{{Short description|Genus of lichens}} {{bots|deny=Citation bot}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Phyllopsora furfuracea - Flickr - pellaea.jpg | image_caption = ''Phyllopsora furfuracea'' in Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida | taxon = Phyllopsora | authority = Müll.Arg. (1894) | type_species = ''Phyllopsora breviuscula'' | type_species_authority = (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Triclinum'' {{au|Fée (1825)}}<ref name="Fée 1825"/> *''Psoromopsis'' {{au|Nyl. (1869)}} *''Physcidia'' sect. ''Callopis'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1883)}} *''Callopis'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Gyeln. (1933)}} *''Squamacidia'' {{au|Brako (1989)}}<ref name="Brako 1989"/> }}
'''''Phyllopsora''''' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>
The characteristics of a fossilized ''Phyllopsora'', ''P. dominicana'', found in Dominican amber, suggests that the main distinguishing features of the genus have remained unchanged for tens of millions of years.<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2008"/>
==Taxonomy==
The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1894, with ''Phyllopsora breviuscula'' assigned as the type species.<ref name="Müller 1894"/>
In 2019, a proposal was made to conserve the name ''Phyllopsora'' against the earlier names ''Triclinum'' and ''Crocynia''.<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019b"/> This was due to ''Phyllopsora'' including species that are the types of these earlier generic names, which would have priority. The proposal argued that conserving ''Phyllopsora'' would be the least disruptive option, as taking up ''Triclinum'' would require 56 new combinations, while ''Crocynia'' included many species now considered to belong to other genera. In 2024, the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi recommended conservation of ''Phyllopsora'' against ''Triclinum'' and ''Crocynia'', with 80% of the committee voting in favour.<ref name="May 2024"/>
''Squamacidia'' was brought into synonymy with ''Triclinum'' as a direct result of typification work: Per Magnus Jørgensen lectotypified ''Triclinum cinchonarum'' with Fée's protologue figure and epitypified it with a specimen identified as ''Physcidia endococcina''; Brako had earlier treated ''P. endococcina'' as a variety of ''Squamacidia janeirensis'', the type species of ''Squamacidia''. This ties ''T. cinchonarum'' to the same element that fixes ''Squamacidia'', so ''Squamacidia'' falls under ''Triclinum'', with ''cinchonarum'' the oldest available epithet. Subsequent phylogenetic work showed ''T. cinchonarum'' to be nested within ''Phyllopsora'', which is why treating ''Triclinum'' under ''Phyllopsora'' also carries ''Squamacidia'' into ''Phyllopsora'' and motivated the 2019 conservation proposal.<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019b"/>
==Description== The genus ''Phyllopsora'' is distinguished by its scale-like ({{lichengloss|squamulose}}) to almost leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) that often has a distinct border (prothallus). Its reproductive structures, known as asci, have a unique feature: an amyloid dome and a narrow, cone-shaped central structure. The fruiting bodies (apothecia) of this genus are made up of highly gelatinized (jelly-like) fungal threads. These threads show no clear separation between the different structural layers of the apothecium, and this gelatinised texture is consistent throughout the central and marginal areas of the apothecium as well as in the supporting structures ({{lichengloss|paraphyses}}). The {{lichengloss|ascospores}} produced by ''Phyllopsora'' are small, with thin walls, and are typically not divided into separate compartments (rarely septate).<ref name="Brako 1991"/>
==Species== thumb|right|''Phyllopsora isidiolyta'' thumb|upright=0.8|right|A: ''Phyllopsora africana''; B: ''P. breviuscula'' C: ''P. buettneri'' thumb|right|''Phyllopsora pyxinoides'' {{As of|2023|December}}, Species Fungorum accepts 48 species of ''Phyllopsora'':<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum"/> *''Phyllopsora amazonica'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019"/> *''Phyllopsora atrocarpa'' {{au|Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> – Peru *''Phyllopsora buettneri'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1926)}} *''Phyllopsora borbonica'' {{au|Timdal & Krog (2001)}}<ref name="Timdal & Krog 2001"/> *''Phyllopsora breviuscula'' {{au|(Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)}} *''Phyllopsora castaneocincta'' {{au|(Hue) Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}} *''Phyllopsora catervisorediata'' {{au|G.K.Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka (2011)}}<ref name="Mishra et al. 2011"/> – India *''Phyllopsora chodatinica'' {{au|Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006b"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora cinchonarum'' {{au|(Fée) Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> *''Phyllopsora cognata'' {{au|(Nyl.) Timdal (2011)}}<ref name="Timdal 2011"/> *''Phyllopsora concinna'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019"/> *''Phyllopsora conwayensis'' {{au|Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006b"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora corallina'' {{au|(Eschw.) Müll.Arg. (1894)}} *''Phyllopsora dodongensis'' {{au|S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2020)}}<ref name="Kondratyuk et al. 2020"/> – South Korea *''Phyllopsora dolichospora'' {{au|Timdal & Krog (2001)}}<ref name="Timdal & Krog 2001"/> *''Phyllopsora dominicana'' {{au|Rikkinen (2008)}}<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2008"/> *''Phyllopsora foliata'' {{au|(Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1926)}} *''Phyllopsora foliatella'' {{au|Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora furfuracea'' {{au|(Pers.) Zahlbr. (1905)}} *''Phyllopsora furfurella'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019"/> *''Phyllopsora glaucella'' {{au|(Vain.) Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> *''Phyllopsora glaucescens'' {{au|Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> – Peru *''Phyllopsora gossypina'' {{au|(Sw.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)}} *''Phyllopsora himalayensis'' {{au|G.K.Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka (2011)}}<ref name="Mishra et al. 2011"/> – India *''Phyllopsora hispaniolae'' {{au|Timdal (2011)}}<ref name="Timdal 2011"/> *''Phyllopsora homosekikaica'' {{au|Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006b"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora imshaugii'' {{au|Timdal (2011)}}<ref name="Timdal 2011"/> *''Phyllopsora isidiosa'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019"/> *''Phyllopsora lividocarpa'' {{au|Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> – Peru *''Phyllopsora loekoesii'' {{au|S.Y.Kondr., Farkas, S.O.Oh & Hur (2016)}}<ref name="Kondratyuk et al. 2016"/> *''Phyllopsora magna'' {{au|Kaasalainen, Rikkinen & A.R.Schmidt (2017)}}<ref name="Kaasalainen et al. 2017"/> *''Phyllopsora methoxymicareica'' {{au|Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006b"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora nemoralis'' {{au|Timdal & Krog (2001)}}<ref name="Timdal & Krog 2001"/> *''Phyllopsora neofoliata'' {{au|Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006b"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora neotinica'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019"/> *''Phyllopsora nigrocincta'' {{au|Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> – Peru *''Phyllopsora parvifolia'' {{au|(Pers.) Müll.Arg. (1894)}} *''Phyllopsora phaeobyssina'' {{au|(Vain.) Timdal (2011)}}<ref name="Timdal 2011"/> *''Phyllopsora pocsii'' {{au|Vězda (2003)}} *''Phyllopsora pseudocorallina'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich Bendiksby et al 2019"/> – Asia; Africa *''Phyllopsora pyxinoides'' {{au|(Nyl.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)}} *''Phyllopsora rappiana'' {{au|(Brako) Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elix 2006"/> – Australia *''Phyllopsora rosei'' {{au|Coppins & P.James (1979)}}<ref name="Coppins & James 1979"/> – Europe *''Phyllopsora sabahana'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich Bendiksby et al 2019"/> – Malaysia *''Phyllopsora siamensis'' {{au|Kistenich & Timdal (2019)}}<ref name="Kistenich Bendiksby et al 2019"/> – Thailand *''Phyllopsora soralifera'' {{au|Timdal (2008)}}<ref name="Timdal 2008"/> – Peru *''Phyllopsora subhyalina'' {{au|(Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1926)}} *''Phyllopsora swinscowii'' {{au|Timdal & Krog (2001)}}<ref name="Timdal & Krog 2001"/> *''Phyllopsora teretiuscula'' {{au|Timdal (2011)}}<ref name="Timdal 2011"/> *''Phyllopsora tobagensis'' {{au|Timdal (2011)}}<ref name="Timdal 2011"/>
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Brako 1989">{{cite journal |last=Brako |first=Lois |year=1989 |title=Reevaluation of the genus ''Phyllopsora'' with taxonomic notes and introduction of ''Squamacidia'', gen. nov. |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.5962/p.431358 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0035/001/0001.htm|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Brako 1991">{{cite book |last=Brako |first=Lois |year=1991 |title=''Phyllopsora'' (Bacidiaceae) |series=Flora Neotropica |volume=55 |pages=1–66 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press |jstor=4393825}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=''Phyllopsora'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6PR5 |author=Species Fungorum |work=Catalogue of Life |accessdate=17 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Coppins & James 1979">{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |title=New or interesting British lichens IV |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=1979 |doi=10.1017/s0024282979000190 |pages=139–179}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix 2006">{{cite journal |last=Elix |first=J.A. |year=2006 |title=Additional lichen records from Australia 56 |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=58 |pages=4–13}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix 2006b">{{cite journal |last=Elix |first=J.A. |year=2006 |title=Five new species of ''Phyllopsora'' (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=59 |pages=23–29}}</ref>
<ref name="Fée 1825">{{cite book |author-link=Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée |last1=Fée |first1=Antoine Laurent Apollinaire |year=1825 |title=Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales |page=146; plate 33.4 |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Firmin Didot père et fils |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48999656}}</ref>
