{{short description|American film magazine}} {{About|the American film magazine|motion pictures, sometimes called "photoplays"|film|other uses}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox magazine | title = Photoplay | image_file = File:Norma Talmadge Photoplay cover.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = "The Microphone—The Terror of the Studios" (December 1929 issue); the cover features an Earl Christy portrait of actress Norma Talmadge | editor = | editor_title = | previous_editor = | staff_writer = | frequency = | circulation = | category = Film<br>Entertainment | company = Macfadden Publications | publisher = | founded = {{Start date and age|1911}} | firstdate = | finaldate = {{End date and age|1980}} | country = United States | based = Chicago, Illinois | language = English | website = | issn = 0732-538X }}
'''''Photoplay''''' was one of the first American film fan magazines, its title another word for screenplay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/photoplay |title=photoplay |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> It was founded in Chicago in 1911. Under early editors Julian Johnson and James R. Quirk, in style and reach it became a pacesetter for fan magazines. In 1921, ''Photoplay'' established what is considered the first significant annual movie award. For most of its run, it was published by Macfadden Publications. The magazine ceased publication in 1980.
==History== ''Photoplay'' began as a short fiction magazine concerned mostly with the plots and characters of films at the time and was used as a promotional tool for those films. In 1915, Julian Johnson and James R. Quirk became the editors (though Quirk had been vice president of the magazine since its inception), and together they created a format which would set a precedent for almost all celebrity magazines that followed. By 1918 the circulation exceeded 200,000, with the popularity of the magazine fueled by the public's increasing interest in the private lives of celebrities.
==Popularity== [[File:Marilyn Monroe, Photoplay 1953.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Marilyn Monroe in the December 1953 issue of ''Photoplay'' magazine]] ''Photoplay'' reached its apex in the 1920s and 1930s, and was considered quite influential within the motion picture industry.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pamela |last=Hutchinson |title=Photoplay magazine: the birth of celebrity culture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/jan/26/photoplay-magazine-hollywood-film-studios-stars-celebrity-culture |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 26, 2016 |access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref> The magazine was renowned for its artwork portraits of film stars, by such artists as Earl Christy and Charles Sheldon, on the cover. Macfadden Publications purchased the magazine in 1934. With the advance of color photography, by 1937 the magazine instead began using photographs of the stars.
''Photoplay'' published the writings of Lillian Day, Sheilah Graham, Hedda Hopper, Dorothy Kilgallen, Hazel MacDonald, Louella Parsons, Adela Rogers St. Johns, Rob Wagner (later the editor and publisher of ''Script''), and Walter Winchell, among others. The magazine was edited by Quirk until 1932; later editors include Kathryn Dougherty, Ruth Waterbury, and Adele Whitely Fletcher. It also featured the health and beauty advice of Sylvia of Hollywood, arguably the first fitness guru to the stars.
Sidney Skolsky, a nationally syndicated gossip columnist for the ''New York Daily News'' and later the ''New York Daily Mirror'', had a regular column in ''Photoplay'' called "From A Stool At Schwab's", the Hollywood drugstore he made famous; such was the magazine's popularity.<ref name="Lana Turner at Schwab's">{{cite news |last=Wilkerson |first=W.R. 3rd |title=Writing the End to a True-to-Life Cinderella Story : Remembrance: The facts of Lana Turner's discovery at a soda fountain have changed through the years, but the legend remains. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-07-01-ca-19119-story.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1 July 1995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216203651/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-01/entertainment/ca-19119_1_lana-turner |archive-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> {{clear}}
==The ''Photoplay'' Magazine Medal of Honor== [[File:Photoplay-Medal.jpg|thumb|Front of the first ''Photoplay'' Magazine Medal of Honor, created in gold by Tiffany & Co. and presented in 1921 to Cosmopolitan Productions for the film ''Humoresque'' (1920)]] In 1921, ''Photoplay'' established what is considered the first significant annual movie award, the ''Photoplay'' Magazine Medal of Honor.<ref name="Photoplay Awards">{{cite web|title=Photoplay Awards|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000537/overview|publisher=Internet Movie Database|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> An actual medallion produced by Tiffany & Co., it was voted on by the readers of the magazine and given to the producer of the year's best film, chosen with an emphasis on (according to Quirk) "the ideals and motives governing its production... the worth of its dramatic message." Though ''Photoplay'' only gave the single award for best film, its intentions and standards were influential on the Academy Awards founded later in the decade, and they overlap on Best Picture choices to some extent, though increasingly in the 1930s ''Photoplay''{{'}}s choices reflected its primarily female readership. By 1939, the Medal of Honor had declined in importance, and the award was discontinued that year.
From 1944 to 1968, ''Photoplay'' awarded a Gold Medal for film of the year based on polling done by George Gallup's Audience Research Inc. through the 1950s, and then voted on by the magazine's readers. It also awarded Most Popular Male Star and Most Popular Female Star based on actors' and actresses' popularity, not their performance. The awards were based on polling through the 1950s, and then on a vote by the readers, similar to the Gold Medal.<ref name="Photoplay Awards" /> Bing Crosby and Greer Garson were frequently named the most popular film stars during the 1940s and later winners of the title included James Stewart, Jane Wyman, Alan Ladd, Marilyn Monroe, Rock Hudson, and Kim Novak. Most popular television stars were also named in the 1960s. In 1948, the ''Photoplay Awards'' were broadcast on network television as part of ''The Steve Allen Plymouth Show''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Steve Allen Plymouth Show|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0864188/combined|publisher=Internet Movie Database|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
===Medal of Honor winners: 1920–1939=== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * 1920: ''Humoresque''<ref name=LAT>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-13-la-et-classic-hollywood-20110613-story.html |title=Classic Hollywood: Film academy to screen Photoplay Magazine Medal of Honor winners |author=Susan King |date=June 13, 2011 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> * 1921: ''Tol'able David'' * 1922: ''Robin Hood''<ref name=LAT/> * 1923: ''The Covered Wagon''<ref name=LAT/> * 1924: ''The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln'' * 1925: ''The Big Parade''<ref name=LAT/> * 1926: ''Beau Geste''<ref name=LAT/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coinbooks.org/esylum_v19n23a24.html |title=The Photoplay Magazine Medal of Honor |publisher=Numismatic Bibliomania Society}}</ref> * 1927: ''Seventh Heaven''<ref name=LAT/> * 1928: ''Four Sons'' * 1929: ''Disraeli'' * 1930: ''All Quiet on the Western Front'' * 1931: ''Cimarron'' * 1932: ''Smilin' Through'' * 1933: ''Little Women'' * 1934: ''The Barretts of Wimpole Street'' * 1935: ''Naughty Marietta'' * 1936: ''San Francisco'' * 1937: ''Captains Courageous'' * 1938: ''Sweethearts'' * 1939: ''Gone with the Wind'' {{div col end}}
===Gold Medal Winners for film of the year: 1944–1968=== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * 1944: ''Going My Way'' * 1945: ''The Valley of Decision'' * 1946: ''The Bells of St. Mary's'' * 1947: ''The Jolson Story'' * 1948: ''Sitting Pretty'' * 1949: ''The Stratton Story'' * 1950: ''Battleground'' * 1951: ''Show Boat'' * 1952: ''With a Song in My Heart'' * 1953: ''From Here to Eternity'' * 1954: ''Magnificent Obsession'' * 1955: ''Love is a Many-Splendored Thing'' * 1956: ''Giant'' * 1957: ''An Affair to Remember'' * 1958: ''Gigi'' * 1959: ''Pillow Talk'' * 1960: no awards * 1961: ''Splendor in the Grass'' * 1962: ''The Miracle Worker'' * 1963: ''How the West Was Won'' * 1964: ''The Unsinkable Molly Brown'' * 1965: ''The Sound of Music'' * 1966: ''The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming'' * 1967: ''The Dirty Dozen'' * 1968: ''Rosemary's Baby'' {{div col end}}
Additionally, in September 1921, ''Photoplay'' began designating a handful of movies each month as the Best Pictures of the Month, providing a window into contemporary opinion at a time when movie coverage was not as extensive as it later became. The initial set of selections in the September 1921 issue were:<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Shadow Stage |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_photoplay_1921-09_20_4/page/58/mode/2up |magazine=Photoplay |publisher=Photoplay Publishing Co. |date=September 1921 |access-date=September 2, 2023}}</ref>
* ''The Conquering Power'' * ''The Old Nest'' * ''The Affairs of Anatol'' * ''Experience'' * ''Doubling for Romeo'' * ''The Golem''
In January 1923, ''Photoplay'' also added the category Best Performances of the Month. The initial selections for this award were:<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Shadow Stage |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_photoplay_1923-01_23_2/page/62/mode/2up |magazine=Photoplay |publisher=Photoplay Publishing Co. |date=January 1923 |access-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" !scope="col" style="width:40%;"| Actor !scope="col" style="width:60%;"| Film |- | {{sort|Pickford|Mary Pickford}} | ''{{sort|Tess of the Storm Country|Tess of the Storm Country}}'' |- | {{sort|Beery|Wallace Beery}} | ''{{sort|Robin Hood|Robin Hood}}'' |- | {{sort|Compson|Betty Compson}} | ''{{sort|To Have and To Hold|To Have and To Hold}}'' |- | {{sort|Nichols|George Nichols}} |rowspan=2| ''{{sort|Flirt|The Flirt}}'' |- | {{sort|Eddy|Helen Jerome Eddy}} |- | {{sort|Coogan|Jackie Coogan}} | ''{{sort|Oliver Twist|Oliver Twist}}'' |}
==Mergers and closure== ''Photoplay'' merged with another fan magazine, ''Movie Mirror'', in 1941; and with ''TV-Radio Mirror'' in 1977, when the name became ''Photoplay and TV Mirror''.
The magazine published its final issue on April 15, 1980.<ref name="Slide71">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hDG6auRCJ4C&pg=PA71|title=Inside the Hollywood Fan Magazine: A History of Star Makers, Fabricators, and Gossip Mongers|first=Anthony|last=Slide|author-link=Anthony Slide|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|page=71|isbn=9781604734140}}</ref> In a sign of changing times, the cover photo featured not movie stars but two television actresses, Victoria Principal and Charlene Tilton.<ref name="Slide71"/> The skeleton staff of six people were all transferred to ''Us'' magazine, which Macfadden Publications had recently acquired.<ref name="Slide71"/> The president of Macfadden, Peter J. Callahan, said the decision to cease publication was made "very reluctantly", but also added the bald observation that "the day of the traditional movie magazine is over".<ref name="Slide71"/>
A British version of ''Photoplay'' debuted in March 1950, and in April 1981 it was rebranded as ''Photoplay: Movies and Video''.<ref name="Slide71"/> It featured an equal mix of American and British films and stars, and ceased publication in 1989.
==See also== * ''Screenland'' * ''Silver Screen''
==References== {{reflist|2}}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Photoplay|''Photoplay''}} *{{wikisource-inline|Photoplay|''Photoplay''}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|photoplay}} * [https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Photoplay%22&sort=-date ''Photoplay'' 1916–1964] at the Internet Archive * [https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Photoplay+Magazine+Publishing+Company%22&page=2&sort=-date ''Photoplay'' 1916–1943] at the Internet Archive
Category:1911 establishments in Illinois Category:1980 disestablishments in New York (state) Category:Defunct magazines published in Chicago Category:Defunct film magazines published in the United States Category:Fiction magazines Category:Magazines disestablished in 1980 Category:Magazines established in 1911