{{Short description|Ruler of Sinope from 1265 to 1277}} {{redirect|Pervane|the title|Parwana (title)}} {{Infobox royalty | type = monarch | name = Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parwāna | title = {{ubl|Emīr ḥādjib|Parwāna}} | image = | caption = | succession = | reign = | predecessor = | successor = | death_date = {{death date|1277|8|2}}{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1993}} | death_place = | burial_place = | regnal name = | house = | spouse = | issue = | father = | mother = | religion = Islam }} '''Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parwāna''' ({{langx|fa|معین الدین سلیمان پروانه}}), simply known as '''Parwāna''' ({{lang|fa|پروانه}}; died 2 August 1277), was a Persian<ref name="Donzel1994">{{cite book|last1=Donzel|first1=E. J. van|title=Islamic Desk Reference|date=1 January 1994|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09738-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/290 290]|quote=Muin* al-Din Sulayman Parwana: de facto ruler of the Saljuq state of Rum in Anatolia during most of the Mongol Protectorate; d. 1277. Of Persian stock, he attempted to maintain stability both amongst the Turkish emirs and between them and the ever-increasing number of Mongols resident on Anatolian soil. He is said to have enjoyed a close relationship with Jalal al-Din Rumi.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/290}}</ref> statesman, who was for a time (especially between 1261–1277) a key player in Anatolian politics involving the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Mamluks under Baybars. [[File:Gök Medrese at Tokat.jpg|thumb|Façade of Gök Medrese in Tokat, founded by the Parwāna {{Circa|1270}}.]] == Biography == Mu'in al-Din Suleiman was the son of Muhadhdhab al-Din Ali al-Daylami, a Persian from Kashan,<ref>''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam'', p. 704 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC&q=Dailami Google Books]</ref> who served as the vizier to the Seljuq Sultan Kaykhusraw II in 1243 at the time of the Battle of Köse Dağ. Raised in a time of trouble after the Battle of Köse Dağ and having received a good education, Suleiman Parwana became commander of Tokat, and later Erzincan. He was appointed, by Mongol commander Bayju's recommendation, as chamberlain to the Konya palace of Seljuks sultan of Rûm, then vassals of the Mongols. He married Kaykhusraw's widow Tamar Gurju Khatun and became the undisputed master of the declining state, making a name as a great intriguer. His title ''parwana'' means "personal aide of the sultan".{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=230}}
[[File:Lady_Tamar_in_the_Kırkdamaltı_Kilisesi,_likely_Gurji_Khatun.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Likely depiction of Gurju Khatun, who married Mu'in al-Din Parwana.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Badamo |first1=Heather A. |title=Saint George between empires: image and encounter in the medieval East |date=2023 |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0271095226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUMKEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |page=40 |quote=It is possible, even likely, that the Tamar portrayed here is the same woman who married the Seljuk Sultan Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II in 1238. In Seljuk sources she is known as Guji Khatun ("the Georgian Lady"). (...) She was married first to Kaykhusraw II and then to Mu'in al-Din Sulayman (d. 1277), the parwāna, the Mongol-appointed admin-istrator and de facto ruler of the Sultanate of Rüm in the third quarter of the thirteenth century. In 1277, the Ilkhan Abaqa executed the parwāna, and it is possible that, after his death, she married the local elite depicted here.}}</ref>]] After Kaykhusraw’s death and the ensuing dispute among his sons for the throne, the Parwana supported Kilij Arslan IV and succeeded in having him declared as the successor. In the same period, he also took Sinop and twelve surrounding castles from the Empire of Trebizond and the region was accorded to him and his family as an iqta. His growing power made him worry that the sultan Kilij Arslan IV might want to eliminate him and he took the initiative by having the sultan strangled in Aksaray in 1265. The throne was succeeded by Kilij Arslan IV's minor son Kaykhusraw III (1265–1283).
