Pinna (bivalve)

{{Short description|Genus of bivalves}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|298|0|[[Permian]]–Recent|ref=<ref name=PaleobiologyDB/> }} | image = Pinnidae - Pinna nobilis-001.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Pinna nobilis]]'' | taxon = Pinna | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | type_species = ''Pinna rudis'' Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = * ''Exitopinna'' Iredale, 1939 * ''Pinna (Abyssopinna)'' P. W. Schultz & M. Huber, 2013· accepted, alternate representation * ''Pinna (Cyrtopinna)'' Mörch, 1853· accepted, alternate representation * ''Pinna (Exitopinna)'' Iredale, 1939· accepted, alternate representation * ''Pinna (Pinna)'' Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation * ''Pinna (Quantulopinna)'' Iredale, 1939· accepted, alternate representation * ''Pinna (Subitopinna)'' Iredale, 1939· accepted, alternate representation * ''Pinnarius'' Duméril, 1805 * ''Pinnula'' Rafinesque, 1815 * ''Quantulopinna'' Iredale, 1939 * ''Subitopinna'' Iredale, 1939 | display_parents = 3 }}[[File:Pinna internal and external shell anatomy.jpg|thumb|Pinna internal and external shell features]]'''''Pinna''''' is a [[genus]] of [[bivalve]] [[mollusc]]s belonging to the family [[Pinnidae]].<ref name="WoRMS" /><ref name="GBIF" /> The [[type species]] of the genus is ''[[Pinna rudis]]''.<ref name="WoRMS" />

These bivalves are sessile suspension feeders that live in shallow water, fixed to the substrate with a large, silky [[byssus]].<ref name=":8" /> There are 32 different species in the genus ''Pinna'', accounting for around 40% of the diversity in the family [[Pinnidae]], and members of the genus are present almost globally. The most extensively studied species in the genus is the critically endangered ''[[Pinna nobilis|P. nobilis]]'', a [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] pen shell which was historically important as the principal source of [[sea silk]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stein |first=Eliot |date=2017 |title=The last surviving sea silk seamstress |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170906-the-last-surviving-sea-silk-seamstress |access-date=March 25, 2025 |work=BBC}}</ref> Members of ''Pinna'' are also valued as sources of food,<ref name=":5" /> pearls<ref name=":4" /> and for the aesthetic value of their shells.<ref name=":6" />

==Description== These pen shells can reach a length of about {{convert|80|-|90|cm|abbr=on}}. They are characterized by thin, elongated, wedge-shaped, and almost triangular shells with long, toothless edges. The surface of the shells shows radial ribs over their entire length.

''Pinna'' is distinguished from its sibling genus ''[[Atrina]]'' by the presence of a [[Sulcus (anatomy)|sulcus]] dividing the [[nacre]]ous region of the valves, and the positioning of the [[Adductor muscles (bivalve)|adductor]] scar on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side of shells. ''Pinna'' can also be distinguished from another of its relatives ''[[Streptopinna]]'' by being larger and having a more uniform shell shape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Streptopinna saccata |url=https://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Pinnidae/Pages/Streptopinna_saccata.htm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=seashellsofnsw.org.au}}</ref>

The internal anatomy is consistent with that of a typical [[mussel]], and includes [[Adductor muscles (bivalve)|adductor muscles]], the mantle and gut, the foot, and the byssal glands.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Simone |first1=Luiz |last2=Mikkelsen |first2=Paula M |last3=Bieler |first3=Rüdiger |date=May 2015 |title=Comparative Anatomy of Selected Marine Bivalves from the Florida Keys, with Notes on Brazilian Congeners (Mollusca: Bivalvia) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276268059 |journal=Malacologia |volume=58 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–127 |doi=10.4002/040.058.0201 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

Pinna musculature consists of an anterior and a posterior adductor muscle, which contract to close the shell, a posterior retractor muscle for moving the foot, and dorsal and ventral pallial retractor muscles, used to connect the mantle to the edge of the shell, and pull the mantle inside the shell when necessary.<ref name=":10" /> With the exception of the ventral pallial retractor muscle, everything else is located on the dorsal side of the animal.<ref name=":10" /> The anterior adductor muscle is very small, and it is located close to the anterior point, while the posterior adductor muscle is much larger, and is located about a third of the length along the shell, near the hinge plate.<ref name=":10" /> The latter is attached to the valve alongside the posterior pedal retractor muscle.<ref name=":10" /> The foot has two parts: a more slender anterior part that projects out and a posterior part that wraps around the byssus.<ref name=":10" /> The byssus is composed of fibrous, iridescent, brown threads and surrounds the pair of byssal glands.<ref name=":10" /> The mantle is mostly translucent, except near the posterior edge, where it is spotted.<ref name=":10" />

==Distribution== Species in the [[genus]] ''Pinna'' are geographically widespread and is known to occur in tropical and subtropical seas around the world.<ref name="GBIF" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lemer |first1=Sara |last2=Buge |first2=Barbara |last3=Bemis |first3=Amanda |last4=Giribet |first4=Gonzalo |date=2014 |title=First molecular phylogeny of the circumtropical bivalve family Pinnidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Evidence for high levels of cryptic species diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790314000591 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=75 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.008 |pmid=24569016 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

''Pinna'' species are widespread in the [[Indo-Pacific]], ranging as far south as South Africa and [[New Zealand]] and as far north as the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Strack |first=Elisabeth |title=Perlen |publisher=Rühle-Diebener-Verlag |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-9810848-0-1 |location=Stuttgart, Germany |language=German |trans-title=Pearls}}</ref> On the west coast of North America, ''Pinna'' members are known from [[North Carolina]] to [[Argentina]], and are abundant in the Caribbean and [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name=":0" /> This genus is also historically very well known from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and [[Red Sea]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Davenport |first1=John |last2=Ezgeta-Balić |first2=Daria |last3=Peharda |first3=Melita |last4=Skejić |first4=Sanda |last5=Ninčević-Gladan |first5=Živana |last6=Matijević |first6=Slavica |date=2011 |title=Size-differential feeding in Pinna nobilis L. (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Exploitation of detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272771410004579 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=246–254 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2010.12.033 |bibcode=2011ECSS...92..246D |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Fossil members of this genus have been found globally,<ref name="PaleobiologyDB" /> date back to the late [[Permian]] period<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shilekhin |first1=Lev |last2=Mazaev |first2=Alexey |last3=Biakov |first3=Alexander |date=2023 |title=The Earliest Representatives of the Genus Pinna (Bivalvia), from the Early Permian Reef of Shakhtau (Southern Cisuralia, Russia)". Paleontological Journal. 57: 375–379 – via SpringerNature. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373410808 |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=57 |pages=375–379 |doi=10.1134/S0031030123040111 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> and are especially well-represented and widespread in [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] [[fossil]]s.<ref name="PaleobiologyDB" />

== Ecology ==

=== Life habit === ''Pinna'' species live in coastal and marine waters, as well as in transitional inlets partially influenced by freshwater flow.<ref name=":1" /> Member of this genus are known to inhabit soft, muddy substrates, sandy [[seagrass meadow]]s, [[coral reef]]s, and fields of coral rubble in relatively shallow water.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hanafi Idris |first1=Mohd |last2=Bin Arshad |first2=Aziz |last3=Sidik Bujang |first3=Japar |last4=Abd. Ghaffar |first4=Mazlan |last5=Khalijah Daud |first5=Siti |date=2009 |title=Morphological Characteristics of Pinna bicolor Gmelin and Pinna deltodes Menke from the Seagrass Bed of Sungai Pulai, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289185813 |journal=Sains Malaysiana |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=333–339 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

All members of the genus ''Pinna'' are [[Sessility (motility)|sessile]], and orient themselves vertically relative to the substrate with the thin, tapered end pointing downwards and the wide end open upwards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Aucoin |first=Serge |date=2010 |title=A first report on the shrimp Pontonia sp. and other potential symbionts in the mantle cavity of the penshell Pinna carnea in the Dominican Republic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225983991 |journal=Symbiosis |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=130–131 |doi=10.1007/s13199-010-0050-x |bibcode=2010Symbi..50..135A |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> In muddy or soft, sandy conditions, ''Pinna'' will bury 50-95%<ref name=":5" /> of its body in substrate and will use tough [[Byssus|byssal threads]] to keep them fixed in the soft substrate around them with the aperture elevated from, or flush with, the surface of the sediment.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Kiyotaka |first1=Chinzei |last2=Savazzi |first2=Enrico |last3=Seilacher |first3=Adolf |author-link3=Adolf Seilacher |date=1982 |title=Adaptational strategies of bivalves living as infaunal secondary soft bottom dwellers |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie |volume=164 |issue=1–2 |pages=229–244 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/164/1982/229 |bibcode=1982NJGPA.164..229C |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> On more solid, rockier substrates, some ''Pinna'' can anchor themselves directly to hard substrates similarly to other [[Mussel|common byssate molluscs]].<ref name=":2" />

Members of the genus ''Pinna'' often arrange themselve in clusters or loosely spaced colonies, and can provide an important hard substrate for boring and encrusting organisms in otherwise inhospitable sandy or muddy settings, and may promote ecological diversity in environments they inhabit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tiller |first1=Georgia |last2=Martin |first2=Bradley |last3=Baring |first3=Ryan |date=2024 |title=Razor clam (Pinna bicolor) structural mimics as drivers of epibenthic biodiversity; a manipulative experiment |journal=Marine Environmental Research |volume=200 |doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106658 |pmid=39088890 |bibcode=2024MarER.20006658T |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Pinna'' are often hosts of [[Pontonia|''Pontonia'' shrimp]] and [[Pinnotheridae|pea crabs]], as well as of [[Apogonidae|cardinalfish]], [[Amphipoda|amphipods]], [[Isopoda|isopods]] and [[sea anemone]]s, which can live inside of their mantle cavities.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Chávez-Villalba |first1=Jorge |last2=de Jesús Reynaga-Franco |first2=Felipe |last3=Hoyos-Chairez |first3=Francisco |date=2022 |title=Worldwide overview of reproduction, juvenile collection, spat production and cultivation of pen shells |journal=Reviews in Aquaculture |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=1371–1388|doi=10.1111/raq.12654 |bibcode=2022RvAq...14.1371C }}</ref>

=== Feeding === Members of the genus ''Pinna'' are generally [[filter feeder]]s,<ref name=":1" /> however, some soft-bottom taxa, especially ones that are deeply buried in sediment, are likely [[Detritivore|deposit feeders]].<ref name=":8" /> ''Pinna''-genus bivalves consume a wide variety of prey, and includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, and organic detritus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vicente |first=Nardo |date=2014 |title=Utilization of muddy detritus as organic matter source by the fan mussel Pinna nobilis |url=https://www.academia.edu/116584605 |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=667 |doi=10.12681/mms.836 |bibcode=2014MedMS..15..667T |via=Academia|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In ''Pinna nobilis'', the size of the shell, and, as a result, the proportion of the shell that is above the surface of the substrate, are directly related with where nutrients were sourced.<ref name=":1" /> Larger ''P. nobilis'' showed a preference for prey higher in the water column, such as [[Calanoida|Calanoid copepods]] and [[diatom]]s, while smaller ''P. nobilis'' preferred more benthic prey, like [[Harpacticoida|Harpacticoid copepods]] and consumed a higher proportion of organic [[detritus]], which is denser on the bottom. === Reproduction and development === ''Pinna'' bivalves are [[Semelparity and iteroparity|iteroparous]] broadcast spawners, and release male and female gametes into the water column separately to allow for external fertilization. Reproduction across the genus ''Pinna'' beyond this is diverse, some members of the genus, such as ''Pinna nobilis, P. rugosa,'' and ''[[Pinna bicolor|P. bicolor]]'' have defined spawning periods, which generally occur during the summer, while others, like ''[[Pinna carnea|P. carnea]]'' that live in more tropical climates spawn year-round.<ref name=":5" />

Fertilized gametes form [[trochophore]]s, then [[veliger]] larvae, which are [[plankton]]ic can drift for many days in the water column before settling onto substrate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trigos |first1=Sergio |last2=Vicente |first2=Nardo |last3=Prado |first3=Patricia |last4=Espinós |first4=Francisco |date=2018 |title=Adult spawning and early larval development of the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848617314515 |journal=Aquaculture |volume=483 |pages=102–110 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.015 |bibcode=2018Aquac.483..102T |via=Elsevier Science Direct|hdl=10251/103987 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The veliger of the genus ''Pinna'' are stubby, triangular in outline, transparent and already contains the heteromyarian, or anisomyarian musculature seen in adult ''Pinna'', where one adductor muscle is much reduced in size compared to the other.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=John |date=2011 |title=On the functional morphology of Pinna and Atrina larvae (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) from the Atlantic |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=823–829 |doi=10.1017/S0025315410001694 |bibcode=2011JMBUK..91..823A |via=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

Upon reaching an appropriate substrate, the larva develops quickly, rapidly becoming sessile, and adult characteristics such as the [[Ctenidium (mollusc)|ctenidium]], [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]], and shell ornament take shape.<ref name=":9" /> Interestingly, all shell growth only occurs along the dorsal (pointed), ventral (wedge), and posterior margins, while no growth occurs anteriorly. The veliger shell quickly erodes, and is rarely preserved in adults.

== Human uses ==

=== Sea silk === {{Main|Sea silk}}

=== Pearls === [[File:Pinna 03.jpg|thumb|''Pinna'' showing partial [[nacre]] covering with sulcus]] Members of the genus ''Pinna'' are known to produce [[pearl]]s. Due to the partial coverage of the insides of their shells with [[nacre]], they are capable of producing both nacreous and non-nacreous pearls.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Karampelas |first=Stefanos |date=2009 |title=Characterization of Some Pearls of the Pinnidae Family |url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2009-gem-news-international |journal=Gems & Gemology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=221–223 |via=Gemological Institute of America}}</ref> Uniquely, members of ''Pinna'' appear to be unique in their capacity to produce gem-quality pearls that are made of calcite and contain [[carotenoid]]s<ref name=":4" /> which can lead to colouration that ranges from off-white, to vivid orange, brown and black. Pinna pearls may also be elongate and teardrop-shaped, mirroring the shape of the host shell.<ref name=":4" /> The nacreous shell itself is also valuable as a collector's item.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Katsanevakis |first1=Stelios |last2=Poursanidis |first2=Dimitris |last3=Issaris |first3=Yiannis |last4=Panou |first4=Aliki |date=2011 |title="Protected" marine shelled molluscs: Thriving in Greek seafood restaurants |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230729383 |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=429–438 |doi=10.12681/mms.42 |bibcode=2011MedMS..12..429K |via=ResearchGate|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5" />

=== Food === Members of the genus ''Pinna'', as well as its sibling genus ''[[Atrina]]'', are prized food sources around the Indo-pacific and Mediterranean.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Beer |first1=Andrew |last2=Southgate |first2=Paul |date=2006 |title=Spat collection, growth and meat yield of Pinna bicolor (Gmelin) in suspended culture in northern Australia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848606002833 |journal=Aquaculture |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=424–429 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.014 |bibcode=2006Aquac.258..424B |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Members of the genus are both harvested in the wild and are cultured, within the genus ''Pinna'', most [[aquaculture]] efforts are concentrated on ''[[Pinna rugosa]]'' in Mexico and ''[[Pinna nobilis]],'' the noble pen shell, in the Mediterranean.<ref name=":7" /> Aquaculture from the harvesting and growing of spats has seen success in some members of ''Pinna'', but is not performed commercially, and the majority of ''Pinna'' catch remains harvested wild.<ref name=":5" /> ''P. nobilis'' remains a delicacy in parts of the Mediterranean, and is still served in restaurants, despite its [[critically endangered]] status and the fact it is illegal to harvest.<ref name=":6" />

== Conservation ==

=== Human efforts === As of 2019, ''Pinna nobilis'' is classified as a critically endangered species by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]]. Mass mortality events have caused nearly all Mediterranean populations to die out.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebot-Colomer |first1=Elisabet |last2=Hernandis |first2=Sebastián |last3=Mourre |first3=Baptiste |last4=Fraile-Nuez |first4=Eugenio |last5=Álvarez |first5=Elvira |last6=Deudero |first6=Salud |last7=Albentosa |first7=Marina |last8=Vázquez-Luis |first8=Maite |date=June 2024 |title=No recruits for an ageing population: First signs of probable population extinction in one of the last reservoirs of the Critically Endangered species Pinna nobilis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138124000499#b0170 |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=79 |doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126600 |bibcode=2024JNatC..7926600N |via=Elsevier Science Direct|hdl=10261/359843 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Since then, conservation efforts such as transporting individuals to safer habitats, population monitoring, and [[captive breeding]] efforts have been made to preserve the species.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Paola Ferranti |first1=Maria |last2=Azzena |first2=Ilenia |last3=Batistini |first3=Edoardo |last4=Caracciolo |first4=Daniela |last5=Casu |first5=Marco |last6=Chiantore |first6=Mariachiara |last7=Ciriaco |first7=Saul |last8=Firpo |first8=Valerio |last9=Intini |first9=Luca |last10=Locci |first10=Chiara |last11=Montefalcone |first11=Monica |last12=Oprandi |first12=Alice |last13=Sanna |first13=Daria |last14=Scarpa |first14=Fabio |last15=Segarchi |first15=Marco |date=December 15, 2024 |title=Handling of the Bivalve Pinna nobilis, Endangered and Pathogen-Affected Species, for Controlled Reproduction: Precautions Taken |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=14 |issue=12 |article-number=e70565 |doi=10.1002/ece3.70565 |pmid=39687581 |pmc=11646934 |bibcode=2024EcoEv..1470565F }}</ref> In December 2022, the European Life ''Pinna'' Project set out to test their conservation protocols using the related ''Atrina'' genus as an experimental population because ''Atrina'' was not critically endangered or a protected species.<ref name=":12" />

=== Parasites === Parasites such as the protozoan ''Haplosporidium pinnae'', ''Myobacterium'' species and more, have been theorized as a potential cause of mortality for ''Pinna nobilis''.<ref name=":11" /> In 2019, an event termed the "[[cold drop]]" resulted in high volumes of nutrients, sediments, and fresh water to flood ''Pinna'' habitats and allow the introduction of ''H. pinnae''.<ref name=":11" /> The presence of parasites, along with mass mortality events, only contributed to the decline of ''P. nobilis'' populations following 2019.<ref name=":11" />

== Species == According to the [[World Register of Marine Species]], [[Extant taxon|extant]] species in the genus ''Pinna'' are:<ref name=WoRMS/> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Pinna angustana]]'' Lamarck, 1819 * ''[[Pinna atropurpurea]]'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''[[Pinna attenuata]]'' Reeve, 1858 * ''[[Pinna bichi]]'' Thach, 2016 * ''[[Pinna bicolor]]'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''[[Pinna carnea]]'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''[[Pinna cellophana]]'' Matsukuma & Okutani, 1986 * ''[[Pinna deltodes]]'' Menke, 1843 * ''[[Pinna dolabrata]]'' Lamarck, 1819 * ''[[Pinna electrina]]'' Reeve, 1858 * ''[[Pinna epica]]'' Jousseaume, 1894 * ''[[Pinna evexa]]'' Callomon, 2023 * ''[[Pinna exquisita]]'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 * ''[[Pinna fimbriatula]]'' Reeve, 1859 * ''[[Pinna incurva]]'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''[[Pinna linguafelis]]'' (Habe, 1953) * ''[[Pinna madida]]'' Reeve, 1858 * ''[[Pinna menkei]]'' Reeve, 1858 * ''[[Pinna muricata]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''[[Pinna nembia]]'' Simone, 2024 * ''[[Pinna nobilis]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''[[Pinna papyracea]]'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''[[Pinna pereria]]'' Simone, 2024 * ''[[Pinna rapanui]]'' Araya & Osorio, 2016 * ''[[Pinna rudis]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''[[Pinna rugosa]]'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1835 * ''[[Pinna saccata]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''[[Pinna sanguinolenta]]'' Reeve, 1858 * ''[[Pinna trigonalis]]'' Pease, 1861 * ''[[Pinna trigonium]]'' Dunker, 1852 * ''[[Pinna trindadis]]'' Simone, 2024 * ''[[Pinna wayae]]'' P. W. Schultz & M. Huber, 2013 {{div col end}}

The following species are only known from the fossil record:<ref name=WoRMS/> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *†''[[Pinna anderssoni]]'' Wilckens, 1910 *†''[[Pinna arcuata]]'' J. Sowerby, 1821 *†''[[Pinna blanfordi]]'' O. Boettger, 1880 *†''[[Pinna cretacea]]'' (Schlotheim, 1813) *†''[[Pinna dissimilicostata]]'' X.-M. Gan, 1978 *†''[[Pinna distans]]'' F. W. Hutton, 1873 *†''[[Pinna folium]]'' G. Young & Bird, 1822 *†''[[Pinna fragilis]]'' Watelet, 1868 *†''[[Pinna freneixae]]'' Zinsmeister & Macellari, 1988 *†''[[Pinna huiyangensis]]'' R.-J. Zhang, 1977 *†''[[Pinna karabiensis]]'' Yanin, 2021 *†''[[Pinna kawhiana]]'' Marwick, 1953 *†''[[Pinna keexwaanensis]]'' McRoberts, 2017 *†''[[Pinna lanceolata]]'' J. Sowerby, 1821 *†''[[Pinna margaritacea]]'' Lamarck, 1805 *†''[[Pinna mitis]]'' J. Phillips, 1829 *†''[[Pinna muikadanensis]]'' Nakazawa, 1961 *†''[[Pinna nyainrongensis]]'' S.-X. Wen, 1979 *†''[[Pinna octavia]]'' Marwick, 1953 *†''[[Pinna pacata]]'' Shilekhin, Mazaev & Biakov, 2023<ref name="Shilekhin et al. 2023"/> *†''[[Pinna plicata]]'' F. W. Hutton, 1873 *†''[[Pinna qinghaiensis]]'' Y.-J. Lu, 1986 *†''[[Pinna rembangensis]]'' K. Martin, 1910 *†''[[Pinna robinaldina]]'' A. d'Orbigny, 1844 *†''[[Pinna sobrali]]'' Zinsmeister, 1984 *†''[[Pinna socialis]]'' A. d'Orbigny, 1850 *†''[[Pinna subcuneata]]'' Eichwald, 1865 *†''[[Pinna suprajurensis]]'' A. d'Orbigny, 1850 *†''[[Pinna torulosa]]'' Repin, 2001 *†''[[Pinna vanhoepeni]]'' Rennie, 1930 *†''[[Pinnacaris dentata]]'' Garassino & Teruzzi, 1993 *†''[[Pinnatiporidium toomeyi]]'' (Dragastan) Dragastan & Schlagintweit, 2005 *†''[[Pinnatoporella carinata]]'' (Etheridge, 1879) *†''[[Pinnatulites microrugosa]]'' Hessland, 1949 *†''[[Pinnatulites tumida]]'' Hessland, 1949 *†''[[Pinnatulites varia]]'' Sarv, 1959 {{div col end}}

==Nomen nudum== * ''Pinna inflata'' [[Peter Friedrich Röding|Röding]], 1798 * ''Pinna lubrica'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nebulosa'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nigricans'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna striata'' [[Peter Friedrich Röding|Röding]], 1798 * ''Pinna tenera'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna violacea'' [[Peter Friedrich Röding|Röding]], 1798

==Nomen dubium== * ''Pinna atrata'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna bullata'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791 * ''Pinna marginata'' [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1819 * ''Pinna minax'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rollei'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna rostellum'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rotundata'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] * ''Pinna sanguinea'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791 * ''Pinna virgata'' Menke, 1843

==Synonyms== * ''Pinna squamosissima'' Philippi, 1849: synonym of ''[[Atrina serrata]]'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) * ''Pinna strangei'' [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858: synonym of ''[[Atrina strangei]]'' (Reeve, 1858) * ''Pinna stutchburii'' [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1859: synonym of ''[[Pinna attenuata]]'' Reeve, 1858 * ''Pinna subviridis'' [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858: synonym of ''[[Atrina seminuda]]'' (Lamarck, 1819) * ''Pinna tasmanica'' Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of ''[[Atrina tasmanica]]'' (Tenison Woods, 1876) * ''Pinna truncata'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of ''[[Atrina fragilis]]'' (Pennant, 1777) * ''Pinna tuberculosa'' [[George Brettingham Sowerby I|Sowerby I]], 1835: synonym of ''[[Atrina tuberculosa]]'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna varicosa'' [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1819: synonym of ''[[Pinna carnea]]'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''Pinna vespertina'' [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858: synonym of ''[[Pinna atropurpurea]]'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Pinna vexillum'' Born, 1778: synonym of ''[[Atrina vexillum]]'' (Born, 1778) * ''Pinna vitrea'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791: synonym of ''[[Streptopinna saccata]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Pinna vulgaris'' Roissy, 1804: synonym of ''[[Pinna nobilis]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna whitechurchi'' Turton, 1932: synonym of ''[[Atrina squamifera]]'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna zebuensis'' [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858: synonym of ''[[Pinna muricata]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna zelandica'' Gray, 1835: synonym of ''[[Atrina zelandica]]'' (Gray, 1835)

== Gallery == <gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed"> File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318944 - Pinna angustana Lamarck, 1819 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna angustana]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414274 - Pinna atropurpurea Sowerby , 1825 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna atropurpurea]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318930 - Pinna attenuata Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna attenuata]]'' File:Pinna bicolor Razor clam P1182475.JPG|''[[Pinna bicolor]]'' File:Pinna carnea no.1.jpg|''[[Pinna carnea]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318959 - Pinna deltodes Menke, 1843 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna deltodes]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318949 - Pinna electrina Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna electrina]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414491 - Pinna incurva Gmelin, 1791 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna incurva]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318885 - Pinna muricata Linnaeus, 1758 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna muricata]]'' File:Pinnidae - Pinna rudis.JPG|''[[Pinna rudis]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414295 - Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna rugosa]]'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318953 - Pinna trigonium Dunker, 1852 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|''[[Pinna trigonium]]'' File:Pinna noblis shell & byssus.JPG|''[[Pinna nobilis]]'' shell with [[byssus]] </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=GBIF>{{GBIF |id=2285348 |taxon=''Pinna'' Linnaeus, 1758 |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>

<ref name=PaleobiologyDB>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=16400 |title=''Pinna'' Linnaeus, 1758 |work=Paleobiology Database |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Shilekhin et al. 2023">{{cite journal|last1=Shilekhin |first1=L. E. |last2=Mazaev |first2=A. V. |last3=Biakov |first3=A. S. |year=2023 |title=The most ancient representatives of the genus ''Pinna'' (Bivalvia) in the Early Permian reef of Shakhtau (southern Cis-Urals, Russia) |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.1134/S0031030123040111 |url=https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=54096158 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |title=''Pinna'' Linnaeus, 1758 |year=2024 |id=138352 |db=MolluscaBase |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> }}

== Further reading == *Frank H.T. Rodes, Herbert S. Zim en Paul R. Shaffer (1993) - Natuurgids Fossielen (het ontstaan, prepareren en rangschikken van fossielen), Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar. ISBN D-1993-0001-361 *Cyril Walker & David Ward (1993) - Fossielen: Sesam Natuur Handboeken, Bosch & Keuning, Baarn. {{ISBN|90-246-4924-2}} *{{Cite journal| last=Packard | first=Earl |author2=Jones, David L.| title=Cretaceous Pelecypods of the Genus Pinna from the West Coast of North America | journal=Journal of Paleontology | volume=39 | issue=1 | pages=910–915 | date=Sep 1965 }} *{{Cite web | url=http://www.manandmollusc.net/glossary.html | title=Glossary | publisher=Man and Mollusc | access-date=2008-01-30 }} * Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. * Schultz, P. W.; Huber, M. (2013). Revision of the worldwide Recent Pinnidae and some remarks of fossil European Pinnidae. Acta Conchyliorum. 13: 1–164.

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886 Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata ] * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/12921 Mörch, O. A. L. (1852-1853). Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi, Regis Daniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Tertii Eques. Fasc. 1, Cephalophora, 170 pp. [1852]; Fasc. 2, Acephala, Annulata, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, 74 [+2] pp. [1853]. Hafniae [Copenhagen]: L. Klein] * [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14496865 Children J. G. (1822-1823). Lamarck's genera of shells. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts (London), 14(27): 64-87, pl. 3-4 [ottobre 1822]; 14(28): 298-322, pl. 5-6 [gennaio 1823]; 15(29): 23-52, pl. 2-3 [aprile 1823]; 15(30): 216-258, pl. 7-8 [luglio 1823]; 16 (31): 49-79, pl. 5 [ottobre 1823]; 16 (32): 241-264, pl. 6 [dicembre 1823]. [Vedi anche Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward, 1931]],

[[Category:Pinnidae]] [[Category:Bivalve genera]] [[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]