{{short description|Romanian sociologist and politician}} {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = | name = Petre Andrei | honorific_suffix = | image = Petre Andrei.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1891|06|29}} | birth_place = Brăila, Kingdom of Romania | death_date = {{death date and age|1940|10|04|1891|06|29}} | death_place = Iași, Kingdom of Romania | death_cause = Suicide by cyanide poisoning | resting_place = Eternitatea Cemetery, Iași | nationality = | citizenship = | other_names = | occupation = Academic, politician | period = | known_for = | spouse = {{marriage|Alice-Georgette Tulbure|1920}} | children = 4 | parents = | relatives = | awards = | website = | education = | alma_mater = University of Iași | thesis_title = Filosofia valorii | thesis_url = https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Petre_Andrei_-_Filosofia_valorii.pdf | thesis_year = 1918 | doctoral_advisor = Dimitrie Gusti | academic_advisors = Ion Petrovici | influences = | era = | discipline = Sociology | sub_discipline = | workplaces = University of Iași | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influenced = {{Infobox military person |embed = yes |embed_title = |allegiance = Romanian Army |branch = |service_years = 1916–1918 |rank = |battles = {{Tree list}} * World War I ** Third Battle of Oituz ** Slănic-Moldova ** Cașin Valley {{Tree list/end}} |awards = Order of the Star of Romania<br />Order of the Crown of Romania }} | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | party = National Peasants' Party<br />National Renaissance Front | title = Minister of National Education | term_start = 5 December 1938 | term_end = 3 July 1940 | prime_minister = Miron Cristea<br />Armand Călinescu<br /> Gheorghe Argeșanu<br />Constantin Argetoianu<br />Gheorghe Tătărăscu | predecessor = Armand Călinescu | successor = Dumitru Caracostea }} | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | footnotes = }}
'''Petre Andrei''' (June 29, 1891 – October 4, 1940) was a Romanian sociologist, philosopher, and politician who served as Education Minister in 1938–1940.
==Biography== ===Origins and work=== He was born in Brăila, the fourth child of a family of low-ranking civil servants, Costache Andrei and Vasilica, née Conduriotis.<ref name="TT">{{citation|url=https://revistapolis.ro/434-dtompea-2/|title=Petre Andrei – Omul și opera|language=ro|author1=Doru Tompea|author2=Anca Teodora Tompea|journal=Polis|volume= IX|issue=4|year=2021|pages=1–12}}</ref> He attended Nicolae Bălcescu High School from 1902 to 1910. He then moved to Iași, where he enrolled in the literature and philosophy faculty of the University of Iași, graduating in 1913.<ref>Petre Andrei (ed. Petru P. Andrei, Cătălin Bordeianu, Doru Tompea), ''Fascismul'', pp. 105–106. Focșani: Editura Neuron, 1995. {{ISBN|978-973-9689-65-6}}</ref> While a student, his mentor was Ion Petrovici.<ref name="tompea"/> Andrei continued his education in Berlin, where he audited a seminar on logic and history of philosophy conducted by Alois Riehl, and in Leipzig.<ref name="ieseni"/><ref name="TT"/> Returning home when the war broke out, he volunteered for service, in spite of being exempt due to the fact that his father was deceased. He was assigned to the 38th Infantry Regiment in March 1915, and from July to September 1916, during which time Romania entered the war, he attended the reserve officers' school in Târgoviște. He was sent to the 13th Regiment, effective November, and distinguished himself in the battles at Oituz, Slănic, and the Cașin Valley. For his acts of bravery, he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the Order of the Crown, and the War Cross with Bars.<ref name="tompea"/><ref name="TT"/>
thumb|Petre Andrei's ''Filosofia valorii'', published in 1945 In 1918, he defended his thesis, ''Filosofia valorii'', at Iași, receiving the title of doctor in philosophy; the thesis defense committee consisted of Alexandru Philippide (presiding), Dimitrie Gusti (advisor), and Ion Petrovici (referee).<ref name="TT"/> His thesis would be published in 1945 by his son, Petru.<ref>{{cite book|author=Petre Andrei|title=Filosofia valorii|others=Preface by Dimitrie Gusti|publisher=Fundația Regele Mihai I|location=București|year=1945|oclc=490958793| url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Petre_Andrei_-_Filosofia_valorii.pdf}}</ref> In 1920, Andrei married Alice-Georgette Tulbure, a relative of Constantin Meissner.<ref name="TT"/> Initially a high school teacher, he was on the faculty of several Iași institutions: the National College, the Military High School, and the Orthodox High School for Girls. He was then a substitute professor of history of philosophy in the sociology department of the University of Iași, becoming a full professor in 1922.<ref name="ieseni"/> The appointment to this post, left vacant upon the departure of Gusti, prompted a fierce battle within the faculty that drew the attention of the contemporary press. One wing, led by {{ill|Ion Găvănescu|ro}}, pushed for Garabet Aslan; another, which Petrovici headed, wanted Andrei. The latter faction was joined by Garabet Ibrăileanu when Petrovici promised to support Mihai Ralea's appointment after the latter's return from France; and by the new dean, Traian Bratu, a bitter adversary of Găvănescu and his ally {{ill|Orest Tafrali|ro}}.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Cătălin Botoșineanu, [http://www.historica-cluj.ro/anuare/AnuarHistorica2008/13.pdf "Recrutarea corpului profesoral al universității din Iași la începutul epocii interbelice. Cazul Petre Andrei"], in ''Anuarul Institutului de Istorie "G. Barițiu" din Cluj-Napoca'', tom. XLVII, 2008, pp. 224–225.</ref>
From 1927 to 1930, Andrei headed the local magazine ''Minerva'', dedicated to cultural synthesis. His sociological ideas, which Andrei promoted both within and outside the department, are encapsulated in a series of studies and articles, among them: ''Sociologia revoluției'', 1921; ''Problema fericirii''; ''Fundamentul etic sociologic'', 1921: ''Fascismul'', 1927; ''Probleme de metode în sociologie'', 1927; ''Probleme de sociologie'', 1927; ''Sociologie generală'', 1936; ''Manual de sociologie'', 1938.<ref name="ieseni"/> He was among those professors who opposed the university's politicization. In 1924, as a member of the faculty senate, he condemned not only Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's assassination of Constantin Manciu, but also A. C. Cuza for using his department to spread nationalist ideas, calling him the "true moral assassin".<ref name="tompea"/><ref name="asandului">{{citation|author=Gabriel Asandului|title= Economia și învățământul în gândirea lui A.C. Cuza|language=ro|journal=Anuarul Institului de Istorie "A.D. Xenopol"|volume=XXXIX–XL|year=2002–2003|location=Iași| publisher=Editura Academiei Române|pages=319–338|url=https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/xenopol-anuar/dl.asp?filename=039-040_anuarul-institului-istorie-arheologie_iasi_xenopol_tom-%20XXXIX-XL_an-2002-2003.pdf}}</ref>
===Politics=== Attracted by its promise of deepening bourgeois democracy, Andrei joined the new National Peasants' Party (PNȚ) in 1928, becoming president of its Vaslui County chapter. He sat in the Assembly of Deputies while the PNȚ was in power from 1929 to 1933, making frequent speeches before the body. He spoke memorably of the role of parliament in the nation's political life, and worked to pass modern legislation, particularly in the fields of education and administration. In particular, he pushed for a law late in 1929 that brought about administrative decentralization, commenting that it would allow for a genuine exercise of national sovereignty.<ref name="tompea"/> He was undersecretary of state at the Agriculture and Domains Department (1930) and the Public Instruction, Religious Affairs and Arts Ministry (1932–1933).<ref name="ieseni"/>
[[File:Sala de Consiliu -- Primim & mobilizare.jpg|thumb|Andrei's first vote on the Soviet ultimatum and mobilization, registered on Romanian government stationery, alongside those of his cabinet colleagues]] Andrei was conflicted when King Carol II established an authoritarian National Renaissance Front (FRN) regime in 1938. On the one hand, his character and civic impulses recoiled at the idea of dictatorship; nevertheless, he joined forces with what he saw as the only viable means of preserving domestic order, maintaining the country's traditional pro-French foreign policy, and crushing the Iron Guard. Andrei's hesitation can be seen in the diary he kept, where he opines that the law and not political assassination, which he utterly rejected, should decide serious national questions. Under the FRN regime cabinets of Miron Cristea, Armand Călinescu, Gheorghe Argeșanu, Constantin Argetoianu, and Gheorghe Tătărescu, he served as Education Minister from December 1938 to July 1940.<ref name="tompea"/> His term witnessed the adoption of a law on the organization of professional, lower and middle education; and one on industrial boys' education. In addition, the foundations were laid for a law on higher education.<ref name="ieseni"/> On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum, demanding that Romania cede Bessarabia. During the Crown Council deliberations the next day, Andrei first voted to reject the ultimatum while accepting mobilization, but on the second, decisive ballot, he voted with the majority to accept it. The subsequent Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina sent Romania into a deep political crisis.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/constantin-argetoianu-ultimatum-mi-s-au-taiat-picioarele|first=Andreea|last=Lupșor|title=Constantin Argetoianu. Ultimatum... Mi s-au tăiat picioarele...|language=ro|magazine=Historia|date=June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043145/http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/constantin-argetoianu-ultimatum-mi-s-au-taiat-picioarele|access-date=April 28, 2021|archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref><ref name="buz">Gheorghe Buzatu, “Problema opțiunilor României în iunie 1940 reflectată în memorialistica unor mari actori ai evenimentelor”, in ''Memoriile Secției de Științe Istorice și Arheologice'', series IV, vol. XVIII/1993, pp. 74-75.</ref><ref>“Cedare sau război: cum au fost percepute la București ultimatumurile sovietice din iunie 1940”, in ''București: Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie'', Muzeul Municipiului București, 2012, pp. 92-93</ref>
===Downfall and legacy=== Carol's abdication and the establishment of a National Legionary State in September 1940 had dramatic consequences for Andrei. The incoming Education Minister, Traian Brăileanu, ordered his dismissal from higher education, while the new dictator, Ion Antonescu, had him put under investigation. In early October, while Iron Guard members were searching his home and due to be arrested, he committed suicide,<ref name="tompea"/><ref name="Mag67">{{cite web|url=https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2013/11/21/ultima-scrisoare-a-lui-petre-andrei/|title=Ultima scrisoare a lui Petre Andrei|language=ro|magazine=Magazin Istoric|volume= I|issue=8|date=November 1967}}</ref> swallowing potassium cyanide.<ref>{{ill|Stelian Neagoe|ro}}, ''Triumful rațiunii împotriva violenței'', p. 510. Iași: Editura Junimea, 1977.</ref> His political testament is contained in two letters: one to his wife, the other to his four sons.<ref name="tompea">{{citation|author=Doru Tompea|url= https://revistasferapoliticii.ro/sfera/160/art15-Tompea.php|title=Petre Andrei: consecințele tragice ale unor concepții și atitudini totalitare|journal=Sfera Politicii|issue= 160|year=2011|pages=112–119}}</ref> He is buried at Eternitatea Cemetery in Iași.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altiasi.ro/o-cladire/petre-andrei-un-mare-sociolog-cu-un-destin-tragic|title=Petre Andrei. Un mare sociolog cu un destin tragic|website=www.altiasi.ro| language=ro|date=November 28, 2019|access-date=February 27, 2024}}</ref>
After World War II, the authorities of the new communist regime arrested his son Petru for having taken part in student anti-communist demonstrations; he was imprisoned from 1949 to 1952. Initially banned, the work of Petre Andrei was censored, with all passages referring to communist concepts, doctrine and practice excised, even from an authoritative edition published in the 1970s.<ref name="tompea"/> Nevertheless, a rehabilitation of sorts began in 1970, when one of his most famous books, ''Sociologie generală'', appeared at Editura Academiei in 1970. A further four volumes, under the heading ''Opere sociologice'', came out between 1973 and 1983.<ref>Ștefan Bosomitu, "Notes and Remarks on the (Re) Institutionalization of Sociology in Communist Romania in the 1960s", in Corina Pălășan, Cristian Vasile (eds.), ''History of Communism in Europe'', vol. 2/2011, p. 182. Bucharest: Zeta Books, 2011. {{ISBN|978-606-8266-14-5}}</ref> In 1974, a treatise on sociological thought relegated Andrei to a "departmental sociologist", prompting a vigorous response from his son. Later in the decade and into the 1980s, Ovidiu Bădina and Romanian Communist Party ideologue {{ill|Ștefan Voicu|ro}} engaged in a polemic on the value of Andrei's work.<ref name="tompea"/>
This could only be appreciated in full after the Romanian Revolution, when Petru Andrei made it his mission to preserve and publish his father's writings.<ref name="tompea"/><ref name="grecu">{{cite news|url=https://adevarul.ro/blogurile-adevarul/recenzie-petre-andrei-petru-p-andrei-memorii-2218237.html|title=Recenzie: Petre Andrei, Petru P. Andrei, Memorii și istorii|language=ro|newspaper=Adevărul|author=Florin Grecu|date=November 7, 2022|access-date=February 27, 2024}}</ref> In 1990, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death, the private Petre Andrei University of Iași was founded.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.upa.ro/istoric/ History] at the Petre Andrei University of Iași site</ref> In January 1991, he was elected a titular post-mortem member of the Romanian Academy.<ref name="ieseni">{{in lang|ro}} Ciprian Teodorescu, [http://bjiasi.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ACADEMICIENI-IESENI.pdf ''Academicieni ieșeni''], pp. 9–10, at the Gheorghe Asachi Iași County library site</ref> His diary was published at Iași in 1993.<ref name="buz"/> Streets in Brăila and Iași bear his name.
==Notes== {{reflist}} {{Second Cristea Cabinet}} {{Third Cristea Cabinet}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrei, Petre}} Category:1891 births Category:1940 suicides Category:1940 deaths Category:People from Brăila Category:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni Category:Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Category:Romanian military personnel of World War I Category:Romanian sociologists Category:Romanian magazine editors Category:Romanian textbook writers Category:Romanian schoolteachers Category:National Peasants' Party politicians Category:National Renaissance Front politicians Category:20th-century Romanian philosophers Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) Category:Ministers of education of Romania Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania) Category:Drug-related suicides in Romania Category:Suicides by cyanide poisoning Category:Burials at Eternitatea cemetery Category:Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously