{{Short description|Species of freshwater snail}} {{Featured article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Use British English|date=January 2026}} {{Speciesbox | image = Blasenschnecke 01.jpg | image_alt = Physella acuta seen from the right, sitting on a small grey rock inside an aquarium | image_caption = A live individual of ''Physella acuta'' | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Van Damme, D. |author2=Ghamizi, M. |author3=Seddon, M.B. |author4=Budha, P.B. |author5=Dutta, J. |author6=Cordeiro, J. |year=2017 |title=''Haitia acuta'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T155538A91354457 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T155538A91354457.en |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref> | status2 = G5 | status2_system = TNC | status2_ref = <ref name=NS>{{cite NatureServe |id=2.815001 |title=''Physella acuta'' |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> | genus = Physella | species = acuta | authority = (Draparnaud, 1805){{sfn|Draparnaud|1805|p=55}} | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true|title=Selected synonyms |''Haitia acuta'' <small>(Draparnaud, 1805)</small> |''Physa acuta'' <small>Draparnaud, 1805</small> |''Physa cubensis'' <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1839</small> |''Physa heterostropha'' <small>(Say, 1817)</small> |''Physa integra'' <small>Haldeman, 1841</small> |''Physa virgata'' <small>A. Gould, 1855</small> }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="www.molluscabase.org" /> }}
'''''Physella acuta''''', also known as the '''European physa''', '''tadpole snail''', '''sewage snail''', '''bladder snail''', or '''acute bladder snail''', is a species of small, air-breathing freshwater snail of the family Physidae. It originates from North America and was first described in 1805 by Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud based on a specimen found in France. Like other physids, ''P. acuta'' presents a sinistral (left-coiling) shell as well as a unique set of muscles called the physid musculature that allows it to rapidly twist the shell as a defence mechanism.
''P. acuta'' is invasive on all continents except Antarctica and is considered by Dillon and colleagues (2002) as "the world's most cosmopolitan freshwater gastropod". Its first introduction outside North America likely occurred through the 18th-century cotton trade to Europe, while later spread mainly happened through the aquarium trade. The species can occupy diverse freshwater habitats and tolerates polluted as well as oxygen-poor environments. It can reproduce with other individuals and also self-fertilise. Due to its high reproductive rate and tolerance to habitat degradation, it frequently outcompetes native snail species. Prevalence of parasitic infections within invasive ''P. acuta'' populations is often low, but a 2024 study detected the human parasite ''Echinostoma'' (which causes a disease known as echinostomiasis upon infecting the gastrointestinal tract) in an individual from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In aquariums, ''P. acuta'' is usually introduced through ornamental plants and can become a "nuisance snail" due to its rapid reproduction. However, a controlled population in an aquarium can help clean up organic leftovers and control algal growth.
== Etymology and taxonomy == ''Physella acuta'' is commonly known as European physa,<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Physa (''Physella acuta'') {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/european-physa-physella-acuta |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=fws.gov |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204192542/https://www.fws.gov/species/european-physa-physella-acuta|archive-date=4 February 2026 }}</ref> tadpole snail,<ref name="practicalfishkeeping">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=How do I deal with aquarium snails? |url=https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/fishkeeping-answers/how-do-i-deal-with-aquarium-snails/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Practical Fishkeeping |archive-date=3 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103194524/https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/fishkeeping-answers/how-do-i-deal-with-aquarium-snails/ |url-status=live }}</ref> sewage snail,{{sfn|Aditya|Raut|2002|pp=531, 534}} bladder snail,{{sfn|Popa|Moga|Popa|Cimpoiasu|2025|pp=2074, 2080}}{{sfn|Banha|Anastácio|2020|p=60}} or acute bladder snail.{{sfn|Jayachandran|Radhika|Aneesh|Santu|2022|p=201}}<ref name="Morningstar-2021" /> The species was first described as ''Physa acuta'' in 1805 by Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud, based on a specimen found in the Garonne catchment in France.{{sfn|Draparnaud|1805|p=55}} The specific epithet ''acuta'' is Latin for {{gloss|sharp}}.{{sfn|Lewis|Short|1879|p=26}} In 1817 Thomas Say independently described the same species in Pennsylvania, naming it ''Physa heterostropha''.{{sfn|Say|1817|loc=unpaginated, pl. 1, fig. 6}}{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|p=2}} This and several other newly described species, such as ''Physella virgata'' and ''Physella integra'' (described from North America), as well as ''Physella cubensis'' (described from Central America), were considered distinct from each other until molecular and reproductive studies at the beginning of the 21st century revealed them to be synonyms of ''P. acuta''.{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|p=2}} Since 2021, molecular phylogenetic studies (which investigate evolutionary relationships using genetic data) have reported stronger evidence for moving the species from its original genus ''Physa'' to ''Physella''.{{sfn|Young|Smith|Pilgrim|Schwartz|2021|pp=2, 8}}{{sfn|Albrecht|Clewing|Seebens|Chibwana|2025|p=8}}
{{As of|2025}} the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) accepts the taxonomic classification proposed by Albrecht and colleagues (2025).<ref name="www.molluscabase.org">{{Cite web |title=MolluscaBase – ''Physella acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805) |url=https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234093 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=molluscabase.org |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103214837/https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234093 |url-status=live }}</ref> The authors place ''P. acuta'' in the genus ''Physella'', with ''Physa'' (the genus to which it was previously assigned) and ''Stenophysa'' as sister groups. Together, these three genera form the subfamily named Physinae. The family Physidae consists of Physinae and the genus ''Aplexa''. ''P. acuta''{{'}}s current classification is shown in the simplified cladogram below.{{sfn|Albrecht|Clewing|Seebens|Chibwana|2025|p=6}}{{clade| style=font-size:90%; |label1=Physidae |1={{clade |label1=Physinae |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''Physella'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1='''''Physella acuta''''' |2=''Physella spelunca'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Physella natricina'' |2=''Physella zionis'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Physella gyrina'' |2=''Physella pomilia'' }} }} |label2=''Physa'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Physa skinneri'' |2=''Physa jennessi'' }} |2=''Physa fontinalis'' }} |2=''Physa vernalis'' }} }} |2=''Stenophysa'' }} |label2=''Aplexa'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Aplexa hypnorum'' |2=''Aplexa elongata'' }} }} }} }}While the family Physidae is well established, the structure of its subfamily Physinae remains unclear as of 2021. Debates include the taxonomic relationships between Physinae members as well as the definition and number of physinine genera and species, which in turn affect how individual taxa, including ''P. acuta'', are defined and assigned.{{sfn|Young|Smith|Pilgrim|Schwartz|2021|p=2}} Consequently, ''P. acuta''{{'}}s classification as ''Physella'' is not universally accepted,{{sfn|Vinarski|Eschner|2016|p=44}}{{sfn|Young|Smith|Pilgrim|Schwartz|2021|p=2}} and other authors and databases continue to use synonyms like ''Physa acuta'' or ''Haitia acuta''.{{sfn|Miyahira|Gonçalves|Lacerda|Ximenes|2023|p=1}}{{sfn|Vinarski|2017|pp=1300–1301}} This taxonomic uncertainty is partly due to vague descriptions in early works that could apply to multiple taxa,{{sfn|Vinarski|2017|p=1307}} and to the generalist nature of physids, including ''P. acuta'', which lead to morphological plasticity (variation in morphology in response to environmental conditions) and rapid evolution.{{sfn|Young|Smith|Pilgrim|Schwartz|2021|p=2}}
== Description ==
=== External anatomy ===
==== Shell ==== left|thumb|Shell of ''Physella acuta''|alt=Five views of the same Physella acuta shell, seen from different angles: with the shell opening facing down, sideways, and upward, plus one view from the top with the spiral tip pointing at the observer, and one from below showing the shell opening with the spiral tip pointing away from the observer Like other members of the family Physidae, the shell of ''P. acuta'' lacks an operculum, a "trapdoor" that closes the aperture (shell opening), and is sinistral.{{sfn|Jayachandran|Radhika|Aneesh|Santu|2022|p=203}}{{sfn|Burch|1989|pp=217, 221, 253}} Sinistral shells are left-coiling, meaning that when held with the aperture facing the observer and the spire (coiled part of the shell) pointing upward, the aperture is on the left-hand side.{{sfn|Schilthuizen|Haase|2010|p=191}} The shell is small, reaching up to {{convert|16|mm|in|abbr=on}} length and {{convert|9|mm|in|abbr=on}} in width.{{sfn|Paraense|Pointier|2003|p=1}} It forms a high spiral of five to six whorls (complete revolutions) which take about two-thirds of the shell length and end in a pointed apex (tip). Sutures (grooves between the whorls) are impressed and clearly visible. The aperture is ear-shaped and extends about three-quarters of the total shell height. Both the columella (central pillar within the shell) and the apertural lip (the opening's margin) are white. The shell surface is smooth and ranges in colour from pale horn to brownish yellow.<ref name="conchsoc.org">{{Cite web |title=Identifying British freshwater snails: Family: Physidae {{!}} The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://conchsoc.org/aids_to_id/Physidae.php |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=conchsoc.org |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114083124/https://conchsoc.org/aids_to_id/Physidae.php |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Jayachandran|Radhika|Aneesh|Santu|2022|pp=203–204}} ''P. acuta''{{'}}s shell is thin,<ref name="Morningstar-2021" /> but shell thickness increases in the presence of predators, a response known as "adaptive plasticity". This response is weaker in individuals born through self-fertilisation (when the snail reproduces with itself), which also develop thinner shells. In 2010 Auld and Relyea reported shell thickness in ''P. acuta'' ranging from {{convert|0.15|mm|in|abbr=on}} to {{convert|0.35|mm|in|abbr=on}}, depending on predator cues in the environment and self-fertilisation rates.{{sfn|Auld|Relyea|2010|p=223}}
The species presents a high diversity of shell shapes which led to numerous false species descriptions before the onset of molecular phylogenetic studies at the beginning of the 21st century.<ref name="Morningstar-2021" /> Shells of ''P. acuta'' can be especially difficult to distinguish from those of ''Physella gyrina'' and ''Stenophysa marmorata'' if live specimens are not available, since body morphology provides key distinguishing features. Typically, ''P. gyrina'' has a shorter spire with shallower sutures and a larger shell which can exceed {{convert|13|mm|in}} length.<ref name="conchsoc.org" />{{sfn|Rowson|Powell|Willing|Dobson|2021|p=5}} The shell of ''S. marmorata'' is longer and narrower.{{sfn|Appleton|2003|p=72}}
==== Soft parts ==== alt=A view of Physella acuta's lower body|thumb|''Physella acuta'' on an aquarium glass|left|upright=0.7 The body of ''P. acuta'' is very variable in colour, which can range from blue to dark grey. The top mantle (tissue covering the visceral mass of the animal) has golden spots often visible under the thin shell.<ref name="Morningstar-2021">{{Cite web |last1=Morningstar |first1=C. R. |last2=Daniel |first2=W. M. |year=2021 |title=Acute bladder snail (''Physella acuta'') – species profile |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1025 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001133553/https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Finger-like lobes extend from the mantle on both sides of the body (7–11 on the right side and 4–6 on the left), smaller than in other physids such as ''Physa fontinalis'' or ''Stenophysa marmorata''.<ref name="conchsoc.org" />{{sfn|Krupski|Karasek|Koperski|2018|p=100}} They can act as an accessory gill by extracting additional oxygen from the environment and help detect predators through their touch-sensitive tissue.{{sfn|Koopman|Collas|van der Velde|Verberk|2016|pp=302–303}}{{sfn|Krupski|Karasek|Koperski|2018|p=100}} The tentacles are grey and follow the build of other members within the family Physidae: cylindrical and slender, almost transparent, with small black eyes at the base.<ref name="conchsoc.org" /> These pit eyes only distinguish between light and dark.{{sfn|Meuthen|2025|p=7}} The foot is narrow and ends in a pointed tail, as is also typical of the family. The mouth edge is large and flared. The body is an important point of distinction from ''P. gyrina'' and ''S. marmorata:'' ''P. gyrina'' has whitish spots over its whole dark grey body including the tentacles.<ref name="conchsoc.org" /> The mantle extensions of ''S. marmorata'' are not digitated and extend broadly over the sides of the shell and this species has a black stripe running through the middle of the tail.{{sfn|Appleton|2003|p=72}}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 195 | image1 = Shell-shaking by Physella acuta.webm | alt1 = Three snapshots of the same two Physella acuta individuals on an aquarium glass, one of which is crawling on top of the other and trying to mate. The snail underneath shakes its shell in response. The shell sometimes rotates up to 90 degrees before returning to its original position. | caption1 = Shell-shaking by ''Physella acuta'' to ward off a mating attempt | image2 = Body and penial complex of Physella acuta.png | alt2 = Black-and-white composite image showing the anatomy of Physella acuta. The upper image displays the soft body. The two lower images show the entire male reproductive system (including the preputial gland, prepuce, penis sheath) and a separate photo of the penis. | caption2 = ''Physella acuta''{{'}}s body (b) and male reproductive organs (c) with the penis shown separately (d). pg = preputial gland, pp = prepuce, ps = penis sheath }}
=== Internal anatomy === Like all members of the family Physidae, ''P. acuta'' has a pulmonary cavity within the mantle which enables it to take oxygen from the water or from the air.{{sfn|Camargo|Alonso|2017|p=15668}} It also has a specialised set of muscles called the physid musculature, unique among gastropods. Based on dissections, Naranjo-García and Appleton (2009) proposed that these muscles allow the snail to rapidly twist its shell in clockwise rotations of up to 120°. This shell-shaking movement is an important defence against slow-moving predators like leeches and fly larvae, which cannot properly attach to the moving shell. However, it is not effective when predators are fast-moving and actively pursue the snails, as is the case with water bugs.{{sfn|Naranjo-Garcia|Appleton|2009|p=2}}
The physid musculature has two main parts. The first is the physid muscle ''sensu stricto'', meaning the muscle "in the strict sense" because it is the major component of the musculature complex. It is a branched muscle that anchors the side of the snail's body to its neck, head, foot, and mantle. The second part is the fan muscle, a group of thin, broad fibres that fan out from the base of the muscle ''sensu stricto'' toward the mantle roof. According to Naranjo-García and Appleton (2009), the configuration and attachment points of these muscles are consistent with a shell-twisting role, allowing them to provide the twisting force, serve as a base for the movement, anchor the shell to the body, and help return the shell to its original position afterwards.{{sfn|Naranjo-Garcia|Appleton|2009|p=9}}
''P. acuta'' is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, meaning it has both male and female reproductive organs functioning at the same time. In Physidae, the male organs are important for taxonomic identification and consist of prepuce, penis sheath, and penis.{{sfn|De Paggi|Wallace|Fontaneto|Marinone|2020|pp=191–192}} The prepuce is a tube that releases or receives sperm from outside and, in the case of ''P. acuta'', includes a small, lentil-shaped gland (the preputial gland). It is wider and twice as long as the muscular penis sheath.{{sfn|Paraense|Pointier|2003|pp=514–515}}{{sfn|Wethington|2004|loc=unpaginated, tab. 1}} The penis is 160–180 μm in length, elongated and narrow along most of its length but ending in a wider, rounded tip.{{sfn|Soldatenko|Petrov|2019|p=514}}{{sfn|Collado|Aguayo|2023|pp=9–10}} The penis musculature consists of circular muscles in both the outer and inner layers, while the intermediate layer has only longitudinal muscles. Together with molecular phylogenetic data, this musculature pattern can be used to distinguish major groups within the superorder Hygrophila.{{sfn|Soldatenko|Petrov|2019|p=522}} The female organs are less frequently described in detail. They consist of a convoluted oviduct (which transports the eggs to the outside), a nidamental gland (which secretes the egg capsule), and a vagina connected to the spermathecal duct (which receives sperm).{{sfn|Paraense|Pointier|2003|pp=514–515}}
== Distribution == alt=Five Physella acuta individuals on the mud, with a sixth partly visible at the edge of the frame|thumb|''Physella acuta'' found near Akashi, Japan, far outside the species' native range ''P. acuta'' is widely dispersed across the globe, largely due to the aquarium trade.{{sfn|Duggan|2010|pp=3765–3766}} It is an invasive species which can be found on all continents except Antarctica and is considered by Dillon and colleagues (2002) as "the world's most cosmopolitan freshwater gastropod".{{sfn|Dillon|Wethington|Rhett|Smith|2002|p=233}}
''P. acuta'' was originally thought to be a European species, as its first record in North America following Draparnaud's initial description was only published in 1997.{{sfn|García-Berthou|Boix|Clavero|2007|pp=131–132}} However, reproductive isolation experiments{{sfn|Dillon|Wethington|Rhett|Smith|2002|p=232}} and molecular genetic studies{{sfn|Wethington|Lydeard|2007|p=252}} revealed it to be the same species as the North American ''Physella heterostropha'' and ''Physa integra''. Comparative anatomy, fossil evidence, and phylogenetic data also support a North American origin, specifically within the United States.{{sfn|Lydeard|Campbell|Golz|2016|pp=347–349}} However, its exact native range within the country remains debated, with hypotheses for both eastern and western origins.{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|pp=11–12}} The timing and pathway of ''P. acuta''{{'}}s first arrival in Europe are also uncertain. Anderson (2003) links it back to eastern U.S. populations via the 18th-century cotton trade. This hypothesis is based on the fact that Draparnaud's description happened during a time when the U.S. and France had trade relations, with traffic between the ports of Mississippi and Bordeaux.{{sfn|Anderson|2003|p=17}}{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|p=12}}{{sfn|Forbes|Hanley|Henderson|Dall|1853|p=146}} Other hypotheses for ''P. acuta''{{'s}} first introduction to Europe have also been proposed, including natural dispersal by birds.{{sfn|Vinarski|2017|p=1309}} Once within Europe, ''P. acuta''{{'}}s spread was likely facilitated by man-made canals{{sfn|Vinarski|2017|pp=1309–1310}}{{sfn|Alexandrowicz|Alexandrowicz|2010|pp=31–32}} and water birds.{{sfn|Van Leeuwen|Huig|Van Der Velde|Van Alen|2013|p=94}}
The spread of ''P. acuta'' continues to be monitored and modelled in recent decades to inform efforts in its population control.{{sfn|Miyahira|Gonçalves|Lacerda|Ximenes|2023|p=6}}{{sfn|Gregoric|de Lucía|Torres|Copa|2024|p=6}}{{sfn|Yin|Xu|Pan|He|2025|p=8}} While pesticides can affect non-target organisms sharing ''P. acuta''{{'s}} habitat,{{sfn|Paul|Karmakar|Chatterjee|Barua|2021|pp=201-202}} predators of ''P. acuta'' can act as agents in biological control by decreasing the number of snails in the environment. Laboratory studies showed that water bugs (''Diplonychus rusticus'') and glossiphoniid leeches prefer preying on ''P. acuta'' even in the presence of other prey snails,{{sfn|Paul|Das|Nandy|Aditya|2025|p=1391}} although studies in natural environments are pending {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Saglam|Melissaratos|Shain|2023|p=4}} The black carp can consume over 250 snails per day under laboratory conditions, including individuals buried in the substrate. However, {{as of|2001|lc=y}}, potential risks associated with introducing the fish, including pathogen transmission and unintended population growth, still need to be assessed.{{sfn|Ben-Ami|Heller|2001|pp=133, 137}}
== Behaviour and ecology == [[File:A eutrophic lake, with excess algal growth.jpg|alt=A lake with its surface completely covered by green algae and a grassy park with some trees in the background|thumb|''Physella acuta'' can survive in eutrophic habitats such as lakes with excess algal growth.|upright=1.1]]''P. acuta'' can occupy a variety of freshwater habitats as well as habitats varying widely in water availability.<ref name="Morningstar-2021" /> As a pulmonate snail, it tolerates harsh environmental conditions such as polluted and eutrophic (oxygen-deprived) waters, since it is able to come to the surface to breathe air.{{sfn|Lance|Brient|Carpentier|Acou|2010|p=3567}}{{sfn|Jayachandran|Radhika|Aneesh|Santu|2022|p=204}} ''P. acuta'' has been reported in lakes, ponds, streams, and ditches, as well as artificial sites such as reservoirs, sewage drains, and irrigation systems.{{sfn|Yin|Xu|Pan|He|2025|p=2}}{{sfn|De Kock|Wolmarans|2007|p=718}} It is a scraper feeder and uses its radula (a tongue-like structure covered in small chitinous teeth) to scrape green algae, diatoms, and aquatic plants from the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Identification and ecology of Australian freshwater invertebrates |url=https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?type=5&class=21&subclass=&Order=57&family=216&couplet=0 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=mdfrc.org.au |archive-date=3 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403153248/https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?type=5&class=21&subclass=&Order=57&family=216&couplet=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
''P. acuta'' is a simultaneous hermaphrodite which is self-compatible, meaning it is capable of both outcrossing (reproduction with another individual) and self-fertilisation.{{sfn|De Castro-Català|López-Doval|Gorga|Petrovic|2013|p=254}} In natural populations, reproduction occurs mainly by outcrossing, but self-fertilisation rates still remain between 10 and 30 percent and can increase as an adaptation strategy when mates are scarce.{{sfn|Bousset|Henry|Sourrouille|Jarne|2004|p=2024}}{{sfn|Noël|Chemtob|Janicke|Sarda|2016|p=626}} During ''P. acuta''{{'}}s reproductive development, snails first reach outcrossing maturity after about 5–7 weeks, while self-fertilisation maturity comes at around 14 weeks.{{sfn|Wethington|Dillon|1993|pp=110–111}} Sexually mature adults breed year-round and lay 50–100 eggs per week.{{sfn|Brackenbury|Appleton|1993|p=42}}<ref name="Morningstar-2021" /> Eggs are deposited in elongate gelatinous sacs,<ref name=":0" /> which they attach to rock, compacted mud, or the shells of other ''P. acuta''.{{sfn|Brackenbury|Appleton|1993|p=40}} Eggs hatch after 15–20 days.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AnimalBase :: ''Physa acuta'' species homepage |url=http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=2192 |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=animalbase.uni-goettingen.de |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180632/http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=2192 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under laboratory conditions, individuals live to about 22–30 weeks,{{sfn|Saha|Parveen|Chakraborty|Pramanik|2017|pp=60, 66}}{{sfn|Wethington|Dillon|1993|p=111}} although Núñez reported a lifespan of 88 weeks in 2010.{{sfn|Núñez|2010|p=276}}
Due to its abundance, high reproductive rate, short generation time, and ease of laboratory cultivation, ''P. acuta'' is widely studied as a model organism (a species used to draw conclusions about broader organism groups).{{sfn|Pinto|da Costa|Moreira|Dias|2025|p=2}}{{sfn|Bal|Kumar|Nugegoda|2017|p=282}} Its ecological role as a grazer and as prey makes it suitable for ecotoxicological studies, which investigate the impacts of pollutants on the environment.{{sfn|Elias|Bernot|2017|p=99}} ''P. acuta'' has been used to assess pesticide toxicity across life stages,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seeland |first1=A. |last2=Albrand |first2=J. |last3=Oehlmann |first3=J. |last4=Müller |first4=R. |date=2013 |title=Life stage-specific effects of the fungicide pyrimethanil and temperature on the snail ''Physella acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805) disclose the pitfalls for the aquatic risk assessment under global climate change |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112004599 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=174 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.020 |pmid=23246620 |bibcode=2013EPoll.174....1S |issn=0269-7491}}</ref> multigenerational effects of pharmaceutical pollutants,{{sfn|Bal|Kumar|Nugegoda|2017}} as well as the toxicity of microplastics,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elias |first1=D. |last2=Lynch |first2=C. |last3=Minchew |first3=K. |last4=Van Norden |first4=C. |last5=Doll |first5=J. |date=2025 |title=Impact of acetaminophen and microplastic exposure on ''Physa acuta'' movement, growth, and reproduction |journal=Biologia |language=en |volume=80 |issue=6 |pages=1313–1321 |doi=10.1007/s11756-025-01893-9 |bibcode=2025Biolg..80.1313E |issn=1336-9563}}</ref> fluoride, and turbidity{{sfn|Camargo|Alonso|2017}} on gastropod behaviour and reproduction.
=== Ecological interactions ===
==== Coexistence and competition ==== ''P. acuta'' can coexist with other non-native snails such as ''Stenophysa marmorata'',{{sfn|Dubart|Pantel|Pointier|Jarne|2019|p=12}} ''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'',{{sfn|Cope|Winterbourn|2004|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Holomuzki|Biggs|2012|p=12}} ''Lithoglyphus naticoides'', and ''Radix auricularia''.{{sfn|Semenchenko|Laenko|Razlutskij|2008|p=359}} In these cases, competition may not be strong enough to cause exclusion, and species can differ in their competition strategies or life-history traits.{{sfn|Dubart|Pantel|Pointier|Jarne|2019|p=12}} More often, however, its presence leads to the decline of native gastropod populations in a very short period of time.{{sfn|Früh|Haase|Stoll|2017|p=188}}{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|p=2}} In Mozambique, it displaced ''Bulinus forskalii'' to become the dominant gastropod in less than 50 years.{{sfn|Dobson|2004|pp=544–545}} It also outcompetes ''Glyptophysa gibbosa'' in Australia,{{sfn|Zukowski|Walker|2009|pp=1003–1004}} ''Physa'' ''fontinalis'' in Italy,{{sfn|Cieplok|Spyra|2020|p=8}} as well as ''Racesina luteola'' and ''Filopaludina bengalensis'' in India.{{sfn|Karmakar|Paul|2022|pp=24–26}}{{sfn|Paul|Das|Nandy|Aditya|2025|p=1391}} Like many invasive freshwater snails, the competitive success of ''P. acuta'' can be explained by its higher fecundity, shorter egg development time, and broader tolerance to habitat degradation.{{sfn|Cieplok|Spyra|2020|p=8}} It also shows a stronger growth response under rising temperatures than some native species, a trait that can favour it under climate change.{{sfn|Früh|Haase|Stoll|2017|p=193}} These characteristics make ''P. acuta'' more efficient in competing for food when diets overlap.{{sfn|Dobson|2004|p=547}} The presence of ''P. acuta'' can also inhibit the growth of other species, while its own growth is stimulated by them, although exact mechanisms are unknown.{{sfn|Früh|Haase|Stoll|2017|p=193}} thumb|upright=0.8|''Anentome helena'' is often kept in aquariums to control populations of smaller snail species such as ''Physella acuta''.{{sfn|Paul|Das|Nandy|Aditya|2025|p=1386}}|alt=A diagonal view of the snail Anentome helena on a moss bed
==== Predation ==== ''P. acuta'' is predated by a variety of animals, including water bugs,{{sfn|Aditya|Raut|2002|p=533}} marsh fly larvae,{{sfn|McDonnell|Knutson|Vala|Abercrombie|2005|p=51}} crayfish,{{sfn|Mathers|Guareschi|Patel|Wood|2022|p=482}} leeches,{{sfn|Krupski|Karasek|Koperski|2018|pp=96–97}} and various fish species.{{sfn|Ben-Ami|Heller|2001|pp=133–135}}{{sfn|Holomuzki|Biggs|2012|p=12}} To a lesser degree, it is also prey to the carnivorous snail ''Anentome helena''.{{sfn|Paul|Das|Nandy|Aditya|2025|p=1391}} Anti-predator behaviours include shell-shaking (rapid shell movements) and crawling to or above the waterline,{{sfn|Krupski|Karasek|Koperski|2018|pp=100–101}}{{sfn|Meuthen|2025|pp=2, 6, 7}} as well as burrowing into the sediment,{{sfn|Holomuzki|Biggs|2012|pp=16, 20}} leaping (shell-shaking combined with detachment from the surface, causing the snail to jerk away),{{sfn|Krupski|Karasek|Koperski|2018|p=96}}{{sfn|Frieswijk|1957|p=41}} clamping to the substrate, and detaching to float up to the surface.{{sfn|Wethington|Jackson|Albritton|2018|pp=380, 382}} Naranjo-García and Appleton suggested in 2009 that ''P. acuta''{{'}}s shell-shaking behaviour may contribute to its invasive success, as it reduces predation risk from slow-moving snail predators.{{sfn|Naranjo-Garcia|Appleton|2009|p=10}}
==== Parasitism ==== ''P. acuta'' is a potential intermediate host for parasites of both native wildlife and humans.{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|p=14}} Due to its cosmopolitan distribution and invasive capacity, it has the potential to significantly influence the distribution of parasites within freshwater ecosystems.{{sfn|Shamsi|Banfield|Francis|Barton|2024|p=7}} Reported infections include turtle parasites within the genus ''Krefftascaris'' and the family ''Spirorchiidae'',{{sfn|Shamsi|Banfield|Francis|Barton|2024|pp=3–7}}{{sfn|Barragán-Sáenz|Sánchez-Nava|Hernández-Gallegos|Salgado-Maldonado|2009|pp=1164–1166}} the bird parasite ''Cotylurus cornutus'',{{sfn|Barragán-Sáenz|Sánchez-Nava|Hernández-Gallegos|Salgado-Maldonado|2009|pp=1164–1166}} and the rat parasite ''Euparyphium albuferensis'',{{sfn|Esteban|Toledo|Sánchez|Muñoz-Antolí|1997|p=216}} although infection prevalence within invasive ''P. acuta'' populations is often low.{{sfn|Ebbs|Loker|Brant|2018|p=14}} Experiments exposing ''P. acuta'' to the human parasites ''Hypoderaeum conoideum'' and ''Trichobilharzia regenti'' yielded no successful infections.{{sfn|Toledo|Muñoz-Antolí|Pérez|Esteban|1999|p=213}} This is consistent with the enemy release hypothesis, the observation that non-native species carry fewer parasites outside their native range.{{sfn|Schols|Smitz|Vanderheyden|Huyse|2024|pp=6, 8}}{{sfn|Albrecht|Clewing|Seebens|Chibwana|2025|p=10}} {{As of|2024}} there has been only one documented link between ''P. acuta'' and human illness, when Moreira and colleagues recorded ''Echinostoma'' (a parasitic flatworm which causes echinostomiasis in humans upon infecting the gastrointestinal tract) in ''P. acuta'' from public parks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.{{sfn|Moreira|da Silva|Gomes|Mattos|2024|pp=7, 9}}
== Relationship with humans == ''P. acuta'' is often called a "nuisance snail" in freshwater fishkeeping. It is usually introduced inadvertently with ornamental plants or decoration, and a single introduced individual can be enough to establish a population. According to hobbyist magazines ''Practical Fishkeeping'' and ''Tropical Fish Hobbyist'', an excessive reproduction of ''P. acuta'' may result from an oversupply of food in the aquarium, for example when fish and shrimp are overfed.<ref name="practicalfishkeeping" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Algae Eaters for the Nano Tank |url=https://www.tfhmagazine.com/articles/freshwater/freshwater-algae-eaters-for-the-nano-tank |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Tropical Fish Hobbyist |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122013210/https://www.tfhmagazine.com/articles/freshwater/freshwater-algae-eaters-for-the-nano-tank |url-status=live }}</ref> However, ''Practical Fishkeeping'' also notes that a controlled population of ''P. acuta'' in an aquarium can help clean up organic leftovers and control algae growth. Their diet consists of algae and organic detritus and, while they may scrape softer aquarium plants, possible damage is limited by their size.<ref name="practicalfishkeeping" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=Natural born killers |url=https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/natural-born-killers/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Practical Fishkeeping |archive-date=3 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103190230/https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/natural-born-killers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Notes == {{reflist}}
== References == {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Aditya |first1=G. |last2=Raut |first2=S. K. |date=2002 |title=Predation potential of the water bugs ''Sphaerodema rusticum'' on the sewage snails ''Physa acuta'' |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=531–534 |doi=10.1590/S0074-02762002000400015 |pmid=12118286 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=C. |last2=Clewing |first2=C. |last3=Seebens |first3=H. |last4=Chibwana |first4=F. D. |last5=Da Silva |first5=E. L. |last6=Leal |first6=M. F. |last7=Lingofo Bolaya |first7=R. |last8=Marwoto |first8=R. M. |last9=Odaibo |first9=A. |last10=Pinheiro |first10=T. G. |last11=Popoola |first11=M. O. |last12=Riedel |first12=F. |last13=Stelbrink |first13=B. |date=2025 |title=When one global invasion hides another—cryptic interspecific invasion in freshwater gastropods |journal=Diversity and Distributions |volume=31 |issue=1 |bibcode=2025DivDi..31E3958A |doi=10.1111/ddi.13958 |doi-access=free |article-number=e13958}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Alexandrowicz |first1=W. P. |last2=Alexandrowicz |first2=S. W. |date=2010 |title=Expansive migrations of molluscs during the historic period |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259389034 |journal=Biological Invasions in Poland |volume=1 |pages=23–48 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=R. |date=2003 |title=''Physella (Costatella) acuta'' Draparnaud in Britain and Ireland: its taxonomy, origins and relationship to other introduced Physidae |journal=Journal of Conchology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |doi=10.5962/p.408111 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003JConc..38....7A}} * {{Cite journal |last=Appleton |first=C. C. |date=2003 |title=Alien and invasive fresh water Gastropoda in South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=69–81 |bibcode=2003AfJAS..28...69A |doi=10.2989/16085914.2003.9626602}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Auld |first1=J. R. |last2=Relyea |first2=R. A. |date=2010 |title=Inbreeding depression in adaptive plasticity under predation risk in a freshwater snail |journal=Biology Letters |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=222–224 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0726 |issn=1744-9561 |pmc=2865055 |pmid=19846447 |bibcode=2010BiLet...6..222A }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Bal |first1=N. |last2=Kumar |first2=A. |last3=Nugegoda |first3=D. |date=2017 |title=Assessing multigenerational effects of prednisolone to the freshwater snail, ''Physa acuta'' (Gastropoda: Physidae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389417304454 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=339 |pages=281–291 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.024 |pmid=28658637 |bibcode=2017JHzM..339..281B |issn=0304-3894 }} * {{cite book |last1=Banha |first1=F. |last2=Anastácio |first2=P. M. |editor1-first=F. |editor1-last=Casals |editor2-first=J. R. |editor2-last=Sánchez-González |title=Guide to the alien and invasive species of rivers, lakes and estuaries in the Iberian Peninsula |chapter=Tadpole snail. Bladder snail (''Physella acuta'' (Drapanaud, 1805)) |series=LIFE INVASAQUA Project |date=2020 |pages=1–128 |isbn=978-84-09-20863-0 |publisher=Iberian Society of Ichthyology |hdl=10174/36397 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10174/36397 |access-date=4 February 2026 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Barragán-Sáenz |first1=F. A. |last2=Sánchez-Nava |first2=P. |last3=Hernández-Gallegos |first3=O. |last4=Salgado-Maldonado |first4=G. |date=2009 |title=Larval stages of trematodes in gastropods from Lake Chicnahuapan, State of Mexico, Mexico |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=1163–1167 |doi=10.1007/s00436-009-1536-4 |pmid=19568770}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Ben-Ami |first1=F. |last2=Heller |first2=J. |date=2001 |title=Biological control of aquatic pest snails by the black carp ''Mylopharyngodon piceus'' |journal=Biological Control |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |bibcode=2001BiolC..22..131B |doi=10.1006/bcon.2001.0967}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Bousset |first1=L. |last2=Henry |first2=P-Y. |last3=Sourrouille |first3=P. |last4=Jarne |first4=P. |date=2004 |title=Population biology of the invasive freshwater snail ''Physa acuta'' approached through genetic markers, ecological characterization and demography |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2023–2036 |bibcode=2004MolEc..13.2023B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02200.x |pmid=15189223 |url=https://hal.science/hal-02266290 |archive-date=17 May 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517052934/https://hal.science/hal-02266290 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Brackenbury |first1=T. D. |last2=Appleton |first2=C. C. |date=1993 |title=Recolonization of the Umsindusi River, Natal, South Africa, by the invasive gastropod, ''Physa acuta'' (Basommatophora, Physidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293156020 |journal=Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology 1995); 5: 39-44 |volume=5 |via=ResearchGate }} * {{Cite book |last=Burch |first=J. B. |url=https://www.molluskconservation.org/EVENTS/2017Symposium/GASTROPODS-PDFS/Burch%201989%20snail%20key.pdf |title=North American Freshwater Snails |date=1989 |publisher=Malacological Publications |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |pages=217, 221, 253 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223182616/https://www.molluskconservation.org/EVENTS/2017Symposium/GASTROPODS-PDFS/Burch%201989%20snail%20key.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2025 |oclc=20559611 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Camargo |first1=J. A. |last2=Alonso |first2=A. |date=2017 |title=Ecotoxicological assessment of the impact of fluoride (F−) and turbidity on the freshwater snail ''Physella acuta'' in a polluted river receiving an industrial effluent |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=15667–15677 |doi=10.1007/s11356-017-9208-x |pmid=28523621 |issn=1614-7499}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Cieplok |first1=A. |last2=Spyra |first2=A. |date=2020 |title=The roles of spatial and environmental variables in the appearance of a globally invasive ''Physa acuta'' in water bodies created due to human activity |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=744 |article-number=140928 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74440928C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140928 |pmid=32698048}} * {{cite journal |last1=Collado |first1=Gonzalo A. |last2=Aguayo |first2=Karina P. |title=New records of ''Physa acuta'' (Gastropoda: Physidae) and the ectoparasite ''Chaetogaster limnaei'' (Oligochaeta: Naididae) in central Chile |journal=Caldasia |date=14 June 2023 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.15446/caldasia.v46n1.90975 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Cald...46....7C }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Cope |first1=N. J. |last2=Winterbourn |first2=M. J. |date=2004 |title=Competitive interactions between two successful molluscan invaders of freshwaters: an experimental study |journal=Aquatic Ecology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=83–91 |doi=10.1023/B:AECO.0000021018.20945.9d}} * {{Cite journal |last1=De Castro-Català |first1=N. |last2=López-Doval |first2=J. |last3=Gorga |first3=M. |last4=Petrovic |first4=M. |last5=Muñoz |first5=I. |date=2013 |title=Is reproduction of the snail ''Physella acuta'' affected by endocrine disrupting compounds? An in situ bioassay in three Iberian basins |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=263 |issue=1 |pages=248–255 |bibcode=2013JHzM..263..248D |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.053 |pmid=23972665}} * {{Cite journal |last1=De Kock |first1=K. N. |last2=Wolmarans |first2=C. T. |date=2007 |title=Distribution and habitats of the alien invader freshwater snail ''Physa acuta'' in South Africa |journal=Water SA |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=717–722 |hdl=10520/EJC116473 |oclc=5878126523}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Dillon |first1=R. T. Jr. |last2=Wethington |first2=A. R. |last3=Rhett |first3=J. M. |last4=Smith |first4=T. P. |date=2002 |title=Populations of the European freshwater pulmonate ''Physa acuta'' are not reproductively isolated from American ''Physa heterostropha'' or ''Physa integra'' |journal=Invertebrate Biology |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=226–234 |bibcode=2002InvBi.121..226D |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00062.x}} * {{Cite journal |last=Dobson |first=M. |date=2004 |title=Replacement of native freshwater snails by the exotic ''Physa acuta'' (Gastropoda: Physidae) in southern Mozambique; a possible control mechanism for schistosomiasi |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=543–548 |doi=10.1179/000349803225021334 |pmid=15257806}} * {{Cite journal |last=Draparnaud |first=J. P. R. |date=1805 |title=Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France. Ouvrage posthume. Avec XIII planches. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46572#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library |language=French |publication-place=Paris, Montpellier |page=55 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.12856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621152440/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46572#page/11/mode/1up |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=12 January 2026 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Dubart |first1=M. |last2=Pantel |first2=J. H. |last3=Pointier |first3=J.-P. |last4=Jarne |first4=P. |last5=David |first5=P. |date=2019 |title=Modeling competition, niche, and coexistence between an invasive and a native species in a two-species metapopulation |journal=Ecology |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=e02700 |bibcode=2019Ecol..100E2700D |doi=10.1002/ecy.2700 |pmid=30916784 |url=https://univ-perp.hal.science/hal-02148415 |archive-date=18 May 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518170918/https://univ-perp.hal.science/hal-02148415 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Duggan |first=I. C. |date=2010 |title=The freshwater aquarium trade as a vector for incidental invertebrate fauna |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=3757–3770 |bibcode=2010BiInv..12.3757D |doi=10.1007/s10530-010-9768-x}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Ebbs |first1=E. T. |last2=Loker |first2=E. S. |last3=Brant |first3=S. V. |date=2018 |title=Phylogeography and genetics of the globally invasive snail ''Physa acuta'' Draparnaud 1805, and its potential to serve as an intermediate host to larval digenetic trematodes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=103 |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..103E |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1208-z |pmc=6029401 |pmid=29969987 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Elias |first1=D. |last2=Bernot |first2=M. J. |date=2017 |title=Effects of Individual and Combined Pesticide Commercial Formulations Exposure to Egestion and Movement of Common Freshwater Snails, ''Physa acuta'' and ''Helisoma anceps'' |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1674/0003-0031-178.1.97 |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |language=en |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=97–111 |doi=10.1674/0003-0031-178.1.97 |bibcode=2017AMNat.178...97E |issn=0003-0031 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Esteban |first1=J. G. |last2=Toledo |first2=R. |last3=Sánchez |first3=L. |last4=Muñoz-Antolí |first4=C. |date=1997 |title=Life-cycle of ''Euparyphium albuferensis'' n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from rats in Spain |journal=Systematic Parasitology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1023/A:1005894813021}} * {{Cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=E. |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe |title=A history of British Mollusca and their shells |last2=Hanley |first2=S. C. T. |last3=Henderson |first3=J. B. |last4=Dall |first4=W. H. |last5=Hancock |first5=A. |date=1853 |publisher=John Van Voorst |others=Smithsonian Libraries |volume=4 |location=London |language=en |oclc=1046052272 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Frieswijk |first=J.J. |date=1957 |title=A leech-avoidance reaction of ''Physa fontinalis'' (L.) and ''Physa acuta'' Draparnaud. |url=https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/596371 |journal=Basteria |publisher=Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=38–45 |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112195129/https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/596371 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Früh |first1=D. |last2=Haase |first2=P. |last3=Stoll |first3=S. |date=2017 |title=Temperature drives asymmetric competition between alien and indigenous freshwater snail species, ''Physa acuta'' and ''Physa fontinalis'' |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=187–195 |bibcode=2017AqSci..79..187F |doi=10.1007/s00027-016-0489-9}} * {{cite book |last1=García-Berthou |first1=Emili |last2=Boix |first2=Dani |last3=Clavero |first3=Miguel |title=Biological invaders in inland waters: Profiles, distribution, and threats |chapter=Non-indigenous animal species naturalized in Iberian inland waters |series=Invading Nature – Springer Series in Invasion Ecology |date=2007 |volume=2 |pages=123–140 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_6 |hdl=10261/46571 |isbn=978-1-4020-6028-1 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Gregoric |first1=D. E. G. |last2=de Lucía |first2=M. |last3=Torres |first3=S. H. |last4=Copa |first4=J. L. E. |last5=Darrigran |first5=G. |date=2024 |title=Invasive freshwater gastropods in South America: ''Physa acuta'' and its expansion to Austral Patagonia in Argentina |url=https://revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/220737 |journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia |language=en |volume=64 |pages=e202464029 |doi=10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.029 |issn=1807-0205 |archive-date=24 August 2025 |access-date=17 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824011111/https://revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/220737 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Holomuzki |first1=Joseph R. |last2=Biggs |first2=Barry J. F. |title=Same enemy, same response: predator avoidance by an invasive and native snail |journal=New Zealand Natural Sciences |date=2012 |volume=37 |pages=11–24 |doi=10.26021/414 |doi-access=free |hdl=10092/100621 |hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Jayachandran |first1=P. R. |last2=Radhika |first2=R. |last3=Aneesh |first3=B. P. |last4=Santu |first4=K. S. |last5=Jima |first5=M. |last6=Bijoy Nandan |first6=S. |date=2022 |title=Biological invasion of medically important bladder snail ''Physella acuta'' Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda, Physidae) in the freshwater habitat of Kerala, India |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=200–207 |bibcode=2022PZooS..75..200J |doi=10.1007/s12595-021-00419-w}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Karmakar |first1=R. |last2=Paul |first2=P. |date=2022 |title=Temperature-dependent interaction between an invasive and a native freshwater gastropod: a competitive edge for the invader? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360145281 |journal=Biological Letters |volume=1–2 |issue=55 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.2478/biolet-2021-0002 |doi-broken-date=21 January 2026 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=K. R. |last2=Collas |first2=F. P. L. |last3=van der Velde |first3=G. |last4=Verberk |first4=W. C. E. P. |date=2016 |title=Oxygen can limit heat tolerance in freshwater gastropods: differences between gill and lung breathers |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=763 |issue=1 |pages=301–312 |bibcode=2016HyBio.763..301K |doi=10.1007/s10750-015-2386-y |hdl=2066/151227 |hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Krupski |first1=A. |last2=Karasek |first2=T. |last3=Koperski |first3=P. |date=2018 |title=Differences between two physid species (Gastropoda: Physidae) in antipredator behaviour induced by leeches |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=96–102 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyx049}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lance |first1=Emilie |last2=Brient |first2=Luc |last3=Carpentier |first3=Alexandre |last4=Acou |first4=Anthony |last5=Marion |first5=Loïc |last6=Bormans |first6=Myriam |last7=Gérard |first7=Claudia |title=Impact of toxic cyanobacteria on gastropods and microcystin accumulation in a eutrophic lake (Grand-Lieu, France) with special reference to ''Physa (= Physella) acuta'' |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=August 2010 |volume=408 |issue=17 |pages=3560–3568 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.050 |pmid=20553939 |bibcode=2010ScTEn.408.3560L}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=C. T.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147309|title=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=1st|location=Great Britain|last2=Short|first2=C.|editor-last=Humphrey|editor-first=Milford}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lydeard |first1=C. |last2=Campbell |first2=D. |last3=Golz |first3=M. |date=2016 |title=''Physa acuta'' Draparnaud, 1805 should be treated as a native of North America, not Europe |journal=Malacologia |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.4002/040.059.0213}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Mathers |first1=K. L. |last2=Guareschi |first2=S. |last3=Patel |first3=C. |last4=Wood |first4=P. J. |date=2022 |title=Response of freshwater snails to invasive crayfish varies with physiochemical exposure cues and predator experience |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=473–486 |bibcode=2022FrBio..67..473M |doi=10.1111/fwb.13855 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/17091536 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=McDonnell |first1=R. J. |last2=Knutson |first2=L. |last3=Vala |first3=J. C. |last4=Abercrombie |first4=J. |last5=Henry |first5=P. Y. |last6=Gormally |first6=M. J. |date=2005 |title=Direct evidence of predation by aquatic, predatory Sciomyzidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata) on freshwater snails from natural populations. Entomologist's monthly magazine. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216330115 |journal=Entomologist's Monthly Magazine |volume=141 |issue=1688/90 |pages=49–56 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Meuthen |first=D. |date=2025 |editor-last=Tinghitella |editor-first=Robin |title=Risk allocation in a freshwater gastropod |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/beheco/araf078 |pmc=12343016 |pmid=40799770 |article-number=araf078}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Miyahira |first1=I. C. |last2=Gonçalves |first2=I. C. B. |last3=Lacerda |first3=L. E. M. |last4=Ximenes |first4=R. F. |last5=Santos |first5=S. B. |date=2023 |title=The introduction of ''Physa acuta'' (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population. |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |volume=83 |issue=8 |article-number=e243801 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.243801 |doi-access=free |pmid=34161456}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Moreira |first1=L. D. L. |last2=da Silva |first2=E. F. |last3=Gomes |first3=S. R. |last4=Mattos |first4=A. C. D. |last5=de Sousa |first5=A. K. P. |last6=da Silva |first6=A. B. P. |last7=Pinto |first7=M. C. |last8=Thiengo |first8=S. C. |date=2024 |title=Public parks in the city of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil, and the risk of parasitosis transmission by freshwater gastropods. |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=96 |issue=2 |article-number=e20230707 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765202420230707 |doi-access=free |pmid=38747790}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Naranjo-Garcia |first1=E. |last2=Appleton |first2=C. C. |date=2009 |title=The architecture of the physid musculature of ''Physa acuta'' Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) |journal=African Invertebrates |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |bibcode=2009AfrIn..50....1N |doi=10.5733/afin.050.0101 |hdl=10520/EJC84644 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Núñez |first=V. |date=2010 |title=Differences on allocation of available resources, in growth, reproduction, and survival, in an exotic gastropod of Physidae compared to an endemic one |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/isz/a/ky3SVcvWMcQdsjPcJkzsf7S/?lang=en |journal=Iheringia, Série Zoologia |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=275–279 |doi=10.1590/S0073-47212010000300014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117002906/https://www.scielo.br/j/isz/a/ky3SVcvWMcQdsjPcJkzsf7S/?format=pdf&lang=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |via=SciELO }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Noël |first1=E. |last2=Chemtob |first2=Y. |last3=Janicke |first3=T. |last4=Sarda |first4=V. |last5=Pélissié |first5=B. |last6=Jarne |first6=P. |last7=David |first7=P. |date=2016 |title=Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite: Selfing evolution in a hemaphroditic snail |journal=Evolution |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=625–640 |doi=10.1111/evo.12886 |pmid=26899922}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Paraense |first1=W. L. |last2=Pointier |first2=J. P. |date=2003 |title=''Physa acuta'' Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae): a study of topotypic specimens |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=513–517 |doi=10.1590/S0074-02762003000400016 |pmid=12937765}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=P. |last2=Das |first2=R. |last3=Nandy |first3=G. |last4=Aditya |first4=G. |date=2025 |title=Preferring what others avoid: differences in the vulnerability of freshwater snails to the exotic and native predators |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=852 |issue=5 |pages=1385–1396 |bibcode=2025HyBio.852.1385P |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=P. |last2=Karmakar |first2=R. |last3=Chatterjee |first3=S. |last4=Barua |first4=A. |last5=Banerjee |first5=S. |last6=Aditya |first6=G. |date=2021 |title=Predation of ''Glossiphonia weberi'' (Blanchard, 1897) on the invasive snail ''Physella acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805) in the presence of an alternative prey |url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/limre-2021-0019 |journal=Limnological Review |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2478/limre-2021-0019 |doi-broken-date=29 May 2026 |issn=2300-7575 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Pinto |first1=T. J. S. |last2=da Costa |first2=V. B. |last3=Moreira |first3=R. A. |last4=Dias |first4=M. A. |last5=Espindola |first5=E. L. G. |last6=Montagner |first6=C. C. |date=2025 |title=Responses of different life stages of ''Physa acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805) to the pesticides imidacloprid and tebuconazole: effects on growth, reproduction, and behavior |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X2500325X |journal=Aquatic Toxicology |volume=288 |article-number=107561 |doi=10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107561 |pmid=40915021 |bibcode=2025AqTox.28807561P |issn=0166-445X }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Popa |first1=R. |last2=Moga |first2=I. C. |last3=Popa |first3=R. D. |last4=Cimpoiasu |first4=V. M. |last5=Gherman |first5=V. D. |date=2025 |title=Introduction to tycho-filtration—A biotechnology for lacustrine detrophication |url=https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jeq2.70093 |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=2074–2083 |doi=10.1002/jeq2.70093 |pmid=41126751 |bibcode=2025JEnvQ..54.2074P |issn=0047-2425 }} * {{cite book |last1=De Paggi |first1=Susana B. José |last2=Wallace |first2=Robert |last3=Fontaneto |first3=Diego |last4=Marinone |first4=María Cristina |editor1-first=D. Christopher |editor1-last=Rogers |editor2-first=Cristina |editor2-last=Damborenea |editor3-first=James |editor3-last=Thorp |title=Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates |chapter=Phylum Rotifera |date=2020 |pages=145–200 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-804225-0.00008-3 |isbn=978-0-12-804225-0}} * {{Cite web |last1=Rowson |first1=B. |last2=Powell |first2=H. A. |last3=Willing |first3=M. J. |last4=Dobson |first4=M. |last5=Shaw |first5=H. |date=2021 |title=Freshwater snails of Britain and Ireland - Key to freshwater snails. |url=https://museum.wales/media/54543/2465-AIDGAP-Freshwater-Snails-key.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112193510/https://museum.wales/media/54543/2465-AIDGAP-Freshwater-Snails-key.