Northern pintail

{{Short description|Migratory duck that breeds in northern Eurasia and North America}} {{Featured article}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Speciesbox | name = Northern pintail | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Anas acuta'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T22680301A153882797 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680301A153882797.en}}</ref> | image = Northern Pintails (Male & Female) I IMG 0911.jpg | image_caption = Male and female (left–right)<br/>{{Audio|Anas_acuta.ogg|Call}} | genus = Anas | species = acuta | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | range_map = AnasAcutaIUCN2019 2.png | range_map_caption = Range of ''A. acuta'' {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF00FF|Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)|outline=gray}} | synonyms = ''Dafila acuta'' }} {{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Anas-acuta|species=Northern Pintail}} thumb|''Anas acuta''

The '''pintail''' or '''northern pintail''' ('''''Anas acuta''''') is a duck species with wide geographic distribution that breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic and North America. It is migratory and winters south of its breeding range as far as the equator. Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical subspecies, although the possibly conspecific duck Eaton's pintail is considered to be a separate species.

The Northern Pintail is a large duck, and the long central tail feathers of the male give the species its English and scientific names. Both sexes have blue-grey bills and grey legs and feet. The drake is more striking, with a thin white stripe running from the back of its chocolate-coloured head down its neck to its mostly white underparts. The drake also has attractive grey, brown, and black markings on its back and sides. The hen's plumage is more subtle and subdued, with drab brown feathers similar to those of other female dabbling ducks. Hens make a rough quacking sound and the drakes a flute-like whistle.

The Northern Pintail is a bird of open wetlands that nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It feeds by dabbling for plant food, adding small invertebrates to its diet during the nesting season. It is highly gregarious when not breeding, forming large mixed flocks with other duck species. This duck's population is affected by predators, parasites and avian diseases. Human activities, such as agriculture, hunting and fishing, have also had a significant impact on numbers. Despite this, the species is not globally threatened due to its large range and abundance.

==Taxonomy== This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' as ''Anas acuta''.<ref name=Linnaeus/> The scientific name comes from two Latin words: {{Lang|la|anas}}, meaning "duck", and ''{{Lang|la|acuta}}'', which comes from the verb ''{{Lang|la|acuere}}'', "to sharpen"; the species term like the English name, refers to the pointed tail of the male in breeding plumage.<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages = 31, 46}}</ref> Within the large dabbling duck genus ''Anas'',<ref name=Linnaeus/> the northern pintail's closest relatives are other pintails, such as the yellow-billed pintail (''A.&nbsp;georgica'') and Eaton's pintail (''A.&nbsp;eatoni''). The pintails are sometimes grouped in the genus ''Dafila'' (described by Stephens, 1824), an arrangement supported by morphological, molecular and behavioural data.<ref name=Johnson1999/><ref name=Johnson2000/><ref name=Livezey/> The famous British ornithologist Sir Peter Scott gave this name to his daughter, the artist Dafila Scott.<ref name=Dafila/>

Eaton's pintail has two subspecies, ''A.&nbsp;e. eatoni'' (the Kerguelen pintail) of Kerguelen Islands, and ''A.&nbsp;e. drygalskyi'' (the Crozet pintail) of Crozet Islands, and was formerly considered conspecific with the Northern Hemisphere's northern pintail. Sexual dimorphism is much less pronounced in the southern pintail, with the breeding plumage of the male resembling that of the female. Unusually for a species with such a large range, the northern pintail has no geographical subspecies if Eaton's pintail is treated as a separate species.<ref name=Madge/>

An assumed extinct subspecies from Manra Island, Tristram's pintail, ''A.&nbsp;a. modesta'', appears to be indistinguishable from the nominate form.<ref name=Hume/> The three syntype specimens of ''Dafila modesta'' Tristram ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92048 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, p.79. pl. VII]), the extinct subspecies, are held in the vertebrate zoology collections of National Museums Liverpool at World Museum, with accession numbers NML-VZ T11792 (male immature), NML-VZ T11795 (female adult) and NML-VZ T11797 (female adult).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=R. Wagstaffe|url=http://archive.org/details/type-specimens-of-birds-in-the-merseyside-county-museums-wagstaffe|title=Type Specimens of Birds in the Merseyside County Museums (formerly City of Liverpool Museums)|date=1978-12-01}}</ref> The specimens were collected by J. V. Arundel in Sydney Island (Manra Island), Phoenix Islands in 1885 and came to the Liverpool national collection via Canon Henry Baker Tristram's collection which was purchased in 1896.<ref name=":0" />

==Description== The northern pintail is a fairly large duck with a wing chord of {{Convert|23.6|-|28.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} and wingspan of {{convert|80|-|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=HBW/> The male is {{Convert|59|-|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and weighs {{Convert|450|-|1360|g|lb|abbr=on}}, and therefore is considerably larger than the female, which is {{Convert|51|-|64|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{Convert|454|-|1135|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=umich/> The northern pintail broadly overlaps in size with the similarly widespread mallard, but is more slender, elongated and gracile, with a relatively longer neck and (in males) a longer tail. The unmistakable breeding plumaged male has a chocolate-brown head and white breast with a white stripe extending up the side of the neck. Its upperparts and sides are grey, but elongated grey feathers with black central stripes are draped across the back from the shoulder area. The vent area is yellow, contrasting with the black underside of the tail,<ref name=Madge/> which has the central feathers elongated to as much as {{Convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The bill is bluish and the legs are blue-grey.<ref name=Gooders/>

The adult female is mainly scalloped and mottled in light brown with a more uniform grey-brown head, and its pointed tail is shorter than that of the male; it is still easily identified by its shape, long neck, and long grey bill.<ref name=Madge/> In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake pintail looks similar to the female, but retains the male upper wing pattern and long grey shoulder feathers. Juveniles resemble the female, but are less neatly scalloped and have a duller brown speculum with a narrower trailing edge.<ref name=Collins/>

The pintail walks well on land, and swims well.<ref name=Madge/> In water, the swimming position is forward leaning, with the base of the neck almost flush with the water.<ref name=Gooders/> It has a very fast flight, with the wings slightly swept back, rather than straight out from the body like other ducks. In flight, the male has a black speculum with a white border at the rear and pale rufous at the front, while the female's speculum is dark brown with a white border, narrow at the front edge but very prominent at the back, being visible at a distance of {{convert|1600|m|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.<ref name=Collins/>

The male's call is a soft ''{{not a typo|proop-proop}}'' whistle, similar to that of the common teal, whereas the female has a mallard-like descending quack, and a low croak when flushed.<ref name=Madge/>

<gallery widths="200" heights="140" mode="packed"> File:Northern Pintail (Female).jpg|Northern pintail female wingspan File:Male northern pintail (Anas acuta) in flight at Llano Seco-0708.jpg|Northern pintail male in flight File:Northern pintail.2.jpg|Northern pintail female File:Northern Pintail male AMSM6102.jpg|Male in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India File:Male northern pintail at Llano Seco.jpg|Male in California, U.S. File:Northern pintail courtship flight (2025)-104A5137.jpg|Four males and one female during a courtship flight in California File:Female northern pintail in flight-1827.jpg|Female in flight, California </gallery>

==Distribution and habitat== thumb|Non-breeding males wintering in India

This dabbling duck breeds in northern areas of the Palearctic as far south as about Poland and Mongolia,<ref name=umich/> and in Canada, Alaska and the Midwestern United States. It winters mainly south of its breeding range, reaching almost to the equator in Panama, northern sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South Asia. Small numbers migrate to Pacific islands, particularly Hawaii, where a few hundred birds winter on the main islands in shallow wetlands and flooded agricultural habitats.<ref name=Madge/> Transoceanic journeys also occur: a bird that was caught and ringed in Labrador, Canada, was shot by a hunter in England nine days later,<ref name=umich/> and Japanese-ringed birds have been recovered from six US states east to Utah and Mississippi.<ref name=ESPN/> In parts of the range, such as Great Britain and the northwestern United States, the pintail may be present year-round.<ref name=Collins/><ref name=Cornell/>

The northern pintail's breeding habitat is open unwooded wetlands, such as wet grasslands, lake shores or tundra. In winter, it uses a wider range of open habitats, such as sheltered estuaries, brackish marshes and coastal lagoons. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season, forming very large mixed flocks with other ducks.<ref name=Madge/>

==Behaviour==

===Breeding=== thumb|Breeding pair [[File:Anas acuta MWNH 0965.JPG|left|thumb|Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden]]

Both sexes reach sexual maturity at the age of one year. The male mates with the female by swimming close to her with his head down and tail up, whistling constantly. If there is a group of males, they will chase the female in flight until only one drake is left. The female prepares for copulation, which takes place in the water, by lowering her body; the male then bobs his head up and down and mounts the female, taking the feathers on the back of her head in his mouth. After copulation, he raises his head and back and whistles.<ref name=umich/>

Among the earliest species to breed in the spring, northern pintails typically form pairs during migration, or even while still on wintering grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=Northern Pintail |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-pintail |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Pintail |url=https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Birds/Northern-Pintail |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=The National Wildlife Federation}}</ref> Breeding takes place between April and June, with the nest being constructed on the ground and hidden amongst vegetation in a dry location, often some distance from water. It is a shallow scrape on the ground lined with plant material and down.<ref name= Madge/> The female lays seven to nine cream-coloured eggs at the rate of one per day;<ref name=umich/> the eggs are {{Convert|55|x|38|mm|in|abbr=on}} in size and weigh {{Convert|45|g|oz|abbr=on}}, of which 7% is shell.<ref name=BTO/> If predators destroy the first clutch, the female can produce a replacement clutch as late as the end of July.<ref name=umich/> The hen alone incubates the eggs for 22 to 24 days before they hatch. The precocial downy chicks are then led by the female to the nearest body of water, where they feed on dead insects on the water surface. The chicks fledge in 46 to 47 days after hatching, but stay with the female until she has completed moulting.<ref name=umich/>

About three-quarters of the chicks live long enough to fledge, but no more than half of these survive long enough to reproduce.<ref name=umich/> The maximum recorded age is 27 years and 5 months for a Dutch bird.<ref name=BTO/>

===Feeding=== thumb|Up-ending to feed (male on right)

The pintail feeds by dabbling and upending in shallow water for plant food mainly in the evening or at night, and therefore spends much of the day resting.<ref name=Madge/> Its long neck enables it to take food items from the bottom of water bodies up to {{Convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep, which are beyond the reach of other dabbling ducks like the mallard.<ref name=Gooders/>

The winter diet consists mainly of plant material including seeds and rhizomes of aquatic plants, but the pintail sometimes feeds on roots, grain and other seeds in fields, although less frequently than other ''Anas'' ducks.<ref name=Gooders/> During the breeding season, this bird eats mainly invertebrate animals, including aquatic insects, molluscs and crustaceans.<ref name=umich/>

==Health== thumb|Male preening

Pintail nests and chicks are vulnerable to predation by mammals, such as foxes and badgers, and birds such as gulls, crows and magpies. The adults can take flight to escape terrestrial predators, but nesting females in particular may be surprised by large carnivores such as bobcats.<ref name=umich/> Large birds of prey, such as northern goshawks, will take ducks from the ground, and some falcons, including the gyrfalcon, have the speed and strength to catch flying birds.<ref name=Forsman/>

It is susceptible to a range of parasites including ''Cryptosporidium'', ''Giardia'', tapeworms, blood parasites and external feather lice,<ref name=AEM/><ref name=tape/><ref name=Williams/><ref name=lice/> and is also affected by other avian diseases. It is often the dominant species in major outbreaks of avian botulism and avian cholera,<ref name=Friend/> and can also contract avian influenza, the H5N1 strain of which is highly pathogenic and occasionally infects humans.<ref name=USDA/>

The northern pintail is a popular game species due to its speed, agility, and excellent eating qualities, and is hunted throughout its range.<ref name=Marrone/><ref name=Cocker/> Although one of the world's most numerous ducks,<ref name=BTO/> the combination of hunting and other factors has led to a decline in population numbers, and local hunting restrictions have been introduced at times to help conserve numbers.<ref name=USFWSnews/>

This species' preferred habitat of shallow water is naturally susceptible to problems such as drought or the encroachment of vegetation, but this duck's habitat might be increasingly threatened by climate change.<ref name=BTO/> Populations are also affected by the conversion of wetlands and grassland to arable crops, depriving the duck of feeding and nesting areas. The timing of spring planting means that many nests of this early breeding duck are destroyed by farming activities,<ref name=Audubon/> and as demonstrated by a Canadian study which showed that more than half of the surveyed nests were destroyed by agricultural work such as ploughing and harrowing.<ref name=usdafs/>

Hunting with lead shot, in conjunction with the use of lead sinkers in angling, has been identified as a major cause of lead poisoning in waterfowl, which often feed on the bottom of lakes and wetlands where the shot collects.<ref name=Scheuhammer/> A Spanish study showed that northern pintail and common pochard were the species with the highest levels of lead shot ingestion, higher than in northern countries of the Western Palearctic Flyway, where lead shot is banned.<ref name=Mateo/> In the United States, Canada, and many western European countries, all shot used for waterfowl must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any lead.<ref name=USFWS2/><ref name=Newsc/><ref name=BASC/>

==Status== The northern pintail has a large range, estimated at {{Convert|41900000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and a population estimated at 4.8–4.9 million individuals. The IUCN has classified the northern pintail as not being threatened globally,<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021"/> however it is endangered in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680301/166201297 | title= Anas acuta European regional status}}</ref>

In the Palaearctic, there has been a decline in breeding populations across much of the region, including Russia, where the species has its population stronghold. In other regions, populations are either stable or fluctuating.<ref name=BWP/>

The pintail population in North America has been severely impacted by avian diseases, although the extent of this impact to other regions remains uncertain. Specifically, the breeding population fell from over 10 million in 1957 to 3.5 million in 1964. Although the species has recovered from that low point, the breeding population in 1999 was 30% below the long-term average, despite years of major recovery efforts. In 1997, an estimated 1.5&nbsp;million water birds, most of them northern pintails, died from avian botulism during two outbreaks in Canada and Utah.<ref name=Friend/>

The northern pintail is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies,<ref name=AEWA/> but it has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants.<ref name=umich/>

==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name=AEM>{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Rock |first2=Channah M. |last3=Oshima |first3=Kevin H. |date=January 2002 |title=Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wild Ducks along the Rio Grande River Valley in Southern New Mexico |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=161–165 |doi=10.1128/AEM.68.1.161-165.2002 |pmc=126547 |pmid=11772622|bibcode=2002ApEnM..68..161K }}</ref>

<ref name=AEWA>{{cite web |title=''Anas acuta'' |website=Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) |url=http://www.unep-aewa.org/en/species/anas-acuta |publisher=AEWA |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=Audubon>{{cite web |title=Losing ground: The top 10 common birds in decline |website=Common birds in decline; a state of the birds report, summer 2007 |url=http://web4.audubon.org/bird/stateofthebirds/cbid/content/SOTB_CBID_Magazine_Top10.pdf |publisher=Audubon |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=BASC>{{cite web|title=Lead & Non-Lead Shot |url=http://www.basc.org.uk/content/nontoxicshot |archive-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=British Association for Shooting and Conservation |access-date=15 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525052505/http://www.basc.org.uk/content/nontoxicshot }}</ref>

<ref name=BTO>{{cite web |title=Pintail ''Anas acuta'' [Linnaeus, 1758] |last=Robinson |first=R.A. |year=2005 |website=BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407) |url=http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob1890.htm |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |access-date=13 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=BWP>{{cite book |editor1-last=Snow |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Perrins |editor2-first=Christopher M. |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |location=Oxford |pages=222–225 |isbn=978-0-19-854099-1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Cocker>{{cite book |last1=Cocker |first1=Mark |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard |title=Birds Britannica |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-6907-7 |page=97}}</ref>

<ref name=Collins>{{Cite book |last1=Mullarney |first1=Killian |last2=Svensson |first2=Lars |last3=Zetterstrom |first3=Dan |last4=Grant |first4=Peter |year=2001 |title=Birds of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=48–49 |isbn=978-0-691-05054-6}}</ref>

<ref name=Cornell>{{Cite AllAboutBirds |Northern Pintail |access-date=14 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Dafila>{{cite web |title=Dafila Scott |url= http://www.swla.co.uk/SWLAmembers/scottd/ScottD.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064119/http://www.swla.co.uk/SWLAmembers/scottd/ScottD.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |publisher=Society of Wildlife Artists |access-date=16 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=ESPN>{{cite web|title=From Tokyo to Tupelo |publisher=ESPN |url=https://www.espn.com/outdoors/general/news/story?id=3200913 |archive-date=1 September 2009 |last=Towell |first=Larry |date=23 January 2008 |access-date=23 January 2008 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901062142/http://sports.espn.go.com/outdoors/general/news/story?id=3200913 }}</ref>

<ref name=Forsman>{{cite book |last=Forsman |first=Dick |title=The Raptors of Europe & the Middle East: A Handbook of Field Identification |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=21–25 |isbn=978-0-85661-098-1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Friend>{{cite journal |last1=Friend |first1=Milton |last2=McLean |first2=Robert G. |last3=Dein |first3=F. Joshua |date=April 2001 |title=Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century |journal=The Auk |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=290–303 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0290:DEIBCF]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=icwdm_usdanwrc |doi-access=}}</ref>

<ref name=Gooders>{{cite book |last1=Gooders |first1=John |last2=Boyer |first2=Trevor |title=Ducks of Britain and the Northern Hemisphere |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ducksofbritainno0000good/page/58 58–61] |publisher=Collins & Brown |isbn=978-1-85585-570-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/ducksofbritainno0000good/page/58 }}</ref>

<ref name=HBW>{{cite book |editor-last1=del Hoyo |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Elliott |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-first3=J. |year=1992 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona}}</ref>

<ref name=Hume>{{cite book |last1=Hume |first1=Julian P. |last2=Walters |first2=Michael |title=Extinct Birds |year=2012 |location=London |publisher=Poyser |isbn=978-1-4081-5725-1 |page=50}}</ref>

<ref name=Johnson1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin P. |last2=Sorenson |first2=Michael D. |year=1999 |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus ''Anas''): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence |journal=The Auk |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=792–805 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf |doi=10.2307/4089339|jstor=4089339}}</ref>

<ref name=Johnson2000>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin P. |last2=McKinney |first2=Frank |last3=Wilson |first3=Robert |last4=Sorenson |first4=Michael D. |year=2000 |title=The evolution of postcopulatory displays in dabbling ducks (Anatini): a phylogenetic perspective |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=953–963 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1999.1399 |pmid=10860522 |s2cid=28172603 |url=http://ducksrus.bu.edu/~msoren/pubs/AnimBehav2000b.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105021653/http://ducksrus.bu.edu/~msoren/pubs/AnimBehav2000b.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2006}}</ref>

<ref name=lice>{{cite web |title=Feather Lice Infection in Waterfowl |url=http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00dis/parasitic/feather_lice_infection.htm |website=Wildpro - the electronic encyclopaedia and library for wildlife |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210192346/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00dis/parasitic/feather_lice_infection.htm |archive-date=10 December 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |language=la |location=Holmiae [Stockholm] |year=1758 |quote=A. cauda acuminata elongata subtus nigra, occipite utrinque linea alba |page=126}}</ref>

<ref name=Livezey>{{cite journal |last=Livezey |first=B.C. |year=1991 |title=A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology |journal=The Auk |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=471–507 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v108n03/p0471-p0507.pdf |doi=10.2307/4088089|jstor=4088089 }}</ref>

<ref name=Madge>{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=Steve |last2=Burn |first2=Hilary |title=Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World (Helm Identification Guides) |year=1988 |publisher=Christopher Helm |pages=222–224 |isbn=978-0-7470-2201-5}}</ref>

<ref name=Marrone>{{cite book |last=Marrone |first=Teresa |title=Dressing & Cooking Wild Game (Complete Hunter) |year=2000 |publisher=Creative Publishing International |page=123 |isbn=978-0-86573-108-0 }}</ref>

<ref name=Mateo>{{cite journal |last1=Mateo |first1=Rafael |last2=Martínez-Vilalta |first2=Albert |last3=Guitart |first3=Raimon |year=1997 |title=Lead shot pellets in the Ebro delta, Spain: Densities in sediments and prevalence of exposure in waterfowl |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=335–341 |doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00046-8 |pmid=15093399}}</ref>

<ref name=Newsc>{{cite web |title=Crunch time for lead shot ban |website=New Scientist |date=5 April 1997 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420760.700-crunch-time-for-lead-shot-ban.html |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Scheuhammer>{{cite journal |last1=Scheuhammer |first1=A.M. |last2=Norris |first2=S.L. |year=1996 |title=The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=279–295 |doi=10.1007/BF00119051 |pmid=24193869|bibcode=1996Ecotx...5..279S |s2cid=40092400 }}</ref>

<ref name=tape>{{cite web |title=Cotugnia fastigata |website=Parasite species summary page |url=http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zAPlat_Cestod/cycl_dava_cotugnia/cotugnia_fastigata.htm |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210195021/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zAPlat_Cestod/cycl_dava_cotugnia/cotugnia_fastigata.htm |archive-date=10 December 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=umich>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jerry |editor-last=Johansson |editor-first=Carl |title=''Anas acuta'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_acuta.html |year=2002 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=13 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=USDA>{{cite web |title=Avian influenza tests complete on wild northern pintail ducks in Montana |website=News release No. 0402.06 |url=https://www.usda.gov/?contentidonly=true&contentid=2006/10/0402.xml |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |access-date=14 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=usdafs>{{cite web |title=Wildlife species: ''Anas acuta'' |website=Fire Effects Information System |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/anac/all.html |publisher=USDA Forest Service |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=USFWSnews>{{cite web |title=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Duck Hunting Regulations, Limited Canvasback Season Re-Opened |website=News Release 1 August 2003 |url=http://www.fws.gov/news/newsreleases/r9/34B56130-133F-4153-A4576F148A7C6451.html |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=15 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820183752/http://www.fws.gov/news/newsreleases/r9/34B56130-133F-4153-A4576F148A7C6451.html |archive-date=20 August 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=USFWS2>{{cite web |title=Service continues to expand non-toxic shot options |date=25 October 2000 |url=http://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2000/r00-045.html |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=N.A. |last2=Calverley |first2=B.K. |last3=Mahrt |first3=J.L. |year=1977 |title=Blood parasites of mallard and pintail ducks from central Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=226–229 |pmid=410954 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-13.3.226|s2cid=10120000 }}</ref> }}

==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies|Anas acuta}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Northern_Pintail.ogg|date=2009-04-14}} * {{EBirdSpecies|norpin|Northern Pintail}} * {{VIREO|northern+pintail}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q25450}} {{Authority control}}

northern pintail Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Holarctic birds Category:Birds of Africa Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic Category:Birds of Haiti northern pintail northern pintail Category:Least concern biota of the United States