{{Short description|Australian diplomat}} {{Use British English|date=January 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Peter Barbour |alt = |caption = |order = 3rd |office = Director-General of Security |term_start = 22 January 1970 |term_end = 28 September 1975 |prime_minister = John Gorton<br>William McMahon<br>Gough Whitlam |predecessor = Sir Charles Spry |successor = Frank Mahony |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1925|10|5}} |birth_place = Geelong, Victoria, Australia |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1996|11|7|1925|10|5}} |death_place = Stirling, Australian Capital Territory, Australia |restingplaceco-ordinates = |spouse = {{marriage|Penelope Elizabeth Nuttall|19 March 1951}} |relations = |children = |alma_mater = University of Melbourne |occupation = Intelligence officer |profession = |website = <!--Military service--> | allegiance = Australia | branch = Australian Army | service_years = 1944–1946 | rank = Sergeant | unit = | commands = | battles = }} '''Peter Robert Woolnough Barbour''' (5 October 1925 – 7 November 1996)<ref>[https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barbour-peter-robert-29669 Australian Dictionary of Biography]</ref> was an Australian intelligence officer and diplomat. He was also the Director-General of Security leading the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) from 1970 to 1975.
==Early life== Barbour was born in Geelong, Victoria into a family of educators. He was schooled at Scotch College, Adelaide and Geelong Church of England Grammar School.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131683599 New head of ASIO named], ''The Canberra Times'', Friday 23 Jan 1970, p. 1.</ref><ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110660117 ASIO head replaced: Mr Justice Woodward to Take Over], ''The Canberra Times'', Saturday 27 Sep 1975, p. 1.</ref> His father was warden of the University of Melbourne Union, and Barbour commenced in residence at Trinity College, Melbourne in 1947, while undertaking studies in Latin and German at the University of Melbourne before joining the Australian Army during World War II.<ref name=ww2nomroll>{{cite web|title=BARBOUR, PETER ROBERT WOOLNOGH|url=http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?serviceId=A&veteranId=499280|website=WW2 Nominal Roll|publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs|access-date=4 September 2014|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212152/http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?serviceId=A&veteranId=499280|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following his army service, he returned to Melbourne University to study a Master of Arts in German, but was recruited into ASIO in April 1951 before he completed the degree.<ref name=cain>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Frank|title=The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136293924}}</ref>
==Intelligence and diplomatic career== Barbour's early work at ASIO saw him posted to the Netherlands and Italy as an immigration official, to prevent Communists migrating to Australia. In 1959, he was posted to ASIO's Canberra office as head of counterespionage. His role in entrapping the Soviet diplomat and KGB agent Ivan Skripov<ref name="thewest/b881629087z">{{cite news |last1=Willix |first1=Pierra |title=Espionage mystery solved |url=https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/final-rendezvous-documentary-cracks-cold-case-of-mystery-surrounding-kgb-operative-ng-b881629087z |work=The West Australian |date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221119132337/https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/final-rendezvous-documentary-cracks-cold-case-of-mystery-surrounding-kgb-operative-ng-b881629087z |archive-date=19 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> gave a boost to his career, and he became head of the Canberra office in 1964, Deputy Director-General in 1965 and in 1970 was promoted to Director-General.<ref name=cain /> Barbour is the only Director-General of ASIO to have been appointed from within the organisation.<ref name=jackson>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Brian A.|title=Considering the creation of a domestic intelligence agency in the United States lessons from the experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom|date=2009|publisher=RAND|location=Santa Monica, CA|isbn=978-0833048233}}</ref>
At the time of Barbour's appointment, ASIO was seen by many Australians as politically compromised, and had been passing information to the Menzies government regarding suspected Communists and Soviet agents associated with the Australian Labor Party. The day after the election of Labor's Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister in 1972, Whitlam's soon-to-be appointed Attorney-General Lionel Murphy (ASIO's responsible minister), met with Barbour to inform him in no uncertain terms that the agency's days of autonomy and lack of ministerial and parliamentary oversight were over.<ref name=murphy>{{cite book|last1=Hocking|first1=Jenny|title=Lionel Murphy : a political biography|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=0521794854|edition=1st pbk.}}</ref> The ensuing strained relationship between the Whitlam government and ASIO culminated when Murphy raided its Melbourne headquarters on 15 March 1973. Barbour was dismissed by Whitlam on the 17 September 1975. the Whitlam government announced that Barbour was to be posted to the United States as Australian Consul-General in New York. In 1978, he took a consular role in Los Angeles, and from 1981 to 1984 he was appointed Australia's Ambassador to Venezuela.<ref name=caracas>{{cite news|last1=Milson|first1=Scott|title=Barbour now our man in Caracas|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3uYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6146%2C9378787|access-date=4 September 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 March 1981}}</ref>
The reasons for Barbour's sudden dismissal by Whitlam were never officially explained. Confidential documents released by the National Archives in 2008 revealed that Barbour's dismissal was by bipartisan agreement between Whitlam and Opposition Leader Malcolm Fraser, and had been recommended by Justice Robert Hope as part of the Hope Royal Commission into the intelligence services. In a record written by Barbour he said that Whitlam pointed that "morale in the Organisation [ASIO] was poor and that there were unsatisfactory administrative aspects", Whitlam also pointed to Barbour's relationship with his secretary "who had accompanied [him] on a recent overseas trip".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blaxland|first=John|title=The protest years. Volume II: the official history of ASIO, 1963-1975|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2016|isbn=9781925268515|pages=192–193|language=English}}</ref> Barbour's successor, Edward Woodward, wrote in his memoirs that Barbour's sacking had followed a lengthy overseas trip with his "beautiful Eurasian secretary" to ostensibly review overseas intelligence agencies, but for which Barbour had failed to produce any reports, suggestions or information of benefit to the agency.<ref name=cantimes>"Secrets of the '70s: Spy Head Rolled in Australia's Cold War", ''The Canberra Times'', 28 May 2008.</ref>
==Personal life== Barbour married Penelope Elizabeth Nuttall on 10 March 1951 at the Trinity College Chapel.<ref name="marriage">{{cite web |title=Holy Matrimony |url=https://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/Trinity/media/TransferredFiles/About/Publications/PDF/UDS2015223-25.pdf |website=The Fleur-de-lys |publisher=University of Melbourne |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=Sir Charles Spry}} {{s-ttl|title=Director-General of Security|years=1970–1975}} {{s-aft|after=Frank Mahony}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=Sir John Wilton}} {{s-ttl|title=Australian Consul-General in New York|years=1975–1978}} {{s-aft|after=Bob Cotton}} {{s-vac|last=Harold Marshall}} {{s-ttl|title=Australian Consul-General in Los Angeles|years=1978–1981}} {{s-aft|after=John McLeay}} {{s-bef|before=Alan Brown}} {{s-ttl|title=Australian Ambassador to Venezuela|years=1981–1984}} {{s-aft|after=Richard Starr}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbour, Peter}} Category:1925 births Category:1996 deaths Category:Directors-general of security Category:Ambassadors of Australia to Venezuela Category:Ambassadors of Australia to Colombia Category:Consuls-general for Australia in Los Angeles Category:Intelligence analysts Category:Australian Army soldiers Category:Australian Army personnel of World War II Category:People educated at Geelong Grammar School Category:People educated at Trinity College (University of Melbourne) Category:University of Melbourne alumni Category:People from Geelong Category:Consuls-general for Australia in New York City