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2026 |publisher=Field Studies Council, Shropshire |page=5 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Saglam |first1=N. |last2=Melissaratos |first2=D. S. |last3=Shain |first3=D. H. |date=2023 |title=Biocontrol of snail-borne parasites with the glossiphoniid leech, ''Helobdella austinensis'' |journal=Biology Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |article-number=20220484 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2022.0484 |issn=1744-957X |pmc=10090873 |pmid=37042130 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Saha |first1=C. |last2=Parveen |first2=S. |last3=Chakraborty |first3=J. |last4=Pramanik |first4=S. |last5=Aditya |first5=Gautam |date=2017 |title=Life table estimates of the invasive snail ''Physa acuta'' Draparnaud, 1805, occurring in India |url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.1515/eko-2017-0006 |journal=Ekológia (Bratislava) |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=60–68 |doi=10.1515/eko-2017-0006 |issn=1337-947X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623091712/https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.1515/eko-2017-0006 |archive-date=23 June 2025 }} * {{Cite web |last=Say |first=T. |date=1817 |editor-last=Nicholson |editor-first=W. |title=Conchology |url=https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourceget&id=297558 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420065048/https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourceget&id=297558 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |publisher=Samuel A. Mitchell and Horace Ames, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=Unpaginated, pl. 1, fig. 6 |format=PDF |publication-place=American Edition of the British Encyclopedia or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, Comprising an Accurate and Popular View of the Present Improved State of Human Knowledge. |no-pp=y |edition=1st }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Schols |first1=R. |last2=Smitz |first2=N. |last3=Vanderheyden |first3=A. |last4=Huyse |first4=T. |date=2024 |title=Expanding the swimmer's itch pool of the Benelux: a first record of the neurotropic ''Trichobilharzia regenti'' and potential link to human infection |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=126 |doi=10.1186/s13071-024-06218-4 |pmc=10938770 |pmid=38481352 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Schilthuizen |first1=M. |last2=Haase |first2=M. |date=2010 |title=Disentangling true shape differences and experimenter bias: are dextral and sinistral snail shells exact mirror images? |journal=Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=282 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00729.x |issn=0952-8369 |pmc=3020325 |pmid=21258640 |bibcode=2010JZoo..282..191S }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Semenchenko |first1=V. |last2=Laenko |first2=T. |last3=Razlutskij |first3=V. |date=2008 |title=A new record of the North American gastropod ''Physella acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805) from the Neman River Basin, Belarus |journal=Aquatic Invasions |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=359–360 |doi=10.3391/ai.2008.3.3.14 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008AqInv...3..359S}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=S. |last2=Banfield |first2=A. |last3=Francis |first3=N. |last4=Barton |first4=D. P. |last5=McLellan |first5=M. |date=2024 |title=Characterisation of Nematoda and Digenea in selected Australian freshwater snails |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=204 |bibcode=2024JInvP.20408116S |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2024.108116 |pmid=38679367 |doi-access=free |article-number=108116}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Soldatenko |first1=E. V. |last2=Petrov |first2=A. A. |date=2019 |title=Musculature of the penial complex: A new criterion in unravelling the phylogeny of Hygrophila (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=280 |issue=4 |pages=508–525 |bibcode=2019JMorp.280..508S |doi=10.1002/jmor.20960 |pmid=30762248}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Toledo |first1=R. |last2=Muñoz-Antolí |first2=C. |last3=Pérez |first3=M. |last4=Esteban |first4=J.-G. |date=1999 |title=Miracidial infectivity of ''Hypoderaeum conoideum'' (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae): differential susceptibility of two lymnaeid species |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=212–215 |doi=10.1007/s004360050537 |pmid=9951965}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Van Leeuwen |first1=C. H. A. |last2=Huig |first2=N. |last3=Van Der Velde |first3=G. |last4=Van Alen |first4=T. A. |last5=Wagemaker |first5=C. A. M. |last6=Sherman |first6=C. D. H. |last7=Klaassen |first7=M. |last8=Figuerola |first8=J. |date=2013 |title=How did this snail get here? Several dispersal vectors inferred for an aquatic invasive species |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=88–99 |doi=10.1111/fwb.12041 |bibcode=2013FrBio..58...88V}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vinarski |first=M. V. |date=2017 |title=The history of an invasion: phases of the explosive spread of the physid snail ''Physella acuta'' through Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1314 |bibcode=2017BiInv..19.1299V |doi=10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Vinarski |first1=M. V. |last2=Eschner |first2=A. |date=2016 |title=Examination of the type material of freshwater mollusk species described by J.P.R. Draparnaud |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie |volume=118 |pages=29–53 |jstor=43922682}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wethington |first1=A. R. |last2=Jackson |first2=C. R. |last3=Albritton |first3=C. |date=2018 |title=Assessing predator risk: how leeches affect life history and behaviour of the freshwater snail ''Physa acuta'' |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=379–385 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyy030}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wethington |first1=A. R. |last2=Lydeard |first2=C. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of Physidae (Gastropoda: Basommatophora) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=241–257 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eym021}} * {{Cite web |last=Wethington |first=A. R. |date=2004 |title=Family Physidae. A supplement to the workbook accompanying the FMCS Freshwater Identification Workshop, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. |url=https://www.fwgna.org/downloads/Amys_Physidae_Supplement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503113408/https://www.fwgna.org/downloads/Amys_Physidae_Supplement.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2025 |website=FWGNA Information Resources |page=Unpaginated, tab. 1 |no-pp=y }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wethington |first1=A. R. |last2=Dillon |first2=R. |date=1993 |title=Reproductive development in the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa monitored with complementing albino lines |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1993.0053 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=252 |issue=1334 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1993.0053 |issn=0962-8452 |jstor=49639 |bibcode=1993PBioS.252..109. |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024201350/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1993.0053 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Y. |last2=Xu |first2=A. |last3=Pan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=Q. |last5=Wu |first5=A. |last6=Huang |first6=L. |last7=Wu |first7=Y. |last8=Li |first8=X. |date=2025 |title=Modeling the distribution of the invasive snail ''Physella acuta'' in China: Implications for ecological and economic impact |journal=Science in One Health |volume=4 |doi=10.1016/j.soh.2025.100107 |pmc=12002750 |pmid=40242835 |article-number=100107}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Young |first1=M. K. |last2=Smith |first2=R. |last3=Pilgrim |first3=K. L. |last4=Schwartz |first4=M. K. |date=2021 |title=Molecular species delimitation refines the taxonomy of native and nonnative physinine snails in North America |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=21739 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1121739Y |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-01197-3 |pmc=8571305 |pmid=34741094}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Zukowski |first1=S. |last2=Walker |first2=K. F. |date=2009 |title=Freshwater snails in competition: alien ''Physa acuta'' (Physidae) and native ''Glyptophysa gibbosa'' (Planorbidae) in the River Murray, South Australia |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=999–1005 |bibcode=2009MFRes..60..999Z |doi=10.1071/MF08183}} {{refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1694040}} Category:Physidae Category:Gastropods described in 1805 Category:Taxa named by Jacques Draparnaud