Piper PA-18 Super Cub

{{short description|1940s American light aircraft}} {{More citations needed|date=March 2010}} {{Infobox aircraft |name= PA-18 Super Cub |image= File:VH-BAN Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub (6773146291).jpg |caption= PA-18-150 over Watts Bridge Airfield |type= Light utility aircraft |national_origin= United States |manufacturer= Piper Aircraft |designer= |first_flight= 1949 |introduction= 1949 |retired= |status= |primary_user= |more_users= |produced= 1949–1983; 1988–1994 |number_built= 10,326 <ref name="supercubproject.com"/> |developed_from = Piper PA-11 Cub Special }}

The '''Piper PA-18 Super Cub''' is a two-seat, single-engine monoplane. Introduced in 1949 by Piper Aircraft, it was developed from the PA-11 Cub Special, and traces its lineage back through the J-3 Cub to the Taylor E-2 Cub of the 1930s. In close to 40 years of production, over 10,000 were built.<ref name="supercubproject.com">{{Cite web|last=Cox |first=Jack |url=http://www.supercubproject.com/cubhistory.aspx |title = Piper PA-18 Super Cub History |website=Christian Sturm's Experimental Super Cub Project |access-date=September 19, 2021}}</ref> Super Cubs are commonly found in roles such as bush flying, banner towing and glider towing.

==Design and development== While based on the design of the earlier Cubs, the addition of an electrical system, flaps (3 notches), and a considerably more powerful engine (150 hp), made it a very different flying experience. Although the "standard" Super Cub was fitted with a 150-horsepower (112 kW) Lycoming engine, it is not uncommon to see them equipped with a 160-horsepower O-320-B2B, or even 180 horsepower (134 kW) Lycoming O-360 powerplant. The high-lift wing and powerful engine made the Super Cub a prime candidate for conversion to either floatplane or skiplane. In addition, the PA-18A (an agricultural version) was produced for applying either dry chemical or liquid spray.

The Super Cub retained the basic "rag and tube" (fabric stretched over a steel tube frame) structure of the earlier J-3 Cub. [[File:Piper Super Cub 1 1998-07-07.jpg|thumb|Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub floatplane]] thumb|Piper Cub used for weather monitoring and instrument maintenance in Alaska in 1950thumb|Super Cub PA-18-150 on floats The first true "Super" Cubs had flaps, dual fuel tanks, and an O-235 Lycoming engine producing about 108 hp (115 hp for takeoff only). However, a 90 hp Continental variant without flaps and without the optional second wing tank was available. Their empty weight was, on the average, 800–1000 pounds with a gross weight of 1,500 lb. These Cubs would take off in about 400 feet (at gross weight) and land in about 300 feet using flaps. The Super Cub is renowned for its ability to take off and land in very short distances. The first Super Cubs were going to be offered with a unique four-wheel tandem main landing gear designed for landing and takeoff from rough terrain, but this was replaced with conventional landing gear.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+Science+installing+linoleum&pg=PA156 "Steep Climbing Air Horse For Farmers."] ''Popular Mechanics'', September 1950, p. 156.</ref><ref>On a taildragger, the optional Whitaker tandem main landing gear was difficult to steer on a paved surface, whereas two large balloon tires provide maneuverability comparable to standard tires while still providing the flotation required on soft surfaces.</ref> The O-290 Lycoming powered Cubs (135 hp) followed and would take off in about {{convert|200|ft|m}}. The landing distance remained the same at about {{convert|400|ft|m}}, or {{convert|300|ft|m}} using flaps. With the use of the Lycoming O-320 at 150–160 hp, the Cub's allowable gross weight increased to 1,750 lb while retaining the capability of a mere {{convert|200|ft|m}} required for takeoff.

The PA-18 has developed a very dedicated following in the bush-flying community, and many modifications have been developed for it, to the point where it is quite rare to find an original, completely stock Super Cub. Modifications include extended baggage compartments (reaching farther back into the fuselage, or even two-level baggage compartments in the top and bottom of the rear fuselage), external luggage pods, fuel pods, lumber racks for carrying construction materials into unimproved bush runways. Also the removal of header tanks, larger 24 or even 30 gallon wing fuel tanks, extended main landing gear for better ground clearance of the propeller, strengthened tailwheel springs, the addition of a small third passenger seat in the luggage area and lightweight generators and starters. Also various different mount areas for the battery (to move the weight forward, and reduce tail weight to shorten takeoff distance), various vertical stabilizer shapes to increase surface area, lengthened flaps, various wingtip designs, vortex generators on the leading edge of the wings, movement of the electrical panel from the right wing root to the dashboard to reduce fire hazard during a crash, and even the addition of a constant-speed propeller. Above all, the most common modification is the addition of "bush wheels" (themselves said to be direct descendants of Alvin Musselman's 1920s-origin "airwheel" tires used on the original Piper J-3), large, soft, low pressure balloon-tires designed to absorb impacts from rocks and boulders, and to not sink into sand or other soft surfaces, ideal for off-runway landings.

==Variants== ;PA-18 Super Cub :thumb|A parked Super CubPrototype and production variant powered by a 95 hp Continental C-90-8F piston engine, sometimes known as the PA-18-95.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18-105 Super Cub :Production variant fitted with a 105 hp Lycoming O-235-C1 piston engine and larger tailplane.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18-105 Special :Special variant built in 1952 and 1953 for the Civil Air Patrol as a trainer with horn-balanced elevators and provision for seat parachutes.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18-125 Super Cub :Variant to replace the PA-18-95 with flaps and horn-balanced elevators and a 125 hp Lycoming O-290-D piston engine and either wood or metal controllable-pitch propeller.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18-135 Super Cub :Variant with a 135 hp Lycoming O-290-D piston engine and fitted with two wing tanks as standard.<ref name="ab" /> thumb|PA-18-150 ;PA-18-150 Super Cub :1954 variant with a 150 hp Lycoming O-320.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18-180 Super Cub :Experimental variant with a 180 hp Lycoming O-360 engine, one built in 1980 by Piper.<ref name="ab" /> Other aircraft have been re-engined under a Supplemental Type Certificate.<ref name="stc" /> ;PA-18A :Designation for production agricultural aircraft, including cropdusters and sprayer variants and incorporating a slightly different rear fuselage profile to allow fitting of a hopper-tank in the rear seat position.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18S :Designation for production aircraft fitted with floats.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-18AS :Designation of a small number of agricultural aircraft fitted with floats.<ref name="ab" /> ;PA-19 Super Cub :Original designation of the military variant of the PA-18, only three built and all subsequent military production were designated as PA-18s.<ref name="ab" /> ;Aeromod Loadstar Model 100 :Biplane conversion of Super Cub, powered by {{convert|135|hp|kW|abbr=on}} O-290-D engine, designed for improved capability from high-altitude airfields.<ref>Taylor 1967, p. 190.</ref> ;SAFAT 01: A Sudanese development / copy built by the SAFAT Aviation Complex at Khartoum.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

===Military designations=== ;L-18C Super Cub :Military designation of the PA-18 Super Cub for the United States Army, powered by a 95 hp (71 kW) Continental C90-8F piston engine, 838 delivered, at least 156 of which were delivered to other nations under MDAP.<ref name="andrade131" /> ;YL-21 Super Cub :Two Super Cub 135s for evaluation by the United States Army.<ref name="andrade134" /> ;L-21A Super Cub :Military designation of the Super Cub 125, powered by a 125 hp (92 kW) Avco Lycoming 0-290-II piston engine, 150 delivered.<ref name="andrade134" /> ;L-21B Super Cub :Military designation of the Super Cub 135, powered by a 135 hp (101 kW) Avco Lycoming 0-290-D2 piston engine, 584 delivered many to other nations under MDAP, re-designated U-7A in 1962.<ref name="andrade134" /> ;TL-21A :A number of L-21As were converted into training aircraft. ;U-7A Super Cub :1962 redesignation of the L-21B.<ref name="andrade134" />

==Operators==

===Military operators=== ;{{ARG}} *Argentine Air Force *Argentine National Gendarmerie<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rivas |first=Santiago |title=Cracking the Drug cartels |magazine=Air International |date=April 2021 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=46–49 |issn=0306-5634}}</ref> ;{{AUT}} *Austrian Air Force ;{{BEL}} *Belgian Army ;{{CYP}} *Cyprus Air Command ;{{GER}} *Federal German Luftwaffe ;{{GRE}} * Greek Army<ref name="fiwaf74p174-5">Wheeler 1974, pp. 174–175.</ref> ;{{IRN}} *Imperial Iranian Air Force ;{{ITA}} *Italian Army<ref name="andrade134" /><ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.anae.it/docs/03-storia.html ANAE; La nostra storia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205033318/http://www.anae.it/docs/03-storia.html |date=2014-12-05 }}</ref> ;{{ISR}} *Israeli Air Force<ref name="fiwaf74p177">Wheeler 1974, p. 177.</ref> ;{{JPN}} thumb|Japan Ground Self-Defense Force L-21B *Japan Ground Self-Defense Force<ref name="andrade134" /> ;{{LUX}} *Luxembourg Air Wing: 3 Piper PA-18 Super Cub from 1952 to 1968.<ref>{{cite web |title=Info on retired Luxembourg Army Aviation aircraft (Piper Super Cubs) active during the 1950s and 1960s |date=11 January 2013 |url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/lux/army/lux-army-home.htm |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523225012/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/lux/army/lux-army-home.htm |archive-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> ;{{flag|Katanga}} *''Force Aérienne Katangaise''<ref name=Katanga>{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_182.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029070252/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_182.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 29, 2005 |title=Congo, Part 1; 1960–1963 |publisher=ACIG |year=2003 |access-date=2013-08-09}}</ref> ;{{flag|Netherlands}} *Netherlands Air Force<ref name="fiwaf74p180">Wheeler 1974, p. 180.</ref> ;{{flag|Nicaragua}} *Nicaraguan Air Force ;{{NOR}} *Royal Norwegian Air Force<ref name="fiwaf74p181">Wheeler 1974, p. 181.</ref> ;{{POR}} *Portuguese Army *Portuguese Air Force ;{{SWE}} *Swedish Army<ref name="fiwaf74p186">Wheeler 1974, p. 186.</ref> ;{{SUI}} *Swiss Air Force **4 PA-18-150 served with the Swiss Airforce, as V-653 to V-656, from 1964 to 1975. V654 became HB-PAV, V655 HB-PAW, V656 HB-PAX. ;{{TUR}} thumb|USFWS Super Cub, used for law enforcement in Alaska. 1970 Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub C/N 18-8898 *Turkish Army<ref name="andrade131" /> ;{{flag|Uganda}} ;{{flag|Uruguay}} * Uruguayan Navy<ref name="aifeb92 p76">Steinemann ''Air International'' February 1992, p. 76.</ref> ;{{USA}} * United States Air Force<ref name="andrade131" /> * United States Army<ref name="andrade131" />

===Civilian Users===

;{{USA}} * Alaska State Troopers * U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska * U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border

==Specifications (PA-18-150 landplane)== frameless|right|3-view line drawing of the Piper PA-18 Super Cub

{{Aircraft specs |ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77 <ref name="Janes 76 p347-8">Taylor 1976, pp. 347–348.</ref> |prime units?=imp  |crew=1 |capacity=1 passenger |length m= |length ft=22 |length in=7 |span m= |span ft=35 |span in=2+1/2 |height m= |height ft=6 |height in=8+1/2 |wing area sqm= |wing area sqft=178.5 |aspect ratio=7:1 |airfoil=USA 35B MOD |empty weight kg= |empty weight lb=930 |gross weight kg= |max takeoff weight lb=1750 |fuel capacity={{convert|36|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}}  |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=Lycoming O-320 |eng1 type=air-cooled flat four engine |eng1 kw= |eng1 hp=150

|max speed kmh= |max speed mph=130 |max speed kts= |max speed sigfig=3 |max speed mach= |cruise speed kmh= |cruise speed mph=115 |cruise speed note=(75% power) |stall speed mph=43 |stall speed note=(flaps down) |never exceed speed mph=153 |range km= |range miles=460 |range nmi= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft=19000 |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin=960 |more performance=*'''Takeoff distance to 50 ft (15 m):''' {{convert|500|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} *'''Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m):''' {{convert|725|ft|m|abbr=on}} |avionics= }}

==See also== {{aircontent| |related= * Piper J-3 Cub * Piper PA-11 Cub Special * Taylor Cub |similar aircraft= * Aero Boero AB-95 * American Champion Scout * Aviat Husky * CubCrafters CC11-160 Carbon Cub SS - 180hp Light Sport * CubCrafters CC18-180 Top Cub - certified modern version * Light Miniature Aircraft LM-5 - copy of the PA-18 * Super 18 Model S18-180 |lists= }}

==References== <references>

<ref name="ab">Peperell 1987, pp. 69–78</ref> <ref name="andrade131">Andrade 1979, p. 131</ref> <ref name="andrade134">Andrade 1979, p. 134</ref> <ref name="stc">{{cite web| title=Supplemental Type Certificate SA92NW ''Installation of Lycoming 0-360 series engine, McCauley, Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing Co., or Sensenich Wood Propeller Co, Inc. propeller and associated hardware per Cub Crafters, Inc. Master Drawing List 101000-MDL, Revision U, dated February 27, 2004, or later FAA approved revision.''| url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgstc.nsf/0/dc76266b4fa5aa7786256e7b00643d34/$FILE/sa92nw.pdf| date=4 June 2004| publisher=Federal Aviation Administration| access-date=2010-03-06| archive-date=2011-06-08| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608055250/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgstc.nsf/0/dc76266b4fa5aa7786256e7b00643d34/$FILE/sa92nw.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

</references>

==Bibliography== * John Andrade, ''U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909'', Midland Counties Publications, 1979, {{ISBN|0-904597-22-9}} *Peperell, Roger W. and Colin M. Smith. ''Piper Aircraft and their forerunners''. Tonbridge, Kent, England:Air-Britain, 1987, {{ISBN|0-85130-149-5}} * Steinemann, Peter. "Protector of the Plate". ''Air International'', Vol. 42, No. 2, February 1992. pp. 73–78. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}. * Taylor, John W. R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1967–68''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1967. * Taylor, John W.R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976, {{ISBN|0-354-00538-3}}. * Wheeler, Barry C. [https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201175.html "World Air Forces 1974"]. ''Flight International'', Vol. 106, No. 3414. August 15, 1974. pp. 167–190.

==External links== {{commons category|Piper PA-18 Super Cub}} *[http://www.supercub.org/ SuperCub.Org - Super Cub Enthusiast Group with information and many photos]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piper Pa-18}} Category:High-wing aircraft Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:1940s United States civil utility aircraft Super Cub Category:Glider tugs Category:Aircraft first flown in 1949 Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear Category:Single-engined piston aircraft