Petrus Camper

{{Short description|Dutch scientist}} {{Use British English|date=July 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Petrus Camper | image = Petrus Camper.jpg | image_size = 230px | caption = Petrus Camper | birth_date = {{birth date text|11 May 1722}} | birth_place = [[Leiden]] | death_date = {{death date and age text|7 April 1789|11 May 1722}} | death_place = [[The Hague]] | field = [[anatomist]]<br />[[physiologist]]<br />philosopher<br />surgeon (dissection)<br />Draughtsman | work_institutions = [[University of Franeker]], [[Amsterdamse Atheneum]], [[University of Groningen]] | alma_mater = [[University of Leiden]], [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|Oxford College]] | doctoral_students = [[Martin van Marum]] | known_for = inventing the term "[[extinct]]" along with [[Georges Cuvier]] to describe the ''[[mammoth]]'' | author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = | religion = |footnotes = |signature = }}

'''Petrus Camper''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (11 May 1722 – 7 April 1789), was a Dutch physician, [[anatomist]], [[physiologist]], [[midwife]], [[zoologist]], [[anthropologist]], [[palaeontologist]] and a [[Natural history|naturalist]] in the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. He was one of the first to take an interest in [[comparative anatomy]], [[palaeontology]], and the [[facial angle]]. He was among the first to mark out an "anthropology," which he distinguished from [[natural history]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/paris/chateau/6110/review2.htm|title= Alan J. Barnard, Review Essay: "Anthropology, Race, and Englishness: Changing Notions of Complexion and Character," Eighteenth Century Life 25 (2002): 94-102. |date=23 June 2004|website=Geocities|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040623192045/http://www.geocities.com/paris/chateau/6110/review2.htm |archive-date= 23 June 2004 }}</ref> He studied the [[orangutan]], the [[Javan rhinoceros]], and the skull of a [[mosasaur]], which he believed was a whale.

Camper was a celebrity in Europe and became a member of the [[Royal Society]] (1750), the [[Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities|Göttingen]] (1779), and [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (1778), the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (1783), the [[French Academy of Sciences|French]] (1786) and the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1788). He designed and constructed tools for his patients, and for surgeries. He was an amateur drawer, a sculptor, a [[patron of art]] and a conservative, royalist politician. Camper published some lectures containing an account of his [[craniometry|craniometrical]] methods. These laid the foundation of all subsequent work.

== Studies and teaching == [[File:Universiteit van Franeker.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The ''Academia van Vrieslant'' in Franeker]]

Petrus Camper was the son of a well-to-do minister, who made his fortune in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]] and returned with a (young?) pickled [[Bornean orangutan]] in a jar.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/149431|title=The Nomenclature of the Orang Utan|journal=[[Zoologische Mededelingen]]|issn=0024-0672|oclc=212304577|first1=Colin P.|last1=Groves|first2=L.B.|last2=Holthus|volume=59|issue=31|date=31 December 1985}}</ref> A brilliant alumnus, he studied medicine and philosophy at the [[University of Leiden]] and obtained a degree in both sciences on the same day at the age of 24.<ref>His professors included [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]] and [[Willem Jacob 's Gravesande]] for physics and mathematics, [[Herman Boerhaave]] and [[Hieronymus David Gaubius]] for medicine, and [[François Hemsterhuis]] for philosophy.</ref> After both his parents died Camper travelled to England (where he met with [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]]), to France (where he met with [[Georges de Buffon]]) and Geneva. In the meantime he was appointed professor of philosophy, anatomy and surgery at the [[University of Franeker]], and Camper traveled to [[Friesland]].

In 1756, Camper married the widow Johanna Boerboom, daughter of the [[burgomaster]] of Leeuwarden, whom he met while treating her husband, the burgomaster of [[Harlingen, Netherlands|Harlingen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.friesgenootschap.nl/artikelen/camper.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183436/http://www.friesgenootschap.nl/artikelen/camper.htm|url-status=dead|title=Frisian Society. Notes on Petrus Camper's period in Friesland, by P.C.J.A. Boeles|archivedate=21 October 2013}}</ref>

==Surgeon's Guild== [[File:Tibout Regters - De anatomische les van Petrus Camper.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Camper's Anatomy lesson painted in 1758 commemorating his installment as "''praelector''" of the Surgeon's guild in 1755 in Amsterdam. This painting hung in the [[Waag (Amsterdam)|Waag]] and later in the [[Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam]]]] [[File:Petrus Camper - The Indian Elephants Hans and Parki Belonging to the Managerie of Stadholder Willem V.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|The Indian Elephants Hans and Parki Belonging to the [[menagerie]] of [[Stadholder]] Willem V]]