<ref name="Kaasalainen et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Kaasalainen |first1=U. |last2=Heinrichs |first2=J. |last3=Renner |first3=M.A.M. |last4=Hedenäs |first4=L. |last5=Schäfer-Verwimp |first5=A. |last6=Lee |first6=G.E. |last7=Ignatov |first7=M.S. |last8=Rikkinen |first8=J. |last9=Schmidt |first9=A.R. |year=2017 |title=A Caribbean epiphyte community preserved in Miocene Dominican amber |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=321–331 |doi=10.1017/S175569101700010X|hdl=10138/234078 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kistenich |first1=Sonja |last2=Bendiksby |first2=Mika |last3=Ekman |first3=Stefan |last4=Cáceres |first4=Marcela E. S. |last5=Hernández M. |first5=Jesús E. |last6=Timdal |first6=Einar |title=Towards an integrative taxonomy of ''Phyllopsora'' (Ramalinaceae) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=51 |issue=4 |year=2019 |doi=10.1017/s0024282919000252 |pages=323–392}}</ref>
<ref name="Kistenich et al. 2019b">{{cite journal |last1=Kistenich |first1=Sonja |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |last3=Bendiksby |first3=Mika |last4=Timdal |first4=Einar |title=(2687) Proposal to conserve the name ''Phyllopsora'' against ''Triclinum'' and ''Crocynia'' (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) |journal=Taxon |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=590–592 |year=2019 |doi=10.1002/tax.12075}}</ref>
<ref name="Kistenich Bendiksby et al 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kistenich |first1=Sonja |last2=Bendiksby |first2=Mika |last3=Vairappan |first3=Charles S. |last4=Weerakoon |first4=Gothamie |last5=Wijesundara |first5=Siril |last6=Wolseley |first6=Patricia A. |last7=Timdal |first7=Einar |title=A regional study of the genus ''Phyllopsora'' (Ramalinaceae) in Asia and Melanesia |journal=MycoKeys |issue=53 |year=2019 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.53.33425 |pmid=31191113 |pmc=6551344 |pages=23–72 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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<ref name="Kondratyuk et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kondratyuk |first1=S.Y. |last2=Upreti |first2=D.K. |last3=Mishra |first3=G.K. |last4=Nayaka |first4=S. |last5=Ingle |first5=K. K. |last6=Orlov |first6=O.O. |last7=Kondratiuk |first7=A. S. | last8=Lőkös |first8=L. |last9=Farkas |first9=E. |last10=Woo |first10=J.-J. |last11=Hur | first11=J.-S. |title=New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10 |journal=Acta Botanica Hungarica |volume=62 |issue=1–2 |year=2020 |doi=10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6 |pages=69–108 |url=https://real.mtak.hu/143231/1/article-p69.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="May 2024">{{cite journal |last=May |first=Tom W. |title=Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 24 |journal=Taxon |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=622–630 |year=2024 |doi=10.1002/tax.13148}}</ref>
<ref name="Mishra et al. 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=G.K. |last2=Upreti |first2=D.K. |last3=Nayaka |first3=S. |last4=Haridas |first4=B. |year=2011 |title=New taxa and new reports of ''Phyllopsora'' (lichenized Ascomycotina) from India |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=115 |pages=29–44 |doi=10.5248/115.29 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Müller 1894">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1894 |title=Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae |journal=Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier |volume=2 |issue=App. 1 |pages=1–114 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Phyllopsora'' Müll. Arg. |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=4072 |publisher=Species Fungorum |accessdate=5 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Timdal & Krog 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Timdal |first1=E. |last2=Krog |first2=H. |year=2001 |title=Further studies on African species of the lichen genus ''Phyllopsora'' (Lecanorales) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=77 |pages=57–89}}</ref>
<ref name="Timdal 2008">{{cite journal |last=Timdal |first=Einar |title=Studies on ''Phyllopsora'' (Ramalinaceae) in Peru |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=40 |issue=4 |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/s0024282908007846 |pages=337–362}}</ref>
<ref name="Timdal 2011">{{cite journal |last=Timdal |first=E. |year=2011 |title=The lichen genus ''Phyllopsora'' (Ramalinaceae) in the West Indies |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=106 |pages=319–351}}</ref>
<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Rikkinen |first1=Jouko |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=A new species of ''Phyllopsora'' (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from Dominican amber, with remarks on the fossil history of lichens |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=59 |issue=5 |year=2008 |pages=1007–1011 |doi=10.1093/jxb/ern004 |pmid=18319239 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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* Category:Lichen genera Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Taxa described in 1894 Category:Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis