Pierre Lyonnet

{{Short description|Dutch artist, art collector and scientist}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Pierre Lyonnet |image =Lyonnet Pierre 1707-1789.jpg |image_size =220px |caption = Pierre Lyonnet |birth_date = 21 July 1706 |birth_place = Maastricht, Dutch Republic |death_date = {{death-date and age|10 January 1789|21 July 1706}} |death_place = The Hague, Dutch Republic |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = |ethnicity = |field = naturalist. |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} '''Pierre Lyonnet''' or '''Lyonet''' (21 July 1706 – 10 January 1789)<ref name="Ref_" />  was a Dutch artist and engraver who became a naturalist. He was a collector both of shells (a major collecting craze at the time) and paintings, whose collection included ''Woman Reading a Letter'' by Vermeer, now in the Rijksmuseum. This fetched far less than his best shells in the auctions of his collection after his death.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/conchylomania.html Conchylomania]</ref>

==Biography== According to the RKD he was a pupil of Hendrik van Limborch, Carel de Moor, and Jan Wandelaar.<ref name="Ref_">[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/92087 Pieter Lyonet] in the RKD</ref> He was secretary and translator (he spoke more than eight languages) for the government of the Dutch Republic.

Initially he trained as a lawyer before choosing to specialize in the engraving of natural history and the work of dissection. He illustrated ''Theology of the insects, or demonstration of the perfections of God in all that relates to the insects'' (1742) of Friedrich Christian Lesser (1692–1754) and ''Treatise on the polyps'' (1744) of Abraham Trembley (1710–1784). He then decided to make his do own observations and to write his own monograph on the anatomy of the insects. His first work appeared in 1760 under the name of ''Anatomical treatise of the caterpillar which corrodes the wood of Willow''. He illustrated 4,041 different muscles thus. He lacked the anatomical knowledge of Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) and of Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) and his observations show it. His book was received with scepticism which affirmed that Lyonnet imagined the details which he drew with so much precision. It was to counter these criticisms, that he put in the second edition which appears in 1762, a drawing of its instruments and a description of its method. Lyonnet planned to study the chrysalis and the adult but, sixty years old, the tiredness of his eyes obliged him to stop his projects.

Lyonnet was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 14 January 1748.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml |title=Fellowship of the Royal Society |website=docs.google.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185820/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml |archive-date=2015-10-15}} </ref>

==References== {{reflist}} *{{cite journal |last=Wellmann |first=Janina |year=2008 |title=Picture metamorphosis. The transformation of insects from the end of the seventeenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century |journal=NTM |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=183–211 |doi=10.1007/s00048-008-0285-2 | pmid = 19227706 |s2cid=170354736 }}

; Illustrations from ''Traité anatomique'' (1750): larva of the willow moth <gallery title=Larva of the willow moth> Image:Lyonnet 1.jpg|Larva of the willow moth Image:Lyonnet 2.jpg|Central nervous system with the nerves Image:Lyonnet 3.jpg|Muscles Image:Lyonnet 4.jpg|Head Image:Lyonnet 5.jpg|Larva of the willow moth Image:Lyonnet 6.jpg|Lyonet's dissecting outfit </gallery>

==Literature== * Wouter Hendrik van Seters, ''Pierre Lyonet, 1706–1789: Sa vie, ses collections de coquillages et de tableux ses reserches entomologiques'' (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962). * Emile Hublard, ''Le naturaliste hollandais Pierre Lyonet: sa vie et ses oeuvres (1706–1789) d'apres des lettres inédites'' (Brussel: Lebègue, 1910). * Karl Maria Michael de Leeuw, ''Cryptology and statecraft in the Dutch Republic'' (Amsterdam: APA-Holland University Press, 2000) {{ISBN|90-5776-039-8}}. * Koen Scholten, "Pierre Lyonet's (1706–1789) Study of Insects: Displaying Virtue and Gaining Social Status through Natural History", ''Studium'', vol. 11:4 (2018): 245–259. * "Van lezen en microscopen IV: Trembley en Lyonet" (Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1978)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyonnet, Pierre}} Category:1706 births Category:1789 deaths Category:Dutch illustrators Category:Dutch entomologists Category:18th-century Dutch naturalists Category:Dutch engravers Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Artists from Maastricht Category:Art collectors from The Hague