During the Mamluk-Ilkhanid War and especially after the Mamluk hand had strengthened under Baybars, Parwana's policy was characterized by multiple allegiances, all at the same time wishing to keep all his options open. According to Ibn Shaddad, when Baybars came to Syria in 1275, Parwana played a pivotal role in dissuading him from his plans for invading the Anatolian heartland and directed him rather towards raids in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, persuading him to leave the territories of his sultanate to the following year. But neither did he enjoy the Ilkhan Abaqa's full confidence and the successes of Baybars had brought insipient anti-Mongol feelings among Seljuk notables, led by the Seljuk governors of Diyarbekir, Harput and Niğde, to the fore.
In 1277, Baybars entered the Seljuk sultanate and on 18 March, overcame the Mongol army in Elbistan, while Parwana, who was in command of the Seljuk contingent expected by both Baybars and the Mongols, took flight to Tokat along with the young sultan. Baybars made a triumphal entry into Kayseri on 23 April and then returned to Syria. At the news of his troops' defeat, Abaqa hastened to Anatolia (July 1277) and sternly punished the Seljuk Turks, sources citing massacres of tens of thousands of people. Deeming him responsible for Baybars's foray into Anatolia, Abaqa also had Parwana killed on 2 August 1277.
The story that Abaqa forced his subjects to eat the flesh of the Parwana has its origin in Armenian history of Hetoum.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LxKWP2Ygs4gC&dq=pervane&pg=PA47 limited preview] {{cite book | title = Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran |isbn=0-415-29750-8 |author= George Lane |publisher=Routledge| year= 2003}}</ref>
His son Mehmed Bey took over the family possessions around Sinop and pursued a prudent policy of allegiance to the Mongols, which was also pursued under his son Mesud Bey's period as Bey. Mesud Bey was kidnapped by the Genoese in 1298 and was held for a heavy ransom. The last representative of the Parwana's line was probably the Gazi Chelebi, a notable pirate who ruled Sinop in the first decades of the 14th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
== Monuments == [[File:Jules Laurens 6.jpg|thumb|Court of Pervâne Medrese. Watercolour by Jules Laurens.]] Several foundations of the Parwana survive. In Sinop the Alaeddin Camii stands on the site of the former cathedral, which sometime after 1214 was converted into a mosque by Kayqubad I. The present structure was built ''de novo'' by the Parwana in A.H. 666 (1267-68 C.E.).<ref>Anthony Bryer and David Winfield, ''The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos'', vol. 1, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1985) 75.</ref> The nearby Alâiye Medrese, sometimes called the Pervâne Medrese, was completed the same year.<ref>Bryer and Winfield, '' Byzantine Monuments'', p. 72</ref> In Tokat he built the so-called Gök Medrese in 1277. Founded as a hospital and medical school, the building now houses a museum. A nearby Seljuq style hamam is attributed to him although no inscription survives. There is another mosque of the Parwana in Merzifon.
Recently the archaeological remains of a medrese founded by the Parwana came to light within the compound of the closed bazaar of Kayseri. The medrese was partially excavated in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sbe.erciyes.edu.tr/dergi/sayi_21/25-%20(419-439.%20syf.).pdf| title=Pervâne Bey Medresesi olarak adlandırılan yapının ve Kayseri Kapalıçarşısı'nın korunması yönünde alınan kararlar ve değerlendirilmesi|trans-title=The decisions taken for the protection of Kayseri closed bazaar and Pervâne Bey Medrese |author=Seda Çalışır Hovardaoğlu |website=Erciyes University|language=tr}}</ref>
==See also== * Pervâneoğlu
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFHillenbrand1993}} {{refbegin}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=dIaFbxD64nUC&q=Reuven+Amitai-Preiss (limited preview)] {{cite book|title=Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281|isbn=0-521-46226-6|author=Reuven Amitai-Preiss|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsmamluksma0000amit}} * {{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford Edmund |author1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |title=New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |date=1996 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press}} * [https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou <!-- quote=rene grousset. --> (limited preview)] {{cite book|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|isbn=0-8135-1304-9|author=René Grousset (translated by N. Walford)|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1970|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof}} * {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=7|title=Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parwāna|page(s)=|first=Carole|last=Hillenbrand |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muin-al-din-sulayman-parwana-SIM_5442}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pervane}} Category:1277 deaths Category:People from the Sultanate of Rum Category:Year of birth unknown Category:13th-century Iranian people Category:Rumi