{{Short description|1911 American heavy truck}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox automobile | name = Pierce-Arrow Model X | image = Pierce-Arrow X-2 (1913–1918).jpg | caption = | manufacturer = [[Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company]] | model_code = | aka = | production = 1913–1922 | model_years = | assembly = | designer = H. Kerr Thomas & John Younger | class = | body_style = 2-ton truck | layout = [[Conventional truck|Cab behind engine]] | platform = | related = | engine = [[Straight-four engine|4-cylinder inline]] petrol<br/>{{cvt|25.6|hp|kW}}{{refn|group=note|name=Horsepower|[[Tax horsepower#United States|S.A.E. or N.A.C.C. horsepower]] rating.{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}} }} | transmission = 3-forward, 1-reverse | propulsion = [[Two-wheel drive|4x2]] | wheelbase = {{cvt|12|ft|6|in|m|2}} standard<br/>{{cvt|15|ft|m|2}} extra long | length = {{cvt|18|ft|6|in|m|2}} standard<br/>{{cvt|21|ft|6|in|m|2}} extra long | width = {{cvt|5|ft|6|in|m|2}} | height = {{cvt|NNN|in|mm|0|order=flip}} | weight = {{cvt|NNN|-|NNNN|lb|kg|0|order=flip}} | predecessor = | successor = | sp = us }} The '''Pierce-Arrow Model X''' was a truck model manufactured by the American firm [[Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company]] from 1913 to 1922. The Pierce-Arrow Model X was used in very large numbers by French and US militaries during the [[First World War]].
==Design== The Model X was a [[Conventional truck|cab behind engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] truck with a payload capacity of {{cvt|2|ST|LT t|2}}.{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}} The Model X was available in two chassis lengths, the standard chassis had a wheelbase of {{cvt|12|ft|6|in|m|2}} and an overall chassis length of {{cvt|18|ft|6|in|m|2}}, the extra long chassis had a wheelbase of {{cvt|15|ft|m|2}} and an overall chassis length of {{cvt|21|ft|6|in|m|2}}.{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}} The bare chassis was {{cvt|5|ft|6|in|m|2}} in width.{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}}
The Model X was powered by a [[Straight-four engine|4-cylinder inline]] {{cvt|25.6|hp|kW}}{{refn|group=note|name=Horsepower }} [[T-head engine|T-head]] petrol engine with a bore and stroke of {{cvt|4|by|5+1/2|in|mm|0}}, ignition was by [[Ignition magneto|magneto]], a {{cvt|13|USgal|impgal L}} fuel tank was standard.{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}} The truck was driven through a three-speed transmission and the rear axle featured [[worm drive|worm final drive]].{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}} It was fitted with a foot actuated [[transmission brake]] and hand actuated rear [[Drum brake|drum]] brakes.{{sfnp|Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|1914|p=93}}{{sfnp|Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers|1970|p=192}}
==History== [[File:111-SC-29281 - NARA - 55217919 (page 1).jpg|thumb|300px|US Army 2-ton Model X]] In 1910 Pierce-Arrow was looking to expand their commercial truck business, and on the advice of a young engineer, Francis W. Davis, the company hired two designers from British truck manufacturers.{{sfnp|Georgano|Demand|1978|p=104}}{{sfnp|Phaneuf|Menzies|2006|p=66}} Upon their arrival H. Kerr Thomas formerly of [[J & E Hall|Hallford]] and John Younger formerly of [[Dennis Brothers|Dennis]], commenced designing a completely new range of trucks, the first of which was the 5-ton [[Pierce-Arrow Model R|Model R]] which was introduced in 1911.{{sfnp|Georgano|Demand|1978|p=104}}{{sfnp|Ralston|1980|p=204}} Following this, in 1913 the company introduced a smaller 2-ton model, the Model X.{{sfnp|Ralston|1980|p=204}}
During the [[First World War]], large numbers of Model Xs were built, between April 1914 and the time of the Armistice in 1918 7,051 Model Xs were produced.{{sfnp|Pullen|2014|p=20}} The Model X was purchased in large numbers by the French and US militaries for service during the war, the French purchased 2,100 for military service during the conflict.{{sfnp|Pullen|2014|p=20}}{{sfnp|Boniface|Jeudy|1996|p=203}}
Production of the Model X continued through the 1920s with few modifications, by 1921 Pierce-Arrow's total truck sales had dropped to 709 vehicles, and in 1922 the company suspended production of the Model X for newer models.{{sfnp|Ralston|1980|p=204}}
==See also== * [[Pierce-Arrow Model R]]
==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}}
==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist}}
===Bibliography=== * {{cite book |author=Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers |date=1970 |title=Hand book of automobiles, 1915-1916 |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications Inc |isbn=0-486-22689-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Boniface |first1=Jean-Michel |last2=Jeudy |first2=Jean-Gabriel |date=1996 |title=Les camions de la Victoire: le service automobile pendant la Grande Guerre, 1914-1918 |trans-title=The trucks of Victory: motor transport during the Great War, 1914-1918 |language=French |location=Paris |publisher=Massin |isbn=9782402439756 }} * {{cite book |last1=Georgano |first1=G. N. |last2=Demand |first2=Carlo |date=1978 |title=Trucks: an Illustrated History, 1896–1920 |location=Lausanne |publisher=Edita |isbn=0-8467-0500-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Phaneuf |first1=Ingrid |last2=Menzies |first2=James |date=2006 |title=Trucks of the World: over 240 of the world's greatest trucks |location=Bath |publisher=Paragon Publishing |isbn=1-40546-725-8 }} * {{cite book |author=Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company|date=1914 |title=Pierce-Arrow Motor Trucks |url=https://revsinstitute.org/WMS/1004787332.pdf |location=Buffalo, New York |publisher= |isbn= |access-date=}} * {{cite magazine |last=Pullen |first=Richard |date=November 2014 |title=Allied trucks of the Great War |url= |magazine=[[Military Machines International]] |location=Stamford |publisher=Key Publishing |access-date=}} * {{cite book |last=Ralston |first=Marc |date=1980 |title=Pierce-Arrow |location=San Diego |publisher=A.S Barnes and Co |isbn=0-498-02451-2 }}
==External links== {{Commons-inline}}.
{{WWI US Soft Vehicles|state=collapsed}} {{WWI French Soft Vehicles|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1913]] [[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]] [[Category:World War I vehicles of the United States]] [[Category:World War I vehicles of France]]