{{Short description|Genus of true bugs}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Pinnaspis uniloba.png | image_caption = ''Pinnaspis uniloba'' | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Pinnaspis | authority = Cockerell, 1892 }}
'''''Pinnaspis''''', first described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1892, is a genus of scale insects belonging to the family Diaspididae, or armored scale insects. There are currently 42 species within the genus ''Pinnaspis''.<ref>Ben-Dov, Y. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131022053946/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalecgi/chklist.exe?Family=Diaspididae&genus=Pinnaspis+ "Scales in a Family/Genus Query Results"]. 18 October 2012. 27 November 2012</ref>
==Description== thumb|Pygidium of ''Pinnaspis buxi'' illustrates medial zygosis and macroduct shape. In this genus the median lobes are parallel and united by a medial zygosis.<ref name=W&W>Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1988) ''The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 1. Armoured Scales (Diaspididae).'' London, UK: CAB International Institute of Entomology. 290 pp. {{ISBN|0851986080}}</ref> Two-barred macroducts, a bi-lobed or absent second lobe, and gland spines, rather than fringed plates between pygidial lobes, and lobed pre-pygidial abdominal segments are characteristic of ''Pinnaspis''.<ref name=W&W/><ref name=Ferris>Ferris, G.F. & Rao, V.P. (1947) The genus "Pinnaspis" Cockerell (Homptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). (Contribution No. 54). ''Microentomology'' 12: 25–58.</ref><ref name="north">Ferris, G.F. (1937) ''Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America'' Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press</ref>
==Biology== Like all members of the family Diaspididae in ''Pinnaspis'' the females are primarily sessile, molting twice before reaching the adult stage.<ref name=Koteja>Koteja, J. (1990) 1.3.2. Life History. pp. 243–254. In: Rosen, D. (ed), ''Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control'' [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 386 pp.</ref> The first instar, referred to as a crawler, due to the presence of small legs and the dispersal function of this stage. The second instar and adult female lack legs and wings, and have greatly reduced to absent antenna and eyes.<ref name=Koteja/> A protective covering of wax is produced by the first and second instars and the adult female. The male undergoes four molts before reaching the adult stage, which is legged, winged, and has antenna and eyes.<ref name=Koteja/> The species ''Pinnaspis buxi'' is thought to be parthenogenic, as male scales have not been found.<ref name=north/>
==Distribution== The genus ''Pinnaspis'' most likely originated in Asia, with the highest diversity of species found in Asia.<ref name=Ferris/><ref name=Pinnaspis>Ben-Dov, Y. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062813/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/PinnaspisAll.htm Scalenet, "Pinnaspis"]. 18 October 2012</ref> Three species, ''Pinnaspis aspidistrae'', the fern scale, ''Pinnaspis buxi'', the boxwood scale, and ''Pinnaspis strachani'', the lesser snow scale have widespread cosmopolitan distributions.<ref name=W&W/><ref name=Ferris/> These three species can be found on every continent but Antarctica.<ref name=Pinnaspis/>
==Importance== Many species that fall within ''Pinnaspis'' are not pests, but the genus includes some serious pests. ''Pinnaspis aspidistrae'' and ''Pinnaspis strachani'' have been identified as serious pests.<ref name=Davidson>Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. (1990) 3.1.1 "A List of the Armored Scale Insect Pests". pp. 299–306. In: Rosen, D. (ed), ''Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control'' [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4B]. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 688 pp.</ref> Both ''P. aspidistrae'' and ''P. strachani'' are considered polyphagous. ''P. aspidistrae'' is recorded to feed on around 60 genera, including, ''Citrus'', and several types of ferns.<ref name=Miller>Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. (2005) ''Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)''. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates. {{ISBN|0801442796}}</ref> ''P. strachani'' is recorded to feed on over 60 genera, most commonly found on, ''Citrus'', ''Cocus'' and ''Hibiscus''.<ref name=Miller/> ''Pinnaspis buxi'' is also considered a pest, though not as serious a pest as ''P. aspidistrae'' or ''P. strachani''.<ref name=Davidson/>
==List of species== {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| * ''Pinnaspis alatae'' * ''Pinnaspis albizziae'' * ''Pinnaspis aspidistrae'' * ''Pinnaspis boehmeriae'' * ''Pinnaspis buxi'' * ''Pinnaspis chamaecyparidis'' * ''Pinnaspis diaspiformis'' * ''Pinnaspis dracaenae'' * ''Pinnaspis exercitata'' * ''Pinnaspis fici'' * ''Pinnaspis fonsecai'' * ''Pinnaspis frontalis'' * ''Pinnaspis hainnanensis'' * ''Pinnaspis hibisci'' * ''Pinnaspis hikosana'' * ''Pinnaspis indivisa'' * ''Pinnaspis javanensis'' * ''Pinnaspis juniperi'' * ''Pinnaspis liui'' * ''Pinnaspis longula'' * ''Pinnaspis melaleucae'' * ''Pinnaspis minima'' * ''Pinnaspis muntingi'' * ''Pinnaspis musae'' * ''Pinnaspis mussaendae'' * ''Pinnaspis orlandi'' * ''Pinnaspis piperis'' * ''Pinnaspis pseudotuberculatus'' * ''Pinnaspis rhododendri'' * ''Pinnaspis rombica'' * ''Pinnaspis sciadopityos'' * ''Pinnaspis scrobicularum'' * ''Pinnaspis serrulata'' * ''Pinnaspis shirozui'' * ''Pinnaspis siamensis'' * ''Pinnaspis simplior'' * ''Pinnaspis strachani'' * ''Pinnaspis theae'' * ''Pinnaspis tuberculata'' * ''Pinnaspis uniloba'' * ''Pinnaspis uvariae'' * ''Pinnaspis yamamotoi'' }}
==Notes on species in ''Pinnaspis''== ''Pinnaspis orlandi'' (Leonardi) and ''Pinnaspis robica'' Leonardi all lack definite distinguishing characters in their descriptions.<ref name=Ferris/> The illustration of ''Pinnaspis orlandi'' suggests that it may be ''Pinnaspis strachani''.<ref name=Ferris/>
''Pinnaspis aspidistrae'' and ''Pinnaspis strachani'' are highly morphologically similar. These two species may possibly containing multiple cryptic species, or form one highly variable species.<ref name="Miller"/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Wikispecies}} {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131022053946/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalecgi/chklist.exe?Family=Diaspididae&genus=Pinnaspis+ Scalenet Catalogue of ''Pinnaspis'']
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7196332}}
Category:Diaspididae Category:Sternorrhyncha genera Category:Hemiptera of Asia