Peristediinae

{{Short description|Family of fishes}} {{Automatic_taxobox | image = Peristedion gracile.jpg | image_caption = Illustration of Slender searobin, ''Peristedion gracile'' | image2 = Armored Searobin (49994689986) (cropped).jpg | image2_caption = An armored searobin near the southeastern United States in 2019 | taxon = Peristediinae | authority = D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.3882.1.1/33563 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 001–230 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free | url-access = subscription }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = see text }}

'''Peristediinae''', the '''armored sea robins''' or '''armoured gurnards''', is a subfamily of ray-finned fishes belonging to the sea robin family Triglidae in the order Perciformes. They are found in the deep water in the tropical and warm temperate of the world's oceans.<ref name=":1322">{{Cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== Peristediidae was first proposed as a family in 1883 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert.<ref name = VDLEF/> The 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'' classified the family within the Platycephaloidei, which is a suborder of the order Scorpaeniformes.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages= 467–495 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref> More recent authorities differ and do not consider the Scorpaeniformes to be a valid order because the Perciformes is not monophyletic without the taxa within the Scorpaeniformes being included within it. These authorities consider the Peristediidae to belong to the suborder Triglioidei, along with the family Triglidae, within the Perciformes.<ref name = Deepfin>{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 | pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017BMCEE..17..162B }}</ref> Presently, ''Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes'' includes it within the Triglidae as the subfamily Peristediinae, and place the Triglidae in the suborder Scorpaenoidei.<ref name=":1322" /><ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Peristediinae|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>

===Genera=== The subfamily Peristediinae is classified into about 45 species in 6 genera:<ref name = CofF/> * ''Gargariscus'' H. M. Smith, 1917 * ''Heminodus'' H. M. Smith, 1917 * ''Paraheminodus'' Kamohara, 1958 * ''Peristedion'' Lacépède, 1801 * ''Satyrichthys'' Kaup, 1873 * ''Scalicus'' Jordan, 1923

Taxonomists working on the armoured gurnards have found that the family is monophyletic and that it divides into two clades, one consisting of only the genus ''Peristedion'' and the other 5 genera making up the other clade.<ref name = Kawai>{{cite journal | author = Toshio Kawai | title = Phylogenetic Systematics of the Family Peristediidae (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) | journal = Species Diversity | year = 2008 | volume= 13 | issue =1 | pages = 1–34 | doi = 10.12782/specdiv.13.1| doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Etymology=== Peristediinae takes its name from the genus ''Peristedion'' which is a combination of ''peri'', meaning "around", and ''stedion'', which is a diminutive of ''stethos'', which is Greek for "breast" or "chest", an allusion to the bony plates lining the underside of the body, similar to a plastron, the feature Lacépède use to distinguish ''Peristidion'' from ''Trigla''.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes12/ | title = Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 10 June 2021 | access-date = 23 June 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

==Characteristics== Peristediinae fishes have the body encased in 4 rows of thick scutes, each plate is spined, on each side of the body. The mouth is under the snout with barbels on the lower jaw. Each of the preorbitals have a forward pointing projection.<ref name = Nelson5/><ref name = FAO>{{cite book | editor1 =Carpenter, K.E. | editor2 = Niem, V.H. | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) | publisher = FAO, Rome | year = 1999 | chapter = Triglidae Gurnards, sea robins (also, armoured gurnards, armoured sea robins) | author = W.J. Richards | pages = 2359–2382 | isbn = 9251043019}}</ref> There are no scales on the head and body. The head is large and bony with numerous spines and ridges with a wide snout which is flattened on the top and bottom. They have no teeth and usually no tongue, although where there is a tongue it is simple and forked. There are two separate dorsal fins; the first contains between 7 and 9 spines while the second has between 16 and 23 segmented soft rays. The anal fin contains between 16 and 23 soft rays. The pectoral fins are short with joined rays and the lower 2 are free from the membrane. The swimbladder has one lobe.<ref name = FAO2/> The smallest species in the family is ''Peristedion paucibarbiger'' which has a maximum published standard length of {{cvt|7|cm}} while the largest species is the black-finned armoured-gurnard (''Satyrichthys moluccensis'') which has a maximum standard length of {{cvt|48|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family | family = Peristediidae | month = February | year = 2022}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat== Peristediinae fishes are found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.<ref name = Nelson5/> These fishes are found on continental or insular slopes, typically at depths greater than {{cvt|180|m}}.<ref name = FAO2>{{cite book | author1 = G.C. Miller | author2 = W.J. Richards | name-list-style = and | year = 2002 | chapter = PERISTEDIIDAE Armoured searobins (armoured gurnards) | editor = Carpenter, K.E. | title = The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae) | series = FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. | publisher = FAO, Rome | pages = 601–1374 | isbn = 9251048266 | url = https://www.fao.org/3/y4161e/y4161e48.pdf}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Peristediidae Category:Actinopterygii subfamilies Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan Category:Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert