Persian alphabet

{{Short description|Writing system used for the Persian language}} {{For|other scripts that have been used to write the Persian language|Persian language#Orthography}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=September 2015}} {{More footnotes needed|date=September 2015}} }} {{Infobox writing system | type = Abjad | time = {{nowrap|{{circa|7th century CE}}{{snd}}present}} | altname = {{lang|fa|الفبای فارسی}} {{Transliteration|fa|Alefbâ-ye Fârsi}} | sample = کتاب الابنیه عن حقایق الادویه، برگی از دستنویس محفوظ در کتابخانه مجلس در تهران.jpg | image size = 230px | caption = A page from a 12th century manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by Abu Mansur Muwaffaq with special Persian letters p (پ), ch (چ) and g (گ = ڭـ). | languages = Persian (including Iranian and Dari dialects), Mazanderani, Qashqai, Luri, Gilaki, Kurdish (excluding Kurds in Turkey), Talysh, Azerbaijani (in Iran), Pamir languages, Pashto, Urdu, Balochi, Sindhi (in Pakistan), Punjabi (in Pakistan), Uzbek (in Afghanistan), Turkmen (in Afghanistan), Saraiki, Hindko, Brahui, languages spoken in Kashmir | fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs | fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic | fam3 = Phoenician | fam4 = Aramaic | fam5 = Nabataean | fam6 = Arabic | children = *Adyghe Arabic *Arabi Malayalam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-03-18|title=THE ARABI - MALAYALAM SCRIPTURE|url=http://www.e-malabari.net/culture/arabimalayalam.htm|access-date=2023-01-11|archive-date=18 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318235926/http://www.e-malabari.net/culture/arabimalayalam.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> (indirectly) *Arabic Afrikaans *Arwi (indirectly) *Avar Arabic *Azerbaijani Arabic *Belarusian Arabic *Chagatai **Dobrujan Tatar Arabic **Karachay-Balkar Arabic **Karakalpak Arabic **Kazakh Arabic⁹ **Kumyk Arabic **Kyrgyz Arabic **İske imlâ ***Yaña imlâ **Uyghur ***Sarikoli (with some influence from Pashto orthography) *Chechen Arabic (indirectly) *Gilaki *Indo-Persian{{efn|Many Perso-Arabic scripts in South Asia share close similarities (use of Nastaliq, use of superscript ط to represent retroflex consonants, etc.) due to mutual contact during development. It is inaccurate to say that one Indo-Persian script directly descends from another, and instead, they are best seen as a cluster of scripts with common origin.}} **Aer **Kashmiri **Marwari Arabic **Shahmukhi (Punjabi) ***Hindko ***Saraiki **Urdu ***Balochi (indirectly) ***Balti ***Bangladeshi Arabic alphabet ***Brahui ***Burushaski ***Gawar-Bati ***Khowar ***Kohistani Shina ***Palula ***Rohingya Arabic ***Shina ***Torwali ***Wakhi (in Pakistan) *Jawi (indirectly) *Kabardian Arabic *Khorasani Turkic *Kurdo-Arabic *Lak Arabic *Lezgin Arabic *Luri **Northern Luri **Bakhtiari **Southern Luri *Pashto **Munji **Ormuri **Shughni Arabic **Wakhi (in Afghanistan) *Sindhi **Parkari Koli *Ottoman Turkish **Arebica **Albanian Arabic **Crimean Tatar Arabic (could instead be a descendant of Chagatai) **Greek Aljamiado *Turkmen Arabic *Xiao'erjing }} {{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}} {{Arabic-script sidebar|Persian}} {{Writing systems in India}}

The '''Persian alphabet''' ({{langx|fa|الفبای فارسی|translit=Alefbâ-ye Fârsi}}), also known as the '''Perso-Arabic script''', is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language.<ref name="Paper Jazayery 1955 p1"> {{cite book | last1 = Paper | first1 = Herbert H. | last2 = Jazayery | first2 = Mohammad Ali | title = The Writing System of Modern Persian | publisher = American Council of Learned Societies | year = 1955 | page = 1 | url = https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED089544.pdf | format = PDF }} </ref> An Arabic-based alphabet, it is largely identical to the Arabic alphabet with four additional letters: {{lang|fa|پ چ ژ گ}} (the sounds 'g', 'zh', 'ch', and 'p', respectively), in addition to the obsolete {{lang|fa|ڤ}} that was used for the sound {{IPAslink|β}}. This letter is no longer used in Persian, as the {{IPAblink|β}}-sound changed to {{IPAblink|b}}, e.g. archaic {{lang|fa|زڤان}} {{IPA|/zaβɑn/}} > {{lang|fa|زبان}} {{IPA|/zæbɒn/}} 'language'.<ref name="Early New Persian">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |title=PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian |work=Iranica Online |access-date=2 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Orsatti 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Orsatti |first=Paola |date=2019 |title=Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332517913 |journal=Creating Standards (Book)}}</ref> Although the sound {{IPAslink|β}} ({{lang|fa|ڤ}}) is written as "{{Lang|fa|و}}" nowadays in New Persian), it is different to the Arabic {{IPAslink|w}} ({{Lang|ar|و}}) sound, which uses the same letter.<ref name="Early New Persian" />

It was the basis of many Arabic-based scripts used in Central and South Asia. It is used for both Iranian and Dari, which are standard varieties of Persian, and is one of two official writing systems for the Persian language, alongside the Cyrillic-based Tajik alphabet.

The script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive, meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter forms. Persian is unusual among Arabic scripts because a zero-width non-joiner is sometimes entered in a word, causing a letter to become disconnected from others in the same word.

== History == The Persian alphabet is directly derived and developed from the Arabic alphabet. The Arabic alphabet was introduced to the Persian-speaking world after the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century. Following this, the Arabic language became the principal language of government and religious institutions in Persia, which led to the widespread usage of the Arabic script. Classical Persian literature and poetry were affected by this simultaneous usage of Arabic and Persian. A new influx of Arabic vocabulary soon entered the Persian language.<ref name="Lapidus 2012 p256" /> In the 8th century, the Tahirid dynasty and Samanid dynasty officially adopted the Arabic script for writing Persian, followed by the Saffarid dynasty in the 9th century, gradually displacing the various Pahlavi scripts used for the Persian language earlier. By the 9th-century, the Perso-Arabic alphabet became the dominant form of writing in Greater Khorasan.<ref name="Lapidus 2012 p256">{{cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA256|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51441-5|page=256}}</ref><ref name="Lapidus 2002 p127">{{cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA127|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3|page=127}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Persian (Fārsī / فارسی)|website=Omniglot|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/persian.htm|last=Ager|first=Simon}}</ref>

Under the influence of various Persian Empires, many languages in Central and South Asia that adopted the Arabic script use the Persian Alphabet as the basis of their writing systems. Today, extended versions of the Persian alphabet are used to write a wide variety of Indo-Iranian languages, including Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu (from Classical Hindustani), Saraiki, Panjabi, Sindhi and Kashmiri. In the past the use of the Persian alphabet was common among Turkic languages, but today is relegated to those spoken within Iran, such as Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Chaharmahali and Khalaj. The Uyghur language in western China is the most notable exception to this.

During the Soviet period many languages in Central Asia, including Persian, were reformed by the government. This ultimately resulted in the Cyrillic-based alphabet used in Tajikistan today. See: {{Section link|Tajik alphabet|History}}.

== Letters == [[Image:Persian Nastaʿlīq's proportions.jpg|thumb|Example showing the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic style's proportion rules]]

Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persianacademy.ir/fa/vijegidas.aspx|title=ویژگى‌هاى خطّ فارسى|publisher=Academy of Persian Language and Literature|access-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907003014/http://www.persianacademy.ir/fa/vijegidas.aspx|archive-date=2017-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> These include 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, in addition to 4 other letters.

The names of the letters are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is {{transliteration|fa|he}}, which is used for both {{lang|fa|ح}} and {{lang|fa|ه}}. For clarification, they are often called {{transliteration|fa|hâ-ye jimi}} (literally "{{transliteration|fa|jim}}-like {{transliteration|fa|he}}" after {{transliteration|fa|jim}}, the name for the letter {{lang|fa|ج}} that uses the same base form) and {{transliteration|fa|hâ-ye do-češm}} (literally "two-eyed {{transliteration|fa|he}}", after the contextual middle letterform {{lang|fa|ـهـ}}), respectively. There are nine Persian letters that are mainly used in Arabic or foreign loanwords and not in native words: {{lang|fa|ث}}, {{lang|fa|ح}}, {{lang|fa|ذ}}, {{lang|fa|ص}}, {{lang|fa|ض}}, {{lang|fa|ط}}, {{lang|fa|ظ}}, {{lang|fa|ع}} and {{lang|fa|غ}}. These nine letters are also commonly used only in proper names. Unlike Arabic, the Persian language does not have pharyngealization at all. Although the letter {{lang|fa|غ}} is mainly used in Arabic loanwords, there are some native Persian words with this letter: {{lang|fa|آغاز}}, {{lang|fa|زغال}}, etc. The pronunciation of these letters in Persian can differ from their pronunciation in Arabic. For example, the letter ث is pronounced as {{IPAslink|s}} in Persian, while it is pronounced as {{IPAslink|θ}} in Arabic. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Letter !Persian !Arabic |- |{{nq|ث}} |/s/ |/θ/ |- |{{nq|ح}} |/h/ |/ħ/ |- |{{nq|ذ}} |/z/ |/ð/ |- |{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}} |/s/ |/sˤ/ |- |{{Nq|ض}} |/z/ |/dˤ/ |- |{{Nq|ط}} |/t/ |/tˤ/ |- |{{Nq|ظ}} |/z/ |/ðˤ/ |- |{{Nq|ع}} |/ʔ/ |/ʕ/ |- |{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}} |{{IPAblink|ɢ}} or {{IPAblink|ɣ}} |/ɣ/ |}

=== Overview table === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="text-align:center;" !rowspan="2"| # ! rowspan="2" | Name (in Persian) ! rowspan="2" | Name (transliterated) !rowspan="2"| Transliteration !rowspan="2"| IPA !rowspan="2"| Unicode !colspan="4"|Contextual forms |- ! Final ! Medial ! Initial ! Isolated |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="4" |0 | rowspan="4" | {{lang|fa|همزه}} | rowspan="4" | {{transliteration|fa|hamze}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf |title=?? |publisher=Persianacademy.ir |access-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071650/http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | rowspan="4" |{{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} | rowspan="4" |Glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} | U+0621 |{{N/A}} |{{N/A}} |{{N/A}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{Lang|fa|ء}} |- style="text-align:center;" | U+0623 | colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{Lang|fa|ـأ}} | colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{Lang|fa|أ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | U+0626 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{Lang|fa|ـئ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{Lang|fa|ـئـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{Lang|fa|ئـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{Lang|fa|ئ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | U+0624 | colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{Lang|fa|ـؤ}} | colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{Lang|fa|ؤ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 1 | {{lang|fa|الف}} |{{transliteration|fa|alef}} | {{transliteration|sem|ā}} | {{IPAblink|ɒ}} | U+0627 | colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" | {{lang|fa|ـا}} | colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{lang|fa|ا}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 2 | {{lang|fa|ب}} | {{transliteration|fa|be}} | {{transliteration|sem|b}} | {{IPAblink|b}} | U+0628 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـب}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـبـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|بـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ب}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 3 | {{lang|fa|پ}} | {{transliteration|fa|pe}} | {{transliteration|sem|p}} | {{IPAblink|p}} | U+067E |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـپ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـپـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|پـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|پ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 4 | {{lang|fa|ت}} | {{transliteration|fa|te}} | {{transliteration|sem|t}} | {{IPAblink|t}} | U+062A |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـت}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـتـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|تـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ت}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 5 | {{lang|fa|ث}} | {{transliteration|fa|se}} | {{transliteration|sem|s̱}} / {{transliteration|sem|s}} | {{IPAblink|s}} | U+062B |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـث}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـثـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ثـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ث}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 6 | {{lang|fa|جیم}} | {{transliteration|fa|jim}} | {{transliteration|sem|ǧ}} / {{transliteration|sem|j}} | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} | U+062C |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـج}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـجـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|جـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ج}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 7 | {{lang|fa|چ}} | {{transliteration|fa|če}} | {{transliteration|sem|č}} | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} | U+0686 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـچ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـچـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|چـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|چ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 8 | {{lang|fa|ح}} | {{transliteration|fa|he}} ({{transliteration|fa|hâ-ye jimi}}) | {{transliteration|sem|ḥ}} / {{transliteration|sem|h}} | {{IPAblink|h}} | U+062D |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـح}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـحـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|حـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ح}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 9 | {{lang|fa|خ}} | {{transliteration|fa|xe}} | {{transliteration|sem|x}} | {{IPAblink|x}} | U+062E |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـخ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـخـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|خـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|خ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 10 | {{lang|fa|دال}} | {{transliteration|fa|dâl}} | {{transliteration|sem|d}} | {{IPAblink|d}} | U+062F |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ـد}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|د}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 11 | {{lang|fa|ذال}} | {{transliteration|fa|zâl}} | {{transliteration|sem|ẕ}} / {{transliteration|sem|z}} | {{IPAblink|z}} | U+0630 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ـذ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ذ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 12 | {{lang|fa|ر}} | {{transliteration|fa|re}} | {{transliteration|sem|r}} | {{IPAblink|r}} | U+0631 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ـر}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ر}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 13 | {{lang|fa|ز}} | {{transliteration|fa|ze}} | {{transliteration|sem|z}} | {{IPAblink|z}} | U+0632 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ـز}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ز}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 14 | {{lang|fa|ژ}} | {{transliteration|fa|že}} | {{transliteration|sem|ž}} | {{IPAblink|ʒ}} | U+0698 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ـژ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan=2|{{lang|fa|ژ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 15 | {{lang|fa|سین}} | {{transliteration|fa|sin}} | {{transliteration|sem|s}} | {{IPAblink|s}} | U+0633 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـس}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـسـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|سـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|س}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 16 | {{lang|fa|شین}} | {{transliteration|fa|šin}} | {{transliteration|sem|š}} | {{IPAblink|ʃ}} | U+0634 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـش}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـشـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|شـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ش}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 17 | {{lang|fa|صاد}} | {{transliteration|fa|sâd}} | {{transliteration|sem|ṣ}} / {{transliteration|sem|s}} | {{IPAblink|s}} | U+0635 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـص}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـصـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|صـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ص}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 18 | {{lang|fa|ضاد}} | {{transliteration|fa|zâd}} | {{transliteration|sem|ż}} / {{transliteration|sem|z}} | {{IPAblink|z}} | U+0636 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـض}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـضـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ضـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ض}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 19 | {{lang|fa|طا}} | {{transliteration|fa|tâ}} | {{transliteration|sem|ṭ}} / {{transliteration|sem|t}} | {{IPAblink|t}} | U+0637 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـط}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـطـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|طـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ط}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 20 | {{lang|fa|ظا}} | {{transliteration|fa|zâ}} | {{transliteration|sem|ẓ}} / {{transliteration|sem|z}} | {{IPAblink|z}} | U+0638 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـظ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـظـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ظـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ظ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 21 | {{lang|fa|عین}} | {{transliteration|fa|ʿeyn}} | {{transliteration|sem|ʿ}} | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, {{IPAblink|æ}}/{{IPAblink|a}} | U+0639 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـع}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـعـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|عـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ع}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 22 | {{lang|fa|غین}} | {{transliteration|fa|ġeyn}} | {{transliteration|sem|ġ}} | {{IPAblink|ɢ}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}} | U+063A |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـغ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـغـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|غـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|غ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 23 | {{lang|fa|ف}} | {{transliteration|fa|fe}} | {{transliteration|sem|f}} | {{IPAblink|f}} | U+0641 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـف}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـفـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|فـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ف}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 24 | {{lang|fa|قاف}} | {{transliteration|fa|qâf}} | {{transliteration|sem|q}} | {{IPAblink|q}} | U+0642 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـق}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـقـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|قـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ق}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 25 | {{lang|fa|کاف}} | {{transliteration|fa|kâf}} | {{transliteration|sem|k}} | {{IPAblink|k}} | U+06A9 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـک}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـکـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|کـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ک}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 26 | {{lang|fa|گاف}} | {{transliteration|fa|gâf}} | {{transliteration|sem|g}} | {{IPAblink|ɡ}} | U+06AF |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـگ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـگـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|گـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|گ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 27 | {{lang|fa|لام}} | {{transliteration|fa|lâm}} | {{transliteration|sem|l}} | {{IPAblink|l}} | U+0644 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـل}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـلـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|لـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ل}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 28 | {{lang|fa|میم}} | {{transliteration|fa|mim}} | {{transliteration|sem|m}} | {{IPAblink|m}} | U+0645 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـم}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـمـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|مـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|م}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 29 | {{lang|fa|نون}} | {{transliteration|fa|nun}} | {{transliteration|sem|n}} | {{IPAblink|n}} | U+0646 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـن}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـنـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|نـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ن}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" | 30 | rowspan="2" | {{lang|fa|واو}} | {{transliteration|pes|vâv}} (in Farsi) | {{transliteration|sem|v}} / {{transliteration|sem|ū}} / {{transliteration|sem|ow}} / {{transliteration|sem|o}} | {{IPAblink|uː}}, {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|o}}{{IPAplink|w}}]}}, {{IPAblink|v}}, {{IPAblink|o}} (only word-finally) | rowspan="2" | U+0648 | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{lang|fa|ـو}} | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" |{{lang|fa|و}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{transliteration|prs|wâw}} (in Dari) |{{transliteration|sem|w}} / {{transliteration|sem|ū}} / {{transliteration|sem|aw}} / {{transliteration|sem|ō}} | {{IPAblink|uː}}, {{IPAblink|w}}, {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a}}{{IPAplink|w}}]}}, {{IPAblink|oː}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 31 | {{lang|fa|ه}} | {{transliteration|fa|he}} ({{transliteration|fa|hā-ye do-češm}}) | {{transliteration|sem|h}} | {{IPAblink|h}}, or {{IPAblink|e}} and {{IPAblink|a}} (word-finally) | U+0647 |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـه}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـهـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|هـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ه}} |- style="text-align:center;" | 32 | {{lang|fa|ی}} | {{transliteration|fa|ye}} | {{transliteration|sem|y}} / {{transliteration|sem|ī}} / {{transliteration|sem|á}} / (Also {{transliteration|sem|ay}} / {{transliteration|sem|ē}} in Dari) | {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPAblink|i}}, {{IPAblink|ɒː}} ({{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a}}{{IPAplink|j}}]}} / {{IPAblink|eː}} in Dari) | U+06CC |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـی}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ـیـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|یـ}} |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;"|{{lang|fa|ی}} |}

Historically, in Early New Persian, there was a special letter for the sound {{IPAslink|β}}. This letter is no longer used, as the {{IPA|/β/}}-sound changed to {{IPAslink|b}}, e.g. archaic {{lang|fa|زڤان}} /zaβān/ > {{lang|fa|زبان}} {{IPA|/zæbɒːn/}} 'language'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |title=PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian |work=Iranica Online |access-date=18 March 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center" ! Name (in Persian) ! Name (transliterated) !Transliteration ! Sound ! Isolated form ! Final form ! Medial form ! Initial form |- |ڤ | ''ve'' |{{transliteration|sem|v}} / {{transliteration|sem|ḇ}} / {{transliteration|sem|ꞵ}} | {{IPAslink|β}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ڤ}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـڤ}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـڤـ}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ڤـ}} |} Another obsolete variant of the twenty-sixth letter {{lang|fa|گ}} {{IPAslink|ɡ}} is {{lang|fa|ݣ‎}} which used to appear in old manuscripts.<ref name="Orsatti 2019" /> {| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center" ! Sound ! Isolated form ! Final form ! Medial form ! Initial form ! Name |- | style="font-size: 1.25em;" |{{IPAslink|ɡ}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ݣ‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـݣ‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـݣـ‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ڭـ}} | ''{{transliteration|fa|gâf}}'' |} Another obsolete variant of the twenty-fifth letter {{lang|fa|ک}} {{IPAslink|k}} is {{lang|fa|ك‎}} which used to appear in old manuscripts. {| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center" ! Sound ! Isolated form ! Final form ! Medial form ! Initial form ! Name |- | style="font-size: 1.25em;" |{{IPAslink|k}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ك‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|‎ـك}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـكـ‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|كـ}} | ''{{transliteration|fa|kâf}}'' |} The archaic letter {{lang|fa|ݿ}} {{IPAslink|ɡ}} was also used as a substitute for the twenty-sixth letter of the Persian alphabet, {{lang|fa|گ}}, which was used to appear in the older manuscripts of Persian in the late 18th century to the early 19th century. {| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center" ! Sound ! Isolated form ! Final form ! Medial form ! Initial form ! Name |- | style="font-size: 1.25em;" |{{IPAslink|ɡ}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ݿ‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|‎ـݿ}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـݿـ‎}} | style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ݿـ}} | ''{{transliteration|fa|gâf}}'' |}

==== Variants ==== {| class="wikitable" |- style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:200%" | colspan="3" | {{lang|fa|ی}} {{lang|fa|ه}} {{lang|fa|و}} {{lang|fa|ن}} {{lang|fa|م}} {{lang|fa|ل}} {{lang|fa|گ}} {{lang|fa|ک}} {{lang|fa|ق}} {{lang|fa|ف}} {{lang|fa|غ}} {{lang|fa|ع}} {{lang|fa|ظ}} {{lang|fa|ط}} {{lang|fa|ض}} {{lang|fa|ص}} {{lang|fa|ش}} {{lang|fa|س}} {{lang|fa|ژ}} {{lang|fa|ز}} {{lang|fa|ر}} {{lang|fa|ذ}} {{lang|fa|د}} {{lang|fa|خ}} {{lang|fa|ح}} {{lang|fa|چ}} {{lang|fa|ج}} {{lang|fa|ث}} {{lang|fa|ت}} {{lang|fa|پ}} {{lang|fa|ب}} {{lang|fa|ا}} {{lang|fa|ء}} |- | rowspan="16" |1024px|center | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#3f007f" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Noto Nastaliq Urdu |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#003399" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Scheherazade |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#00549a" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Lateef |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#007670" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Noto Naskh Arabic |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#00b050" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Markazi Text |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#49da00" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Noto Sans Arabic |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ffc900" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Baloo Bhaijaan |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ff9800" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | El Messiri SemiBold |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ff3300" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Lemonada Medium |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ff00aa" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Changa Medium |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#c900ff" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Mada |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#9933ff" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Noto Kufi Arabic |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#6600ff" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Reem Kufi |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#0000cc" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Lalezar |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#003399" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Jomhuria |- | style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#002570" | • | style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;" | Rakkas |- | colspan=3 | '''The alphabet in 16 fonts:''' Noto Nastaliq Urdu, Scheherazade, Lateef, Noto Naskh Arabic, Markazi Text, Noto Sans Arabic, Baloo Bhaijaan, El Messiri SemiBold, Lemonada Medium, Changa Medium, Mada, Noto Kufi Arabic, Reem Kufi, Lalezar, Jomhuria, and Rakkas. |- |}

==== Letter construction ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |-

|- ! rowspan=5 colspan=1 | forms {{ref|illustrative_only|(i)}} ! colspan=3 | isolated | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ء}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ا}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ى}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ں}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ٮ}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ح}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|س}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ص}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ط}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ع}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ڡ}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ٯ}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ک}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ل}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|م}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|د}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ر}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|و}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ه}} |-

|- ! colspan=3 | start | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٮـ }}  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| حـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| سـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| صـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| طـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| عـ }} | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڡـ }}  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| کـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| لـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| مـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| هـ }} |- ! colspan=3 | mid | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـا }} | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٮـ }}  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـحـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـسـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـصـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـطـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـعـ }} | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـڡـ }}  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـکـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـلـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـمـ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـد }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـو }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـهـ }} |- ! colspan=3 | end | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـا }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـس }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـص }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـط }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـع }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـڡ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٯ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـل }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـم }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـد }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـو }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـه }} |-

|- ! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | i'jam {{ref|illustrative_only|(i)}}  |-

|- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=4 | Unicode |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 0649 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E 066E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066E .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D 062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1 06A1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A1 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066F .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F 062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 0648. .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .] |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 1 dot below  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮳ }} | || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ب }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ج }} | || || || || || || || || || || || || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB3 FBB3][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB3 .] | || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 0628 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C 062C .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C .]  | || || || || || || || || || || || || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 1 dot above  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} | || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ن }} | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| خ }} | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ض }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ظ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| غ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ف }} | || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ذ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ز }} | || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 FBB2][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB2 .] | || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 0646 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0646 .] | |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E 062E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062E .] | |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 0636 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0636 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 0638 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0638 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A 063A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+063A .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 0641 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0641 .] | || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 0630 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0630 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 0632 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0632 .] | || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 2 dots below {{ref|start_mid_only|(ii)}}  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮵ }} | || | style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ی}} | || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB5 FBB5][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB5 .] | || | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC 06CC .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC .] | || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 2 dots above  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮴ }} | || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ت }}  | || || || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ق }}  | || || || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ة }} |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4 FBB4][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB4 .] | || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A 062A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A .] | || || || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 0642 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642 .] | || || || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 0629 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629 .]  |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 3 dots below  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮹ }} | || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| پ }}  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| چ }}  | || || || || || || || || || || || || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB9 FBB9][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB9 .] [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB7 FBB7][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB7 .]  | || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E 067E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 0686 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686 .] | || || || || || || || || || || || || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 3 dots above  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮶ }} | || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ث }}  | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ش }}  | || || || || || || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ژ }}  | || |- style="font-size:80%;" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6 FBB6][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB6 .]  | || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B 062B .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B .] | |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 0634 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634 .] | || || || || || || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 0698 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698 .] | || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | line above  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ar| ‾ }} | || || || || || || || || || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| گ }} | || || || || || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=203E 203E][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+203E .]  | || || || || || || || || || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF 06AF .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06AF .] | || || || || || |-

|- | colspan=4 | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} | style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|ی}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ں }} | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ص }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ط }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ع }} | | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ل }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| م }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ه }} |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=4 | Unicode  |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 0649 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |  |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D 062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] | | |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F 062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 0648. .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .] |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | madda above  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۤ }} | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| آ }} | || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06E4 06E4][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06E4 .]  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0653 0653][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0653 .]  | | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622 0622 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0622 .] | || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | Hamza below  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ــٕـ }} | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| إ }} | || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |- style="font-size:80%" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0655 0655][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0655 .] | | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0625 0625 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0625 .] | || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |-

|- | colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | Hamza above  | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ــٔـ }} | | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| أ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ئ }} | || || || || || || || || || || || || || | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ؤ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۀ }} |- style="font-size:80%;" ! colspan=1 | Unicode | colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674 0674][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0674 .]  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654 0654][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0654 .]  | |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0623 0623 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0623 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 0626 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626 .] | || || || || || || || || || || || || || |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 0624 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624 .] |  [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C0 06C0 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C0 .] |-

{{note|illustrative_only|i.}} The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only; in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used.

{{note|start_mid_only|ii.}} Persian ''yē'' has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version {{lang|ar| ي يـ ـيـ ـي }} always has 2 dots below.

=== Letters that do not link to a following letter === Seven letters ({{lang|fa|و}}, {{lang|fa|ژ}}, {{lang|fa|ز}}, {{lang|fa|ر}}, {{lang|fa|ذ}}, {{lang|fa|د}}, {{lang|fa|ا}}) do not connect to the following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter {{lang|fa|ا}} {{transliteration|fa|alef}} is at the beginning of a word such as {{lang|fa|اینجا}} {{transliteration|fa|injâ}} ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated {{transliteration|fa|alef}}. In the case of {{lang|fa|امروز}} {{transliteration|fa|emruz}} ("today"), the letter {{lang|fa|ر}} {{transliteration|fa|re}} takes the final form and the letter {{lang|fa|و}} {{transliteration|fa|vâv}} takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and {{lang|fa|ز}} also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word.

=== Diacritics === Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics: {{Transliteration|fa|zabar}} {{IPAslink|æ}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah}} in Arabic), {{Transliteration|fa|zēr}} {{IPAslink|e}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|kasrah}} in Arabic), and {{Transliteration|fa|pēš}} {{IPAslink|ou̯}} or {{IPAslink|o}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍammah}} in Arabic, pronounced {{Transliteration|pes|zamme}} in Western Persian), {{Transliteration|fa|tanwīne nasb}} {{IPA|/{{IPAplink|æ}}{{IPAplink|n}}/}} and {{Transliteration|fa|šaddah}} (gemination). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian. [[File:Nastaliq Painting-Caligraphy the letter Mim.jpg|thumb|alt=180|Nastaliq Persian Calligram the Persian letter Mem]] ==== Short vowels ==== Of the four Arabic diacritics, the Persian language has adopted the following three for short vowels. {| class="wikitable" |- !Short vowels (fully vocalized text) !Name (in Persian) !Name (transliterated) !Trans.{{ref|transliteration|(a)}} ! colspan="2" |Value {{ref|vowels|(b)}} (Farsi/Dari) |- style="text-align:center;" | style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |064E {{script/Arabic|◌َ}} |{{lang|fa|زبر (فتحه)}} |{{transliteration|fa|zebar}}/{{transliteration|fa|zibar}} |{{transliteration|fa|a}} |{{IPAslink|æ}} |{{IPAslink|a}} |- style="text-align:center;" | style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |0650 {{script/Arabic|◌ِ}} |{{lang|fa|زیر (کسره)}} |{{transliteration|fa|zer}}/{{transliteration|fa|zir}} |{{Transliteration|fa|e}}; {{Transliteration|fa|i}} |{{IPAslink|e}} |{{IPAslink|ɪ}}; {{IPAslink|ɛ}} |- style="text-align:center;" | style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |064F {{script/Arabic|◌ُ}} |{{lang|fa|پیش (ضمّه)}} |{{transliteration|fa|peš}}/{{transliteration|fa|piš}} |{{transliteration|fa|o}}; {{Transliteration|fa|u}} |{{IPAslink|o}} |{{IPAslink|ʊ}} |}

{{note|transliteration|a.}} There is no standard transliteration for Persian. The letters 'i' and 'u' are only ever used as short vowels when transliterating Dari or Tajik Persian. See Persian Phonology

{{note|vowels|b.}} Diacritics differ by dialect, due to Dari having 8 distinct vowels compared to the 6 vowels of Farsi. See Persian Phonology

In Farsi, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection, when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent {{Transliteration|fa|alef}} which carries the short vowel, e.g. {{Lang|fa|اُمید}} ({{Transliteration|fa|omid}}, meaning "hope"). In a word that ends with a vowel, letters {{Lang|fa|ع|rtl=yes}}, {{Lang|fa|ه|rtl=yes}} and {{Lang|fa|و}} respectively become the proxy letters for {{Transliteration|fa|zebar}}, {{Transliteration|fa|zir}} and {{Transliteration|fa|piš}}, e.g. {{lang|fa|نو}} ({{Transliteration|fa|now}}, meaning "new") or {{lang|fa|بسته}} ({{Transliteration|fa|bast-e}}, meaning "package").

==== Tanvin (nunation) ==== {{main|Nunation}}

Nunation ({{langx|fa|تنوین}}, {{lang|fa-Latn|tanvin}}) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without the addition of the letter nun.

{|class="wikitable" |- !Nunation (fully vocalized text) !Name (in Persian) !Name (transliterated) !Notes |- style="text-align:center;" |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|064B {{script/Arabic| َاً، ـاً، ءً }} |{{lang|fa|تنوین نَصْبْ}} |{{transliteration|fa|Tanvine nasb}} | |- style="text-align:center;" |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|064D {{script/Arabic| ٍِ }} |{{lang|fa|تنوین جَرّ}} |{{transliteration|fa|Tanvine jarr}} | rowspan="2" |Never used in the Persian language. Taught in Islamic nations to complement Quran education. |- style="text-align:center;" |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|064C {{script/Arabic| ٌ }} |{{lang|fa|تنوین رَفْعْ}} |{{transliteration|fa|Tanvine rafʿ}} |}

====Tašdid==== {{main|Shadda}}

{|class="wikitable" |- !Symbol !Name (in Persian) !Name (transliteration) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|0651 {{script/Arabic| ّ }} |تشدید |{{transliteration|fa|tašdid}} |}

=== Other characters === The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the {{transliteration|fa|lâm alef}}. As to {{lang|fa|ﺀ}} (''hamza''), it has only one graphical form since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a {{Transliteration|fa|vâv}}, {{Transliteration|fa|ye}} or {{Transliteration|fa|alef}}, and in that case, the seat behaves like an ordinary {{Transliteration|fa|vâv}}, {{Transliteration|fa|ye}} or {{Transliteration|fa|alef}} respectively. Technically, ''hamza'' is not a letter but a diacritic.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Name ! Pronunciation ! IPA ! Unicode ! Final ! Medial ! Initial ! Stand-alone ! Notes |- | {{transliteration|sem|alef madde}} | {{transliteration|sem|â}} | {{IPAblink|ɒ}} | U+0622 |style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|ـآ}} | — | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|آ}} |The final form is very rare and is freely replaced with ordinary ''alef''. |- | {{transliteration|sem|he ye}} | {{transliteration|sem|-eye}} or {{transliteration|sem|-eyeh}} | {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|e}}]}} | U+06C0 |style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|ـۀ}} | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | — |style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|ۀ}} |Validity of this form depends on region and dialect. Some may use the two-letter {{lang|fa|ـه‌ی}} or {{lang|fa|ه‌ی}} combinations instead. |- | {{transliteration|sem|lām alef}} | {{transliteration|sem|lā}} | {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|l}}{{IPAplink|ɒ}}]}} | U+0644 (lām) and U+0627 (alef) |style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|ـلا}} |style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|لا}} | |- | {{transliteration|sem|kašida}} | colspan="2" | | U+0640 | — |style="font-size: larger" | {{lang|fa|ـ}} | colspan="2" | — | This is the medial character which connects other characters |}

Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.

Unicode has accepted {{unichar|262B|FARSI SYMBOL}} in the Miscellaneous Symbols range.<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf#page=4 "Miscellaneous Symbols"]. p. 4. ''The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0''. Unicode.org</ref> In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as {{sc2|SYMBOL OF IRAN}}.<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/CodeCharts2.pdf#page=155 "3.8 Block-by-block Charts"] § Miscellaneous Dingbats p. 325 (155 electronically). ''The Unicode Standard Version 1.0''. Unicode.org</ref> It is a stylization of {{lang|fa|الله}} ({{Transliteration|fa|Allah}}) used as the emblem of Iran. It is also a part of the flag of Iran.

The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined {{unichar|FDFC|Rial sign|html=}} that can represent {{lang|fa|ریال}}, the Persian name of the currency of Iran.<ref>For the proposal, see {{cite web|last=Pournader|first=Roozbeh|date=2001-09-20|title=Proposal to add Arabic Currency Sign Rial to the UCS|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2373.pdf}} It proposes the character under the name of {{sc2|ARABIC CURRENCY SIGN RIAL}}, which was changed by the standard committees to {{sc2|RIAL SIGN}}.</ref>

=== Novel letters === The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in the Arabic alphabet: {{IPAslink|p}}, {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} (''ch'' in ''chair''), {{IPAslink|ʒ}} (''s'' in ''measure''), {{IPAslink|ɡ}}. An additional fifth letter {{lang|fa|ڤ}} was used for {{IPA|/β/}} (''v in'' Spanish {{lang|es|huevo}}) but it is no longer used.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Sound ! Shape ! Name ! Unicode code point |- | {{IPAslink|p}} |style="font-size: larger"| {{lang|fa|پ}} | {{Transliteration|fa|pe}} | U+067E |- | {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} (ch) |style="font-size: larger"| {{lang|fa|چ}} | {{Transliteration|fa|če}} | U+0686 |- | {{IPAslink|ʒ}} (zh) |style="font-size: larger"| {{lang|fa|ژ}} | {{Transliteration|fa|že}} | U+0698 |- | {{IPAslink|ɡ}} |style="font-size: larger"| {{lang|fa|گ}} | {{Transliteration|fa|gâf}} | U+06AF |}

=== Deviations from the Arabic script === {{anchor|Persian numerals}} Persian uses the Eastern Arabic numerals, but the shapes of the digits 'four' ({{lang|fa|۴}}), 'five' ({{lang|fa|۵}}), and 'six' ({{lang|fa|۶}}) are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in Unicode:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/category/Nd/list.htm |title=Unicode Characters in the 'Number, Decimal Digit' Category }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Hindu-Arabic !! Persian !Name!! Unicode !! Arabic !! Unicode |- | 0 || <big>۰</big> |صفر ''sefr'' | U+06F0 || <big>٠</big> || U+0660 |- | 1 || <big>۱</big> |يک ''yek'' | U+06F1 || <big>١</big> || U+0661 |- | 2 || <big>۲</big> |دو ''do'' | U+06F2 || <big>٢</big> || U+0662 |- | 3 || <big>۳</big> |سه ''se'' | U+06F3 || <big>٣</big> || U+0663 |- | 4 || <big>۴</big> |چهار ''čahâr'' | U+06F4 || <big>٤</big> || U+0664 |- | 5 || <big>۵</big> |پنج ''panj'' | U+06F5 || <big>٥</big> || U+0665 |- | 6 || <big>۶</big> |شش ''šeš'' | U+06F6 || <big>٦</big> || U+0666 |- | 7 || <big>۷</big> |هفت ''haft'' | U+06F7 || <big>٧</big> || U+0667 |- | 8 || <big>۸</big> |هشت ''hašt'' | U+06F8 || <big>٨</big> || U+0668 |- | 9 || <big>۹</big> |نه ''no'' | U+06F9 || <big>٩</big> || U+0669 |- | rowspan="2" | - || <big>ی</big> |''ye''|| U+06CC | <big>ي</big>{{efn|However, the Arabic variant continues to be used in its traditional style in the Nile Valley, similarly as it is used in Persian and Ottoman Turkish.}} || U+064A |- | <big>ک</big> |''kâf''|| U+06A9 || <big>ك</big> || U+0643 |} {{Notelist}}

=== Comparison of different numerals === {{see also|Eastern Arabic numerals#Numerals}}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal" |- style="font-size:120%" | style="font-size:85%"|Western Arabic |0 ||1 || 2 || 3 || 4 |5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 | 10 |- style="font-size:160%" | style="font-size:63%"|Eastern Arabic{{efn|U+0660 through U+0669}} | {{lang|ar|٠}} || {{lang|ar|١}} || {{lang|ar|٢}} || {{lang|ar|٣}} || {{lang|ar|٤}} | {{lang|ar|٥}} || {{lang|ar|٦}} || {{lang|ar|٧}} || {{lang|ar|٨}} || {{lang|ar|٩}} | {{lang|ar|١٠}} |- style="font-size:160%" | style="font-size:63%"| Persian{{efn|U+06F0 through U+06F9. The numbers 4, 5, and 6 are different from Eastern Arabic.}} | {{lang|fa|۰}} || {{lang|fa|۱}} || {{lang|fa|۲}} || {{lang|fa|۳}} || {{lang|fa|۴}} | {{lang|fa|۵}} || {{lang|fa|۶}} || {{lang|fa|۷}} || {{lang|fa|۸}} || {{lang|fa|۹}} | {{lang|fa|۱۰}} |- style="font-size:160%" | style="font-size:63%"| Urdu{{efn|Same Unicode characters as the Persian, but language is set to Urdu. The numerals 4, 6 and 7 are different from Persian. On some devices, this row may appear identical to Persian.}} | {{urd|{{lang|ur|۰}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۱}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۲}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۳}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۴}}}} | {{urd|{{lang|ur|۵}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۶}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۷}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۸}}}} || {{urd|{{lang|ur|۹}}}} | {{urd|{{lang|ur|۱۰}}}} |- style="font-size:160%" | style="font-size:63%"| Abjad numerals | {{N/A| }} || {{lang|ar|ا}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} | {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ي}} |} {{notelist}}

== Word boundaries == Typically, words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner.

== Cyrillic Persian alphabet in Tajikistan == As part of the russification of Central Asia, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hämmerle |first=Christa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5kXyj82xfQC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA76 |title=Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women |date=2008 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar |isbn=978-3-412-20140-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA656 |title=World and Its Peoples |date=September 2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Landau |first1=Jacob M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arF2f10EQYUC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA125 |title=Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan |last2=Landau |first2=Yaʿaqov M. |last3=Kellner-Heinkele |first3=Barbara |date=2001 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11226-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buyers |first=Lydia M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KgjQQgMC-cC&dq=central+asia+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA132 |title=Central Asia in Focus: Political and Economic Issues |date=2003 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-59033-153-8 |language=en}}</ref> The alphabet has remained Cyrillic since then. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word ''Farsi'' (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ehteshami |first=Anoushiravan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgW_HEcULMYC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA219 |title=From the Gulf to Central Asia: Players in the New Great Game |date=1994 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |isbn=978-0-85989-451-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Hafeez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkKOpAYG7zMC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA274 |title=Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects |date=1996 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-16452-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banuazizi |first1=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrM_Ms9OVsEC&dq=central+asia+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA33 |title=The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands |last2=Weiner |first2=Myron |date=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20918-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Westerlund |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weYQMv2RqCgC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA186 |title=Islam Outside the Arab World |last2=Svanberg |first2=Ingvar |date=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-22691-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gillespie |first1=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuYDPDHttQkC&dq=Tajikistan+iran+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA172 |title=Oil in the New World Order |last2=Henry |first2=Clement M. |date=1995 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-1367-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Badan |first=Phool |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chlpAAAAMAAJ&q=Tajikistan+iran+alphabet+struggle |title=Dynamics of Political Development in Central Asia |date=2001 |publisher=Lancers' Books |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Winrow |first=Gareth M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xakTAQAAIAAJ&q=+alphabet+struggle |title=Turkey in Post-Soviet Central Asia |date=1995 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |isbn=978-0-905031-99-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parsons |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE8dAQAAMAAJ&q=+alphabet+struggle |title=Central Asia, the Last Decolonization |date=1993 |publisher=David Davies Memorial Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yo7wAAAAMAAJ&q=+alphabet+struggle |title=Report on the USSR. |date=1990 |publisher=RFE/RL, Incorporated |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QswKAQAAMAAJ&q=++alphabet+struggle |title=Middle East Monitor |date=1990 |publisher=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ochsenwald |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUotAQAAMAAJ&q=+iran+alphabet+replaced |title=The Middle East: A History |last2=Fisher |first2=Sydney Nettleton |date=2010-01-06 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-338562-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gall |first1=Timothy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLhZAAAAYAAJ&q=+alphabets+non+literary |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life |last2=Hobby |first2=Jeneen |date=2009 |publisher=Gale |isbn=978-1-4144-4892-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}}

The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed adoption. In 1999, the word ''Farsi'' was removed from the state-language law, reverting the name to simply ''Tajik''.{{ref|siddikzoda2002}} {{As of|2004}} the ''de facto'' standard in use is the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet,{{ref|un2004}} and {{As of|1996|lc=on}} only a very small part of the population can read the Persian alphabet.{{ref|loc1996}}

== See also == * Scripts used for Persian * Romanization of Persian * Persian braille * Persian phonology * Abjad numerals * Nastaʿlīq, the calligraphy used to write Persian before the 20th century

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Persian alphabet}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071650/http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf Dastoore khat] – Official document in Persian by Academy of Persian Language and Literature

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perso-Arabic Script}} Category:Persian alphabets Category:Arabic alphabets Category:Persian orthography Category:Persian scripts Category:Right-to-left writing systems