{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae}} {{Speciesbox |image = Yellow Hawkweed.jpg |genus = Pilosella |species = caespitosa |authority = (Dumort) P.D.Sell & C.West |range_map = Range of Hieracium caespitosum-World.svg |range_map_caption = Worldwide distribution |synonyms = {{Species list |Hieracium altaicum|(Nägeli & Peter) Üksip |Hieracium caespitosum|Dumort. |Hieracium colliniforme|(Nägeli & Peter) Roffey |Pilosella colliniformis|(Naegeli & Peter) Dostál |Hieracium dimorphum|Norrl. |Hieracium dissolutum|(Nägeli & Peter) Üksip |Hieracium dublanense|(Rehmann) Czerep. |Hieracium karelicum|Norrl. |Hieracium leptocaulon|(Nägeli & Peter) Üksip |Hieracium pratense|Tausch |Hieracium rawaruskanum|(Zahn) Czerep. |Pilosella altaica|(Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov |Pilosella dissoluta|(Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov |Pilosella dublanensis|(Rehmann) Schljakov |Pilosella karelica|Norrl. |Pilosella leptocaulon|(Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov |Pilosella pratensis|(Tausch) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. |Pilosella rawaruskana|(Zahn) Schljakov |Pilosella sudetorum|(Naegeli & Peter) Dostál }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_77180446-1">{{cite web |title=''Pilosella caespitosa ''subsp.'' caespitosa'' |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77180446-1 |accessdate=2019-01-28 }}</ref><ref name="POWO_77181679-1">{{cite web |title=''Pilosella caespitosa ''subsp.'' colliniformis'' |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77181679-1 |accessdate=2019-01-28 }}</ref> }}
'''''Pilosella caespitosa''''' (synonym '''''Hieracium caespitosum''''',<ref name=POWO_238026-1>{{cite web |title=''Pilosella caespitosa'' <small>(Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West</small> |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238026-1 |accessdate=2019-01-28 }}</ref> commonly known as '''meadow hawkweed''', '''yellow hawkweed''',<ref name='NRCS'/> '''field hawkweed''',<ref name='ctbs'> {{cite web|url=http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/hieraciumcaes.html |title=Field Hawkweed|accessdate=2007-12-15|author=Connecticut Botanical Society |date=November 13, 2005}}</ref> '''king devil''',<ref name='wellesley'/> '''yellow paintbrush''', '''devil's paintbrush''', '''yellow devil''', '''yellow fox-and-cubs''', and '''yellow king-devil''') is like several other ''Pilosella'' species and has a similar appearance to many of the hawkweeds.<ref name='ctbs'/>
==Description== ''Pilosella caespitosa'' is a creeping perennial,<ref name='MSU Turf'> {{cite web|url=http://www.msuturfweeds.net/details/_/yellow_hawkweed_25/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908062438/http://www.msuturfweeds.net/details/_/yellow_hawkweed_25/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 8, 2004|title=Yellow Hawkweed - Hieracium pratense|accessdate=2007-12-15|author=Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University|authorlink=Michigan State University academics|work=Weed List}}</ref> with shallow, fibrous roots<ref name='INW'> {{cite web|url=http://www.oneplan.org/Crop/noxWeeds/nxWeed14.shtml|title=Meadow Hawkweed|accessdate=2007-12-15|author1=Robert H. Callihan |author2=Timothy W. Miller |work=Idaho's Noxious Weeds|publisher=The Idaho Association of Soil Conservation Districts}}</ref> and long rhizomes.<ref name='burke'> {{cite web|url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?ID=1794|title=Vascular Plants: Hieracium caespitosum|accessdate=2007-12-16|author=Don Knoke, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture|authorlink=Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture|work=WTU Image Collection: Plants of Washington}}</ref>
The leaves, hairy on both sides (unlike ''Pilosella floribunda'', which looks similar but has hair only on the underside),<ref name='ctbs'/> are up to 6 inches (15 centimeters) long, spathulate, and almost exclusively basal<ref name='INW'/> with the exception of 1 or 2 very small cauline leaves.<ref name='burke'/> The leaves lie flat to the ground, overlap, and will smother non-vigorous turf.<ref name='MSU Turf'/>
The stems are bristly and usually leafless, although occasionally a small leaf appears near the midpoint.<ref name='UICWMA'> {{cite web|url=http://www.utah-idahocwma.org/id_meadowhawk.htm |title=Meadow Hawkweed |accessdate=2007-12-16 |author=Utah-Idaho Cooperative Weed Management Area |work=Noxious and Invading Weeds of the UICWMA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819064650/http://www.utah-idahocwma.org/id_meadowhawk.htm |archivedate=2007-08-19 }}</ref> Stems, leaves, and bracts have dense, blackish hairs<ref name='NCSU'> {{cite web|url= http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/wildflowers/hieracium_pratense.html|title=Hieracium pratense = Hieracium caespitosum|accessdate=2007-12-16 |author=Erv Evans, Consumer Horticulturist, North Carolina State University |authorlink=North Carolina State University|work=Plant Fact Sheets}}</ref> and exude milky juice when broken.<ref name='INW'/>
The 1/2 inch (1 centimeter) flower heads appear in tight clusters at the top<ref name='INW'/> of the 1 to 3 foot (1/3 to 1 meter) stems with 5 to 40 flowers per cluster.<ref name='NCSU'/> Corollas are all ligulate and bright yellow.<ref name='burke'/> Each single flower head is an inflorescence and each petal forms its own seed, making them each a separate flower or floret.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
The seeds are shiny, black, and plumed.<ref name='UICWMA'/> After maturing they are dispersed by wind, clothing, hair, feathers, and some vehicles that disturb fields or soils. ''P. caespitosa'' persists and regrows each year from rhizomes and often spreads by stolons,<ref name='CST'> {{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/cohesive_strategy/data/weeds/lit_abstracts/litsearch_hiecae.htm|title=Species: Hieracium caespitosum; Meadow hawkweed complex|accessdate = 2007-12-16|author=Cohesive Strategy Team|authorlink=United States Forest Service |work=Cohesive Strategy Team Data}}</ref> which can be extensive, creating a dense mat of hawkweed plants (a colony)<ref name='NCSU'/> that practically eliminates other vegetation.<ref name='INW'/>
''Pilosella caespitosa'' prefers silt loam, well-drained soil: coarse textures, moderately low in organic matter, and moist.<ref name='CST'/> Its presence can be an indicator of low soil fertility or slightly acidic soils.<ref name='MSU Turf'/>
''Pilosella caespitosa'' has, in the past, been used for healing eyesight. Pliny the Elder had recorded information regarding how other species, specifically hawks, utilized ''P. caespitosa'', specifically believing that they would eat it in an effort to improve eyesight.<ref name='wellesley'>{{cite web |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Web/Species/pkingdevil.html|title=King Devil |accessdate=2007-12-20|last=Biodiversity at Wellesley College and in New England |first=Niki Zhou and Carla Holleran|authorlink=Wellesley College |date=2004-06-25|work=Landscape Nature Walks|publisher=Courtesy Web of Species at Wellesley College|quote=For a time, King Devil and other European hawkweeds were used as an herbal remedy for healing eyesight. Pliny reported, in ancient Greece, that hawks ate it to see better.}} </ref>
==Habitat and distribution== thumb|right|170px|Range throughout North America Tolerant of drought and trampling, this species finds its habitat where the soil has been neglected. Places like roadsides,<ref name='ctbs'/> neglected residential and commercial landscapes, minimally maintained public parks and open spaces, vacant lots, rubble dump sites, and abandoned grasslands (meadows).<ref name='HGSD'>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/loeb_library/information_systems/projects/E_vue/plants/hieracium_pratense.htm |title=E*view Hieracium pratense |accessdate=2007-12-15 |author=Harvard Graduate School of Design |authorlink=Harvard Graduate School of Design |work=Emergent Vegetation of the Urban Ecosystem |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517093547/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/loeb_library/information_systems/projects/E_vue/plants/hieracium_pratense.htm |archivedate=2011-05-17 }}</ref>
