from there it spread to other Pisa projects, to the territories controlled by the [[Republic of Pisa]] (including [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]], and going as far as [[Elba]]{{sfn | Valdes | Pistolesi | Pauli | 1994 | p=7}}) and to [[Tuscany]], especially the northern band from [[Lucca]] to [[Pistoia]].
== Architecture == === History === [[File:Pisa, basilica di San Pietro Apostolo (02).jpg|thumb|Coffers and ''bacini'']] The Pisan Romanesque style had sprung into popularity, "as if by magic", on a location in Pisa that later became known as Piazza dei Miracoli. In a succession, the [[Pisa Cathedral]] (Duomo), [[Pisa Baptistery]], the bell tower (now known as the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]]), [[Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa]] were erected there.{{sfn | Valdes | Pistolesi | Pauli | 1994 | p=7}} Few precursor structures that exhibited some of the elements of the style can be pointed to (Collareta lists [[Basilica of San Zeno, Verona]], [[San Piero a Grado]], apse of the church of Santa Cristina{{which|date=December 2023}} on the left bank of the [[Arno]]). Although these buildings introduced some features similar to the Pisan Romanesque as defined by the Duomo (long rows of blind arches under the [[eaves]], ceramic [[bacini]] inside the arches, wall ornaments made of round or diamond-shaped [[coffers]]), their connections to the Duomo, the grand "[[overture]]" of the style, are relatively weak.{{sfn | Collareta | 2022 | p=439}} The style primarily originated with construction of the [[Pisa Cathedral]] and is credited to its architects, [[Buscheto]] and his successor [[Rainaldo]].{{sfn|Barsali|1972}}
The well-defined style was popular from the 11th to early 13th century. while the Republic of Pisa was at its peak.{{sfn | Valdes | Pistolesi | Pauli | 1994 | p=7}} The Pisan Romanesque style exhibited unusual longevity; some elements of it were visible in new construction in Pisa even after a switch to [[Gothic architecture]] later in the 13th century.{{sfn | Collareta | 2022 | p=443}}
=== Features === The style successfully fused together elements that came from multiple diverse sources:{{sfn | Valdes | Pistolesi | Pauli | 1994 | p=7}}{{sfn | Collareta | 2022 | pp=439-440}} * superposition of [[loggia]]s, piers and arcading came from [[Lombard Romanesque]]; * overall plans were borrowed from the [[Early Christian art and architecture|Roman-Christian architecture]]; * dome of the cathedral was lifted from [[Byzantine architecture]]; * some other features (corner niches with oval [[cupola]], colored marble inserts and dark stripes on the external walls) came from Byzantine or [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] architecture.
=== Influence === Researchers name some notable structures immediately influenced by the original buildings on the Piazza:{{sfn | Valdes | Pistolesi | Pauli | 1994 | p=7}}{{sfn | Collareta | 2022 | p=442}} * [[San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno]], also in Pisa (a small-scale version of the Duomo); * [[Santo Sepolcro, Pisa]], a small-scale version of the Duomo;{{sfn | Collareta | 2022 | p=442}} * [[San Frediano, Pisa]] that borrowed from the Baptistry (and [[Dome of the Rock]]); * multiple churches nearby: [[Sant'Agata Chapel]], [[San Pietro in Vinculis, Pisa|San Pierino]], [[San Frediano, Pisa|San Frediano]], [[Sant'Andrea Forisportam, Pisa|Sant'Andrea]], [[San Paolo all'Orto]], and [[San Michele in Borgo]].
The influence of the Pisan Romanesque spread wide beyond Pisa:{{sfn | Collareta | 2022 | p=442}} * due to Pisa being an important maritime power at the time, its architecture was exported to areas then-controlled by Pisa: [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]], [[Liguria]], [[Apulia]], and even to the shores of the [[Adriatic Sea]] ([[Marche]] and [[Croatia]]); * on land, the style affected multiple location that had business ties with Pisa, in particular [[Lucca]] and [[Pistoia]].
The notable and geographically spread examples include parts of [[Genoa Cathedral]], [[San Giovanni Fuoricivitas]], {{ill|Santa Guista in Bazzano|it|Giusta di Bazzano}}, [[Massa Marittima Cathedral]], [[Troia Cathedral]].{{sfn | Conant | 1993 | p=383}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== {{sfn whitelist |CITEREFBarsali1972}} * {{cite book | last1=Valdes | first1=G. | last2=Pistolesi | first2=A. | last3=Pauli | first3=E. | title=Art and History of Pisa | publisher=Bonechi | series=Art and History Series | year=1994 | isbn=978-88-8029-024-7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHGn0tDuNFkC&pg=PA7 | access-date=2023-12-02 | page=7 | chapter=Pisan Romanesque}} * {{cite book | last=Collareta | first=Marco | title=A Companion to Medieval Pisa | chapter=Art in Pisa in the Middle Ages | publisher=BRILL | date=2022-04-15 | pages=435–455 | isbn=978-90-04-51271-9 | doi=10.1163/9789004512719_020}} * {{DBI|title=Buscheto (Busketus, Buschetto, Boschetto)|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/buscheto_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29|last=Barsali |first=Isa Belli|year=1972|volume=15 }} * {{cite book | last=Conant | first=K.J. | title=Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, 800 to 1200 | publisher=Yale University Press | series=The Yale University Press Pelican History of Art Series | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-300-05298-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWa5KTPL1LUC&pg=PA383 | access-date=2023-12-09}}
[[Category:Pisan Romanesque style|Pisan Romanesque style]]