In 1755 he had moved to Amsterdam, where he occupied a chair of anatomy and surgery at the [[Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam|''Athenaeum Illustre'']], later completed by a medicine chair. He investigated [[inguinal hernia]], [[patella]] and the best form of shoe. He withdrew five years later to dedicate himself to scientific research, living on his wife's estate "Klein Lankum" just outside Franeker. In his farewell speech, he mentioned that he had dissected more than 50 bodies in public, including a twelve-year-old Angolese African boy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://petruscamper.com/han.htm|title= Petrus Camper On the Origin and Color of Blacks |publisher=HAN: History of Anthropology Newsletter v. 24, p. 2 (1997): 3-9.|via=petruscamper.com}}</ref> His experience led to the publication of ''Demonstrationum anatomico-pathologicarum'' (1760–1762). In 1762 he became politically active and promoted public health issues such as [[vaccination]] against [[smallpox]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_doc003197201_01/_doc003197201_01_0011.php|title=Documentatieblad werkgroep Achttiende eeuw. Jaargang 1972 - Chronologie Petrus Camper |website=DBNL}}</ref>

In 1763 he accepted the chair of anatomy, surgery and botany at the [[University of Groningen]].<ref>''Studying in Groningen Through the Ages: A History of the University of Groningen and the First English Department in the Netherlands''. Groningen: Groningen University Press, 2014, p. 87-88. {{ISBN|978-90-367-7125-2}}</ref> He made drawings to illustrate his eloquent lectures and the number of students grew.

His main focus of attention was anatomy, zoology and his collection of minerals and fossils. Among his many works, he studied [[osteology]] of birds and discovered the presence of air in the inner [[body cavity|cavities]] of birds' skeletons. He investigated the anatomy of eight young orangutans, establishing it as a different species to humans, as [[quadrupeds]], against the theories of contemporary scientists.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP_QcvuvVvMC&dq=von+S%C3%B6mmering+camper+petrus&pg=PA174|title=Het rusteloze bestaan van dokter Petrus Camper (1722-1789)|first=Jan Klaas|last= Korst|date=25 March 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn= 978-9031352876|page=174}}</ref> "Camper cleared up a lot of confusion when he distinguished the [[orangutan]] from the [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOiSJTrmOosC&dq=Camper+quadropeds+orang+utan&pg=PA138|title=Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722-1789)|first=Miriam Claude|last=Meijer|date=25 March 1999|publisher=Rodopi|isbn= 978-9042004344|page=138}}</ref> Petrus Camper published treatises on the hearing of fishes and the sound of frogs. He studied the diseases of ''[[rinderpest]]'' and [[rabies]] (1768–1770). Camper kept a surgical clinic. Before retiring in 1773, he introduced several new instruments and procedures for surgery and [[obstetrics]]. Back in Franeker, he dissected an elephant and a [[Javan rhinoceros]], after they died in the [[menagerie]] of the [[stadtholder]]. In 1782 he published his latest research, a treatise in which he disagreed with [[Carl Linnaeus]] and De Buffon on the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of apes.<ref>Verkruyse, P. et al (2007), ''Aap, vis, boek. Linnaeus in de Artis Bibliotheek'', p. 29.</ref>

* In 1778 he was visited by [[Samuel Thomas von Sömmering]], who later became a professor in Göttingen. Camper was in contact with [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] and [[Johann Heinrich Merck]]. * In 1780 he travelled in the company of his son to [[Wolfenbüttel]] and met with [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]. In [[Potsdam]], he was received by [[Frederick the Great]], introduced by [[Henri de Catt]]. In Berlin he met with [[Moses Mendelsohn]] and [[Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey|Samuel Formey]]. * In 1781 he traveled to Hamburg and met with [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)|Prince Henry]] and [[Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg]]; in 1782 Camper visited the [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]. * In November 1783 he was a Foreign Founding Member of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |title=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * In 1783 he was appointed by the stadtholder as one of the burgomasters of [[Workum]] and in 1784 became one of the directors of the [[Admiralty of Friesland]]. Camper was an [[Orangism (Netherlands)|Orangist]], opposing the [[Patriots (Dutch Republic)|patriots]]. * In 1785 he visited [[Edmund Burke]]. * In September 1787 he became the president of the [[Dutch Council of State|state council]] of the [[Dutch Republic]] and warmly welcomed the return of the stadtholder [[William V of Orange]] and his wife [[Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia (1751-1820)|Wilhelmine of Prussia]] in the Hague. *At the end of life he suffered from [[pleuritis]]; Camper had a Burgundian lifestyle, drank a good glass of [[champagne]] and died.

== Comparative anatomy == [[File:Mosasaurus onderkaak - Faujas de Saint-Fond.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Camper was interested in the classification of all sorts of fossil discoveries, such as the [[Mosasaurus]] in Maastricht, which he inspected and drew in the 1770s. His drawings were later published by [[Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond]]]]

One of the first to study [[comparative anatomy]], Petrus Camper demonstrated the principle of correlation in all organisms by "[[metamorphosis]]". In his 1778 lecture, "On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, [[Quadrupeds]], Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity," he metamorphosed a horse into a human being, thus showing the similarity between all [[vertebrates]]. [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] theorised this in 1795 as the "unity of organic composition," the influence of which is perceptible in all his subsequent writings; nature, he observed, presents us with only one plan of construction, the same in principle, but varied in its accessory parts. Camper's metamorphoses which demonstrated this "unity of Plan" greatly impressed [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]]. In 1923 and 1939 some Dutch authors suggested that Camper foreshadowed Goethe's famous idea of "[[Type (biology)|type]]" – a common structural pattern in some manner<ref>See Miriam Claude Meijer, "Petrus Camper's Protean Performances: The Metamorphoses" {{cite web |url=http://geocities.com/paris/chateau/6110/camper1.htm |title=here |accessdate=2010-11-11 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022134233/http://geocities.com/paris/chateau/6110/camper1.htm |archivedate=22 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }} (with a drawing of Camper's animated metamorphose) – URL. Retrieved 28 February 2007</ref>

=="Facial angle" == [[File:Camper Measurements on human male head.jpg|thumb|left|Picture of a human male based on Petrus Camper measurements]]

Petrus Camper is renowned for his theory of [[Facial Angles (Camper)|facial angle]] ([[prognathism]]). He determined that humans had facial angles between 70° and 80°, with African and Asian angles closer to 70°, and European angles closer to 80. According to his new portraiture technique, an angle is formed by drawing two lines: one horizontally from the [[nostril]] to the ear, and the other [[perpendicularly]] from the advancing part of the upper [[Maxilla|jawbone]] to the most prominent part of the [[forehead]]. He claimed that antique Greco-Roman statues presented an angle of 100°-95°, Europeans of 80°, 'Orientals' of 70°, Black people of 70° and the orangutan of 42–58°. He stated that, out of all races, Africans were most removed from the classical sense of ideal beauty. These results were later used as [[scientific racism]], with research continued by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and [[Paul Broca]].

Camper, however, agreed with [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]] in drawing a sharp line between human and animals (although he was misinterpreted by [[Diderot]], who claimed that he was a supporter of the [[Great Chain of Being]] theory).<ref name=Thomson>Ann Thomson, [http://www.cromohs.unifi.it/8_2003/thomson.html Issues at stake in eighteenth-century racial classification] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121225852/http://www.cromohs.unifi.it/8_2003/thomson.html |date=21 November 2007 }}, ''Cromohs'', 8 (2003): 1–20</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20783|title=Links between the discovery of primates and anatomical comparisons with humans, the chain of being, our place in nature, and racism|first=Rui|last=Diogo|date=1 December 2017|journal=Journal of Morphology|volume=279|issue=4|pages=472–493|doi=10.1002/jmor.20783|pmid=29194710|s2cid=3843610|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Camper confirmed the categorizing [[species]] by [[Linné]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28257746#page/317/mode/1up|title= Zur Erforschungsgeschichte und Namengebung beim Orang-Utan, Pongo satyrus (Linnaeus, 1758); Synon. Pongo pygmaeus (Hoppius, 1763). (Mit Kurzbibliographie)|last=Röhrer-Ertl|first=O|journal= Spixiana|year=1983|volume= 6|pages=301–332|via= biodiversitylibrary.org}}</ref>

==Camper and the arts== He was interested in architecture, [[mathematics]], furniture making, drawing and illustrated his own lectures. Four times he gave lectures in Amsterdam to art students, e.g. on beauty and [[portraiture]]. He disagreed that artists painted the black Magus (in the [[nativity of Jesus in art|nativity]]) with a [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] face. In 1780 he took lessons from [[Étienne Maurice Falconet]]. In his ideas about art, Camper was influenced by [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]]. He made drawings of the [[Dolmen]] near [[Noordlaren]]. He was in the selection committee for the prize contest for the design of the [[City hall, Groningen|new townhall in Groningen]] that was awarded to his friend [[Jacob Otten Husly]].