''Pilosella caespitosa'' is an introduced species in North America and can be found in Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec)<ref name='eflora'>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416658 |title=Hieracium caespitosum in Flora of North America|accessdate=2007-12-15 |author=Flora of North America|work=Vol. 19, 20 and 21|pages=Page 278, 280, 284}}</ref> and the United States (Connecticut, Washington D.C., Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Wyoming).<ref name='NRCS'/> It is considered a noxious weed in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington.<ref name='NRCS'/>
''Pilosella caespitosa'''s native range includes a large portion of Europe, including Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Former Yugoslavia.<ref name='NPGS'>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2007-12-15}}</ref>
==Taxonomy== ''Pilosella caespitosa'' was originally published by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (Dumort.) in 1827 as ''Hieracium caespitosum'' in Fl. Belg.(Dumortier) vol.62.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Hieracium caespitosum'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/215703-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> Then in 1967, botanists P.D.Sell & C.West changed it to ''Pilosella caespitosa'' in Watsonia 6: 314 (1967).<ref name=Worldflora>{{cite web |title=''Pilosella caespitosa'' (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000118413 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
The species epithet of ''caespiticia'' is derived from ''caespiticius'' meaning made of turf.<ref>{{cite web |title=caespiticius (caespiticius, caespiticia, caespiticium) |url=https://worldofdictionary.com/dict/latin-english/meaning/caespiticius |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref><ref>Harrison, Lorraine (2012). Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226009193.</ref>
There are 2 known subspecies;<ref name=Worldflora/> * ''Pilosella caespitosa'' subsp. ''caespitosa'' {{Au|(Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West}} * ''Pilosella caespitosa'' subsp. ''colliniformis'' {{Au|(Peter) P.D.Sell & C.West}}
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=NRCS>{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile/HICA10|title=Plants Profile for ''Hieracium caespitosum'' (meadow hawkweed) |accessdate=2007-12-15 |author=Natural Resources Conservation Service |authorlink=Natural Resources Conservation Service |year=2007| work=The PLANTS Database |publisher=USDA, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.}}</ref> }}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Pilosella caespitosa|''Pilosella caespitosa''}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.vannattabros.com/iron.html|title=Machinery That Every Logger Should Have|accessdate=2007-12-17|work=VanNatta Construction Equipment}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=503009|title=Standard Report Hieracium caespitosum|accessdate=2007-12-15|author=Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)|authorlink=Integrated Taxonomic Information System}} *{{cite web|url=http://tenn.bio.utk.edu/vascular/database/vascular-database.asp?CategoryID=Dicots&FamilyID=Asteraceae&GenusID=Hieracium&SpeciesID=caespitosum|title=Dicots: Asteraceae, Hieracium caespitosum|accessdate=2007-12-15|work=TENN Vascular Plants - Database|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901071701/http://tenn.bio.utk.edu/vascular/database/vascular-database.asp?CategoryID=Dicots&FamilyID=Asteraceae&GenusID=Hieracium&SpeciesID=caespitosum|archive-date=2006-09-01|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.forestpests.org/subject.html?SUB=4424|title=Meadow hawkweed: Hieracium caespitosum|accessdate=2007-12-15|author=Forest Pests of North America}} *{{cite web |url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Hieracium_caespitosum |title=Hieracium caespitosum|accessdate=2007-12-15|editor=Klinkenberg, Brian|date=2007|work=Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia |publisher=Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2569387}}
caespitosa Category:Flora of Europe