{{Short description|Genus of roundworms}} {{Automatic_taxobox | image = Parasite140007-fig7 Philometra fasciati Moravec & Justine, 2008 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif | image_caption = ''Philometra fasciati'' | taxon = Philometra | authority = Costa, 1845 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}
'''''Philometra''''' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/disease/pdfs/fishdiseases/philometra.pdf |title=Philometra|website=Alaska Department of Fish and Game}}</ref> The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845.
Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of both marine and freshwater fishes. When still in the larval stages, these worms move to the body cavities or subcutaneous tissues in the host. This migration can cause damage to skeletal joints, result in internal bleeding, and inflame visceral organs. Emaciation and lowered growth rates may result from this.
Infestation produces nodules under the skin. When the worms are in the adult or juvenile stage, these nodules may be visible between the rays of the fins or may cause the scales to raise up. Larger nodules may be the result of gravid females which may rupture the skin surface. Once ruptured, the female parasite disintegrates<ref>https://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Taxadata/G942.aspx</ref>. This allows the release of the live larvae into the water. This wound on the fish then heals, leaving almost no scarring.
Species of ''Philometra'' require two hosts to complete their life cycle. After the larval worms are released from the host fish, they are ingested by copepods which act as an intermediate host. Once inside the copepod, the larvae molt several times. Fish may then eat the infested copepod.
==Known hosts== Species of this genus are known to parasitize numerous species of fish, including: *Blacktip grouper *Herring scad *Bigeye scad *Bluefish
==Gallery== <gallery class="center"> File:Parasite170008-fig1 - Ovary of fish with visible Philometra females.png|Ovary of fish with visible ''Philometra females''
File:Parasite140007-fig6 Philometra fasciati Moravec & Justine, 2008 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif|''Philometra fasciati'' File:Parasite140007-fig1 Philometra austropacifica Moravec & Justine, 2014 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif|''Philometra austropacifica'' File:Parasite140007-fig9 Philometra selaris Moravec & Justine, 2014 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif|''Philometra selaris'' Parasite140132-fig1 Philometra protonibeae (Nematoda, Philometridae).png|''Philometra protonibeae'' Parasite140132-fig2 Philometra protonibeae (Nematoda, Philometridae).png|''Philometra protonibeae'' Parasite140132-fig3 Philometra protonibeae (Nematoda, Philometridae).png|''Philometra protonibeae'' Parasite140132-fig4 Philometra sp. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from Lutjanus johnii.png|''Philometra'' sp.
</gallery>
==Taxonomy== The following species are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species:<ref>{{cite WoRMS|author=Gibson, David |year= 2020|title=''Philometra'' Costa, 1845|id=22918|accessdate=6 February 2015 |db=Nematode}}</ref>
* ''Philometra gerrei'' <small>Moravec & Manoharan, 2013</small> * ''Philometra globiceps'' <small>(Rudolphi, 1819)</small> * ''Philometra lagocephali'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2008</small> * ''Philometra onchorhynchi'' <small>Kuitinen-Ekbaum, 1933</small> * ''Philometra otolithi'' <small>Moravec & Manoharan, 2013</small> * ''Philometra ovata'' <small>(Zeder, 1803)</small> * ''Philometra priacanthi'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2009</small> * ''Philometra rischta'' <small>Skrjabin, 1917</small> * ''Philometra rubra'' <small>(Leidy, 1856)</small> * ''Philometra saltatrix'' <small>Ramachandran, 1973</small> * ''Philometra sanguinea'' <small>(Rudolphi, 1819)</small> * ''Philometra scombresoxis'' <small>Nikolaeva & Naidenova, 1964</small> * ''Philometra sphyraenae'' <small>Moravec & Manoharan, 2013</small> * ''Philometra tauridica'' <small>Ivashkin, Naidenova, Kovaleva & Khromova, 1971</small> * ''Philometra translucida'' <small>Walton, 1927</small>
===''Nomina dubia''=== * ''Philometra brevicollis'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2011</small> * ''Philometra carolinensis'' <small>Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006</small> * ''Philometra cephalus'' <small>Ramachandran, 1975</small> * ''Philometra charlestonensis'' <small>Moravec, de Buron, Baker & González-Solís, 2008</small> * ''Philometra cyanopodi'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2008</small> * ''Philometra cynoscionis'' <small>Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006</small> * ''Philometra fasciati'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2008</small> * ''Philometra filiformis'' <small>(Stossich, 1896)</small> * ''Philometra floridensis'' <small>Moravec, Fajer-Avila & Bakenhaster, 2010</small> * ''Philometra genypteri'' <small>Moravec, Chávez & Olivia, 2011</small> * ''Philometra gymnothoracis'' <small>Moravec & Buron, 2009</small> * ''Philometra inimici'' <small>Yamaguti, 1941</small> * ''Philometra isaki'' <small>Quiazon, Yoshinaga & Ogawa, 2008</small> * ''Philometra jordanoi'' <small>(López-Neyra, 1951)</small> * ''Philometra justinei'' <small>Moravec, Ternengo & Levron, 2006</small> * ''Philometra katsuwoni'' <small>Petter & Baudin-Laurencin, 1986</small> * ''Philometra lateolabracis'' <small>(Yamaguti, 1935)</small> * ''Philometra lethrini'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2008</small> * ''Philometra macroandri'' <small>(Shchepkina, 1978)</small> * ''Philometra madai'' <small>Quiazon, Yoshinaga & Ogawa, 2008</small> * ''Philometra managatuwo'' <small>Yamaguti, 1941</small> * ''Philometra margolisi'' <small>Moravec, et al., 1995</small> * ''Philometra mexicana'' <small>Moravec & Salgado-Maldonado, 2007</small> * ''Philometra mira'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2011</small> * ''Philometra nemipteri'' <small>Luo, 2001</small> * ''Philometra neolateolabracis'' <small>Rajyalakshmi, Hanumantha Rao & Shyamasundari, 1985</small> * ''Philometra neptomeni'' <small>Mateo, 1972</small> * ''Philometra obladae'' <small>Moravec, Gaglio, Panebianco & Giannetto, 2008</small> * ''Philometra obturans'' <small>(Prennant, 1886)</small> * ''Philometra ocularis'' <small>Moravec, Ogawa, Suzuki, Miyazaki & Donai, 2002</small> * ''Philometra overstreeti'' <small>Moravec & de Buron, 2006</small> * ''Philometra pellucida'' <small>(Jägerskiöld, 1893)</small> * ''Philometra rajani'' <small>Mukherjee, 1963</small> * ''Philometra sciaenae'' <small>Yamaguti, 1941</small> * ''Philometra scomberomori'' <small>(Yamaguti, 1935)</small> * ''Philometra sebastisci'' <small>Yamaguti, 1941</small> * ''Philometra serranellicabrillae'' <small>Janiszewska, 1949</small> * ''Philometra strongylurae'' <small>Moravec & Ali, 2005</small> * ''Philometra tenuicauda'' <small>Moravec & Justine, 2009</small> * ''Philometra terapontis'' <small>Moravec, Gopalakrishnan, Rajkumar, Saravanakumar & Kaliyamoorthy, 2011</small> * ''Philometra tylosuri'' <small>Moravec & Ali, 2005</small>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *{{cite journal|last1=Moravec|first1=František|last2=Buron|first2=Isaure de|title=A synthesis of our current knowledge of philometrid nematodes, a group of increasingly important fish parasites|journal=Folia Parasitologica|volume=60|issue=2|year=2013|pages=81–101|issn=0015-5683|doi=10.14411/fp.2013.010|pmid=23724728 |url=http://folia.paru.cas.cz/artkey/fol-201302-0001_A_synthesis_of_our_current_knowledge_of_philometrid_nematodes_a_nbsp_group_of_increasingly_important_fish_para.php|doi-access=free|hdl=11104/0224852|hdl-access=free}} {{open access}} *{{cite journal|last1=Moravec|first1=František|last2=Chávez|first2=Rosa A.|last3=Oliva|first3=Marcelo E.|title=A new gonad-infecting species of ''Philometra'' (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the red cusk-eel ''Genypterus chilensis'' (Osteichthyes: Ophidiidae) off Chile|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=108|issue=1|year=2010|pages=227–232|issn=0932-0113|doi=10.1007/s00436-010-2054-0|pmid=20852887 |hdl=10533/128205|s2cid=5789541 |hdl-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Moravec|first1=František|last2=Ali|first2=Atheer|title=''Philometra johnii'' sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae), a new gonad-infecting philometrid from the sin croaker ''Johnius dussumieri'' (Cuvier) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) from marine waters of Iraq|journal=Acta Parasitologica|volume=58|issue=3|year=2013|pages=263–268 |issn=1896-1851|doi=10.2478/s11686-013-0139-5|pmid=23990421 |s2cid=15992780 |doi-access=free|hdl=11104/0224849|hdl-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Moravec|first1=František|last2=Barton|first2=Diane P.|title=Two gonad-infecting species of ''Philometra'' (Nematoda: Philometridae) from marine fishes off the northern coast of Australia|journal=Parasite|volume=22|year=2015|pages=4|issn=1776-1042|doi=10.1051/parasite/2015008|url= |pmid=25654578|pmc=4318486}} {{open access}} *{{cite journal|last1=Moravec|first1=František|last2=Justine|first2=Jean-Lou|title=New records of species of ''Philometra'' (Nematoda: Philometridae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, including ''P. cephalopholidis'' sp. n. from ''Cephalopholis sonnerati'' (Serranidae)|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=114|issue=9|year=2015|pages=3223–3228|issn=0932-0113|doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4538-4|pmid=25982574 |s2cid=18037114 |hdl=11104/0251974|hdl-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Moravec|first1=František|last2=Chaabane|first2=Amira|last3=Justine|first3=Jean-Lou|last4=Neifar|first4=Lassad|title=Two gonad-infecting species of ''Philometra'' (Nematoda: Philometridae) from groupers (Serranidae) off Tunisia, with a key to ''Philometra'' species infecting serranid gonads|journal=Parasite|volume=23|year=2016|pages=8|issn=1776-1042|doi=10.1051/parasite/2016008|url= |pmid=26956219|pmc=4783587}} {{open access}}
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Category:Secernentea genera Category:Camallanida Category:Parasitic nematodes of fish Category:Taxa named by Oronzio Gabriele Costa