== Legacy == [[File:Camper Ebene.jpg|thumb|Abbildung der Camperschen Ebene basierend auf einem Kupferstich aus Peter Campers Werk ''Über den natürlichen Unterschied der Gesichtszüge in Menschen verschiedener Gegenden und verschiedenen Alters'' von 1792. Die Campersche Ebene ist orange hervorgehoben.]]

[[Georges Cuvier]] praised his "genius eye" but criticised him for keeping himself to simple sketches.<ref>"Camper porta, pour ainsi dire en passant, le coup d'œil du génie sur une foule d'objets intéressants, mais presque tous ses travaux ne furent que des ébauches".</ref> He had a [[eulogy]] in his honour composed by [[Nicolas de Condorcet]] and [[Félix Vicq-d'Azyr]]. Camper influenced [[Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton]].

His son [[Adriaan Gilles Camper]] published much of his father's unpublished research in addition to a biography of him.<ref>"Levensschets van P. Camper", by Adriaan Gilles Camper, Leeuw, 1791.</ref>

The Dutch author [[Thomas Rosenboom]] used Petrus Camper as a character in his novel, ''Gewassen vlees'' (1994).<ref>Rosenboom, Thomas. (2004). [http://boeken.vpro.nl/boeken/29508445/ ''Gewassen vlees.'']</ref>

Camper was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1789.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pieter Camper|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Pieter+Camper|access-date=14 December 2020|website=American Philosophical Society Member History|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref>

== Works == * {{cite web|author=Petrus Camper |url=http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Camper_1746.pdf |title=Dissertatio optica de visu |year=1746}} Dissertation from Leiden University. * ''Demonstrationes anatomico- pathologicae'' [1760–1762] * ''Dissertation sur les différences des traits du visage'' and ''Discours sur l'art de juger les passions de l'homme par les traits de son visage'' * ''On the Best Form of Shoe'' * ''[[Facial Angles (Camper)|Two lectures to the Amsterdam Drawing society on the facial angle]]'' (1770) * ''On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity'' (1778) * ''Historiae literariae cultoribus S.P.D. Petrus Camper''. A list of his work, published by himself. * ''Works by Petrus Camper'', the French compilation of Camper's work, based on Camper's French lecture notes and the posthumous publications by his son A.G. Camper, published and partially translated by Hendrik Jansen in 1803 in three octavo volumes.<ref>Oeuvres de Pierre Camper, qui ont pour objet l'histoire naturelle, la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée, Paris, 1803, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BcmaDdkR3FUC Volume 2] on Google books</ref><ref>Oeuvres de Pierre Camper, qui ont pour objet l'histoire naturelle, la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée, Paris, 1803, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4g5AAAAcAAJ Volume 3] on Google books</ref>

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== * Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang. (1878). ''Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie.'' * Meijer, Miriam Claude. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050214091617/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Chateau/6110/camper1.htm "Petrus Camper's Protean Performances: The Metamorphoses"] (English) * Rosenboom, Thomas. (2004). ''Gewassen vlees.'' Amsterdam: [[Querido]]. {{ISBN|90-214-7988-5}} * Thomson, Ann. ''Issues at Stake in Eighteenth-century Racial Classification,'' Cromohs, 8 (2003): 1–20 (English) *{{Nuttall|article= Petrus Camper}} *''Studying in Groningen Through the Ages: A History of the University of Groningen and the First English Department in the Netherlands''. Groningen: Groningen University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-90-367-7125-2}}

==External links== {{commons category|Petrus Camper}} {{EB1911 poster|Camper, Peter|Peter Camper}} * [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/3231.html Biography of Petrus Camper] * [http://www.rug.nl/museum/geschiedenis/hoogleraren/camper Rijksuniversiteit Groningen] * [https://archive.today/20121220130418/http://odur.let.rug.nl/magazijn/linkpagina's/mengelwerk/raarekiek/petrus_camper.htm University of Groningen on Camper] * [http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=camp013 Author page] in the [[Digital library for Dutch literature|DBNL]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Camper, Petrus}} [[Category:1722 births]] [[Category:1789 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Dutch anatomists]] [[Category:18th-century Dutch naturalists]] [[Category:Scientists from Leiden]] [[Category:Leiden University alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Franeker]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam]] [[Category:Dutch fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Founder fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]