Treebank

{{Short description|Text corpus with tree annotations}} {{Multiple issues| {{external links|date=November 2017}} {{More citations needed|date=October 2021}} }} [[File:The house at the end of the street.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Most syntactic treebanks annotate variants of either phrase structure (left) or dependency structure (right).]]

In linguistics, a '''treebank''' is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data.<ref>Alexander Clark, Chris Fox and Shalom Lappin (2010). The handbook of computational linguistics and natural language processing. Wiley.</ref>

== Etymology ==

The term ''treebank'' was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech in the 1980s, by analogy to other repositories such as a seedbank or bloodbank.<ref>Sampson, G. (2003) ‘Reflections of a dendrographer.’ In A. Wilson, P. Rayson and T. McEnery (eds.) Corpus Linguistics by the Lune: A Festschrift for Geoffrey Leech, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 157-184</ref> This is because both syntactic and semantic structure are commonly represented compositionally as a tree structure. The term ''parsed corpus'' is often used interchangeably with the term ''treebank'', with the emphasis on the primacy of sentences rather than trees.

== Construction ==

Treebanks are often created on top of a corpus that has already been annotated with part-of-speech tags. In turn, treebanks are sometimes enhanced with semantic or other linguistic information. Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structure, or semi-automatically, where a parser assigns some syntactic structure which linguists then check and, if necessary, correct. In practice, fully checking and completing the parsing of natural language corpora is a labour-intensive project that can take teams of graduate linguists several years. The level of annotation detail and the breadth of the linguistic sample determine the difficulty of the task and the length of time required to build a treebank.

right|250px|thumb|Example phrase structure tree for ''John loves Mary'' [[Image:Quranic-arabic-corpus.png|right|250px|thumb|Hybrid constituency/dependency tree from the Quranic Arabic Corpus]]

Some treebanks follow a specific linguistic theory in their syntactic annotation (e.g. the [http://www.bultreebank.org/ BulTreeBank] follows HPSG) but most try to be less theory-specific. However, two main groups can be distinguished: treebanks that annotate phrase structure (for example the [https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/penn_treebank_pos.html Penn Treebank]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcus |first=Mitchell P. |last2=Santorini |first2=Beatrice |last3=Marcinkiewicz |first3=Mary Ann |date=1993 |editor-last=Hirschberg |editor-first=Julia |title=Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank |url=https://aclanthology.org/J93-2004/ |journal=Computational Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=313–330}}</ref> or [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/ice-gb/index.htm ICE-GB]) and those that annotate dependency structure (for example the [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/ Prague Dependency Treebank] or the [http://corpus.quran.com Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank]).

It is important to clarify the distinction between the formal representation and the file format used to store the annotated data. Treebanks are necessarily constructed according to a particular grammar. The same grammar may be implemented by different file formats. For example, the syntactic analysis for ''John loves Mary'', shown in the figure on the right/above, may be represented by simple labelled brackets in a text file, like this (following the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202842/http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/ Penn Treebank] notation):

(S (NP (NNP John)) (VP (VPZ loves) (NP (NNP Mary))) (. .))

This type of representation is popular because it is light on resources, and the tree structure is relatively easy to read without software tools. However, as corpora become increasingly complex, other file formats may be preferred. Alternatives include treebank-specific XML schemes, numbered indentation and various types of standoff notation.

== Applications ==

From a computational linguistics<ref>Haitao Liu, Wei Huang — [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1017.pdf A Chinese Dependency Syntax for Treebanking], published by Communication University of China, published (online) by the Association for Computational Linguistics - accessed 2020-2-4</ref> perspective, treebanks have been used to engineer state-of-the-art natural language processing systems such as part-of-speech taggers, parsers, semantic analyzers and machine translation systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kübler|first1=Sandra|last2=McDonald|first2=Ryan|last3=Nivre|first3=Joakim|date=2008-12-18|title=Dependency Parsing|journal=Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–127|doi=10.2200/s00169ed1v01y200901hlt002}}</ref> Most computational systems utilize gold-standard treebank data. However, an automatically parsed corpus that is not corrected by human linguists can still be useful. It can provide evidence of rule frequency for a parser. A parser may be improved by applying it to large amounts of text and gathering rule frequencies. However, it should be obvious that only by a process of correcting and completing a corpus by hand is it possible then to identify rules absent from the parser knowledge base. In addition, frequencies are likely to be more accurate.

In corpus linguistics, treebanks are used to study syntactic phenomena (for example, diachronic corpora can be used to study the time course of syntactic change). Once parsed, a corpus will contain frequency evidence showing how common different grammatical structures are in use. Treebanks also provide evidence of coverage and support the discovery of new, unanticipated, grammatical phenomena.

Another use of treebanks in theoretical linguistics and psycholinguistics is interaction evidence. A completed treebank can help linguists carry out experiments as to how the decision to use one grammatical construction tends to influence the decision to form others, and to try to understand how speakers and writers make decisions as they form sentences. Interaction research is particularly fruitful as further layers of annotation, e.g. semantic, pragmatic, are added to a corpus. It is then possible to evaluate the impact of non-syntactic phenomena on grammatical choices.

In linguistics research, annotated treebank data has been used in syntactic research to test linguistic theories of sentence structure against large quantities of naturally occurring examples.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Semantic treebanks ==

A semantic treebank is a collection of natural language sentences annotated with a meaning representation. These resources use a formal representation of each sentence's semantic structure. Semantic treebanks vary in the depth of their semantic representation. A notable example of deep semantic annotation is the [http://gmb.let.rug.nl Groningen Meaning Bank], developed at the University of Groningen and annotated using Discourse Representation Theory. An example of a shallow semantic treebank is PropBank, which provides annotation of verbal propositions and their arguments, without attempting to represent every word in the corpus in logical form.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |- ! Language ! Treebank ! Semantic Formalism ! Distribution / License |- | Chinese | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/UP_Chinese Chinese Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | English | Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) Bank | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | FrameNet | Shallow semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA) | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://alt.qcri.org/semeval2014/task6 Robot Commands Treebank] <ref>Kais Dukes (2013) [http://www.kaisdukes.com/papers/spatial-ltc2013.pdf Semantic Annotation of Robotic Spatial Commands]. Language and Technology Conference (LTC). Poznan, Poland.</ref> | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://gmb.let.rug.nl Groningen Meaning Bank] | Deep semantics | {{dunno|different licenses}} |- | English | [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank] | Deep semantics | {{dunno|different licenses}} |- | Dutch | [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank] | Deep semantics | {{dunno|different licenses}} |- | German | [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank] | Deep semantics | {{dunno|different licenses}} |- | Italian | [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank] | Deep semantics | {{dunno|different licenses}} |- | English | [http://moin.delph-in.net/DeepBank DeepBank project] | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://www.compling.jp/ajb129/tspc.html Treebank Semantics Parsed Corpus] | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~ml/wasp/ RoboCup Corpus] | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ml/geo.html Geoquery] | Deep semantics | {{dunno}} |- | English | [https://propbank.github.io/ PropBank] | PropBank semantics | {{dunno|different licenses}} |- | Finnish | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Finnish Finnish Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | Finnish | [https://turkunlp.org/Finnish_PropBank/ Finnish PropBank] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-SA 4.0}} |- | French | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_French French Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | German | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_German German Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | Italian | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_Italian Italian Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | Portuguese | [http://143.107.183.175:21380/portlex/index.php/en/downloadsingl Portuguese PortLex] | PropBank semantics | {{dunno}} |- | Portuguese | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_Portuguese-Bosque Portuguese Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | Spanish | [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_Spanish Spanish Universal Propositions] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}} |- | Turkish | [https://turkishpropbank.github.io/ Turkish PropBank] | PropBank semantics | {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 4.0}} |}

== Syntactic treebanks ==

Many syntactic treebanks have been developed for a wide variety of languages:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |- ! Language ! Treebank ! Syntactic Formalism ! Distribution / License |- |- | Abaza | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ATB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Afrikaans | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AfriBooms | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Akkadian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PISANDUB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Albanian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TSA | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Amharic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ATT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Ancient Greek | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Perseus | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Ancient Greek | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Greek (ancient) | [http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/syntax/treebank/ Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank]<ref>Celano, Giuseppe G. A. 2014. Guidelines for the annotation of the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank 2.0. https://github.com/PerseusDL/treebank_data/edit/master/AGDT2/guidelines</ref><ref>Mambrini, F. 2016. The Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank: Linguistic Annotation in a Teaching Environment. In: Bodard, G & Romanello, M (eds.) Digital Classics Outside the Echo-Chamber: Teaching, Knowledge Exchange & Public Engagement, Pp. 83–99. London: Ubiquity Press. {{doi|10.5334/bat.f|doi-access=free}}</ref> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Greek (ancient) | [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug">Dag Haug. 2015. Treebanks in historical linguistic research. In Carlotta Viti (ed.), Perspectives on Historical Syntax, Benjamins, 188-202. A preprint is available at http://folk.uio.no/daghaug/historical-treebanks.pdf.</ref> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Arabic | [http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P09/P09-2056.pdf Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB)] | Dependency | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | Arabic | [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/index.html Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank (PADT)] | Dependency | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | Arabic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], NYUAD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Arabic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PADT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Arabic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Arabic | [https://web.archive.org/web/20060119000231/http://www.ircs.upenn.edu/arabic/ Penn Arabic Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | Armenian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ArmTDP | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AS | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Bambara | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CRB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Basque | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Belarusian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HSE | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Bhojpuri | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BhEn | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Bhojpuri | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BHTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Breton | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KEB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Bulgarian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Bulgarian | [http://www.bultreebank.org/ BulTreeBank] | HPSG | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Buryat | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Cantonese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HK | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Catalan | [http://clic.ub.edu Cat3LB] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Catalan | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AnCora | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | Chinese | [http://godel.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/engversion/treebank.htm Sinica Treebank] | Case grammar | {{nonfree|Not freely available}} |- | Chinese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CFL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Chinese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Chinese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSDSimp | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Chinese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HK | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Chinese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Chinese | [http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~chinese/ctb.html Penn Chinese Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | Chinese | [http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/catalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2012T05 Chinese Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | Arabic (classical) | [http://corpus.quran.com/treebank.jsp Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank (QADT)] (Quranic Arabic Corpus) | Dependency | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Classical Armenian | [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug"/> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Coptic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Coptic Scriptorium | Dependency | {{free| CC BY}} |- | Croatian | [http://hobs.ffzg.hr/en/ Croatian Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Croatian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SET | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Czech | [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt3.0/ Prague Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Czech | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CAC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Czech | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CLTT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Czech | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FicTree | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Czech | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Czech | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Danish | [http://code.google.com/p/copenhagen-dependency-treebank/wiki/CDT Danish Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Danish | [http://corp.hum.sdu.dk/arboretum.html Arboretum: A syntactic tree corpus of Danish] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|License fee}} |- | Danish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], DDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Danish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], DTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Dutch | [http://lands.let.ru.nl/cgn/ehome.htm Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN)] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|License fee}} |- | Dutch | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Alpino | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Dutch | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LassySmall | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Dutch | [http://www.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/Lassy/ LASSY Small and Large] | Dependency | {{nonfree|License fee}} |- | Dutch | [http://www.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/trees/ Alpino Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Egyptian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Pre-Coptic (PC) | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | English | [http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccg/ccgbank.html CCGbank] | Combinatory categorial grammar | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | English | [http://redwoods.stanford.edu/ LinGO Redwoods] | HPSG | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/corpora.html Lancaster Parsed Corpus] | Phrase structure | {{dunno}} |- | English | [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/prague-english-dependency-treebank Prague English Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BhEn | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ESL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], EWT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GUM | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GUMReddit | Dependency | {{free| CC BY}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LinES | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ParTUT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Pronouns | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | English | [http://www.compling.jp/ajb129/tspc.html Treebank Semantics Parsed Corpus] | Phrase structure | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | English | [http://www.grsampson.net/ChrisDoc.html Christine Corpus] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | English | [http://www.grsampson.net/LucyDoc.html Lucy Corpus] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | English | [http://www.grsampson.net/SueDoc.html Susanne Corpus] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | English | [http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/catalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2000T43 BLLIP WSJ corpus] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | English | [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-es.html Tübingen Treebank of English / Spontaneous Speech (TüBa-E/S)] | HPSG | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | English | [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/dcpse Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English (DCPSE)] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/dcpse/order.htm License fee]}} |- | English | [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/ice-gb British Component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB)] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/ice-gb/iceorder2.htm License fee]}} |- | English | [http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/papers/EACL03.pdf The PARC 700 Dependency Bank] | Dependency | {{dunno}} |- | English | [https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02945 Yahoo Query Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | English | [https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC99T42 Penn Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | English | [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503193254/http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/amalgam/amalgam/multi-parsed.html Multi-Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{free|Available online for comparison purposes}} |- | English | [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211090005/http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/ CHILDES Brown Eve corpus with dependency annotation] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | English | [https://www.cl.uzh.ch/en/research/corpus-linguistics/paralleltreebanks/smultron.html SMULTRON - Parallel Treebank EN-DE-SV] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Erzya | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], JR | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Estonian | [http://corp.hum.sdu.dk/tgrepeye_est.html Arborest] | Phrase structure | {{dunno}} |- | Estonian | [http://math.ut.ee/~heli_u/syntkorpus.html Syntactically analyzed and disambiguated text corpus] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Estonian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], EDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Estonian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], EWT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Faroese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FarPaHC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Faroese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], OFT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Finnish | [http://bionlp.utu.fi/fintreebank.html Turku Dependency Treebank (TDT)] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Finnish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY}} |- | Finnish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Finnish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | French (spoken) | [http://www.projet-rhapsodie.fr/ Rhapsodie] | Dependency and macrosyntactic annotation | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | French | [http://corp.hum.sdu.dk/arboratoire.html L'Arboratoire] | Phrase structure | {{dunno}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CrapBank | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FQB | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FTB | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ParTUT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Sequoia | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Spoken | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | French | [http://ftb.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ French Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | French | [https://github.com/nicolashernandez/free-french-treebank Free French Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{free|Open Source license LGPL-LR}} |- | French | [https://www.rocq.inria.fr/alpage-wiki/tiki-index.php?page=CorpusSequoia Sequoia Treebank] | Phrase structure & Dependency | {{free|Open Source license LGPL-LR}} |- | Galician | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CTG | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Galician | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TreeGal | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | German | [http://hdl.handle.net/11022/0000-0000-7FC7-2 Hamburg Dependency Treebank (HDT)] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | German | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | German | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LIT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | German | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | German | [http://www.cl.uzh.ch/research/parallelcorpora/paralleltreebanks/smultron_en.html SMULTRON - Parallel Treebank EN-DE-SV] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | German | [http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/projects/sfb378/negra-corpus/ NEGRA] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | German | [http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/tiger.en.html TIGER] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | German | [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-ds.html Tübingen Treebank of German / Spontaneous Speech (TüBa-D/S)] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | German | [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-dz.html Tübingen Treebank of Written German (TüBa-D/Z)] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | German | [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tuepp-dz.html Tübingen Partially Parsed Corpus of Written German (TüPP-D/Z)] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|License fee}} |- | Gothic | [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug"/> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Gothic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Greek | [http://gdt.ilsp.gr/ Greek Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{nonfree|Not freely available}} |- | Greek | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Hebrew | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Hebrew | [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~yoavg/data/hebdeptb/ Hebrew Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Hindi English | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HIENCS | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Hindi | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HDTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Hindi | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Hindi | [http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/MachineTrans/research/tb/final_guidelines-ver2.pdf AnnCorra] | Dependency | {{dunno}} |- | English (historical) | [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/index.html Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English]; | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium (as of April 2020)}} |- | English (historical) | [http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YcoeHome1.htm York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE)] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | French (historical) | [http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/voies/voies_en.html Corpus MCVF] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Portuguese (historical) | [http://www.tycho.iel.unicamp.br/~tycho/ Tycho Brahe corpus] | Phrase structure | {{dunno}} |- | Hungarian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Szeged | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Hungarian | [http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/projectdirs/hlt/en/Szeged%20Treebank%202.0_en.html Hungarian Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{dunno}} |- | Icelandic | [http://linguist.is/icelandic_treebank/ IcePaHC - Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus] | Phrase structure | {{free|Open source (GNU Lesser General Public License)}} |- | Icelandic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IcePaHC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Icelandic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Indonesian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Indonesian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Indonesian | [https://github.com/aisingapore/seacorenlp-data ICON] | Phrase structure | {{dunno}} |- | Irish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://catalog.elra.info/product_info.php?products_id=887 ISST - Italian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank] | Phrase structure and dependency | {{nonfree|License fee}} |- | Italian | [http://medialab.di.unipi.it/wiki/MIDT MIDT (Merged Italian Dependency Treebank) resulting from the merging and harmonization of the TUT and ISST-CoNLL/TANL treebanks] | dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Italian | [http://project.cgm.unive.it/?page_id=200 VIT - Venice Italian Treebank] | Phrase structure and dependency | {{nonfree|License fee}} |- | Italian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ISDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ParTUT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PoSTWITA | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TWITTIRO | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], VIT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Italian | [http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/tressi_prg/ISST@CoNNL2007/ISST/ISST@CoNNL2007.pdf Italian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank for the CoNLL-2007 Shared Task (ISST-CoNLL)] | dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Italian | [http://www.ciscl.unisi.it/progetti/sut/ SUT - Siena University Treebank] | {{dunno}} | {{dunno}} |- | Italian | [http://www.di.unito.it/~tutreeb/index.html TUT - Turin University Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Italian | [https://universaldependencies.github.io/docs/#language-it ISDT (Italian Stanford Dependency Treebank)] | dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Japanese | [http://nlp.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EN/index.php?NLPresources Kyoto Text Corpus] | {{dunno}} | {{dunno}} |- | Japanese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BCCWJ | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Japanese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Japanese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KTC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Japanese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Modern | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-ND}} |- | Japanese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Japanese | [http://www.compling.jp/keyaki/index.html Keyaki Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Japanese | [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-js.html Tübingen Treebank of Japanese / Spontaneous Speech (TüBa-J/S)] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Japanese | [https://web.archive.org/web/20040908035142/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W98/W98-0513.pdf ATR Dependency corpus] | Dependency | {{dunno}} |- | Karelian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KKPP | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Kazakh | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Komi Permyak | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UH | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Komi Zyrian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IKDP | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Komi Zyrian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Lattice | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Korean | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Korean | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Kaist | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Korean | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Penn | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Korean | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Korean | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Sejong | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Korean | [http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~xtag/koreantag/#Treebank Korean Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{nonfree|Linguistic Data Consortium}} |- | Kurmanji | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MG | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Latin | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ITTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Latin | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LLCT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Latin | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Perseus | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Latin | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Latin | [http://itreebank.marginalia.it/ Index Thomisticus Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Latin | [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug"/> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Latin | [https://perseusdl.github.io/treebank_data/ Latin Dependency Treebank]<ref>Bamman David & al. 2008. Guidelines for the Syntactic Annotation of Latin Treebanks (v. 1.3). http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/syntax/treebank/1.3/docs/guidelines.pdf</ref> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Latvian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LVTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Lithuanian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ALKSNIS | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Lithuanian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HSE | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Livvi | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KKPP | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Magahi | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MGTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Maltese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MUDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Marathi | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Mbya Guarani | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Dooley | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Mbya Guarani | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Thomas | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Middle Irish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CritMITB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Middle Irish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], DipMITB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Moksha | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], JR | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Naija | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], NSC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | North Sami | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Giella | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Norwegian | [https://clarino.uib.no/iness INESS treebanking infrastructure] | LFG | {{dunno}} |- | Norwegian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Bokmaal | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Norwegian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Nynorsk | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Norwegian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], NynorskLIA | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Old Church Slavonic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Old Church Slavonic | [http://syntacticus.org TOROT Treebank]<ref name="haug"/> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Old French | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SRCMF | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Old Russian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], RNC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Old Russian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TOROT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Old Russian | [http://syntacticus.org TOROT Treebank]<ref name="haug"/> | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Persian | [http://dadegan.ir/en/perdt Persian Dependency Treebank (PerDT)] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Persian | [http://hpsg.fu-berlin.de/~ghayoomi/PTB.html PerTreeBank] | HPSG | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Persian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Seraji | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Polish | [http://dach.ipipan.waw.pl/CRIT2 A Treebank / Test Suite for Polish] | HPSG | {{dunno}} |- | Polish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LFG | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | Polish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PDB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Polish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Polish | [http://zil.ipipan.waw.pl/Sk%C5%82adnica Składnica] | Phrase structure and Dependency | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Portuguese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Bosque | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Portuguese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Portuguese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Portuguese | [http://www.linguateca.pt/Floresta/ Projecto Floresta Sintá(c)tica] | Dependency, Phrase structure | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Romanian | [http://lotos.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000263/bookpart.pdf Romanian Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{dunno}} |- | Romanian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Nonstandard | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Romanian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], RRT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Romanian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SiMoNERo | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Russian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Russian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Russian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SynTagRus | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Russian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Taiga | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Russian | SynTagRus Dependency Treebank (Russian National Corpus) | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Sanskrit | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Sanskrit | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Vedic | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Scottish Gaelic | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ARCOSG | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Serbian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SET | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Sindhi | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MazharDootio | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Skolt Sami | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Giellagas | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Slovak | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SNK | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Slovene | [http://nl.ijs.si/sdt/ Slovene Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Slovenian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SSJ | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Slovenian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SST | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Spanish | [http://clic.ub.edu Cast3LB] | Phrase structure and dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Spanish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AnCora | Dependency | {{free| GPL}} |- | Spanish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Spanish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Spanish | [http://www.lllf.uam.es/~sandoval/UAMTreebank.html UAM Treebank of Spanish] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Swedish | [http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/~nivre/research/Talbanken05.html Talbanken05] | Phrase structure and dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Swedish | [http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/~nivre/swedish_treebank Swedish Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Swedish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LinES | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Swedish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Swedish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Talbanken | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Swedish | [http://www.cl.uzh.ch/research/parallelcorpora/paralleltreebanks/smultron_en.html SMULTRON - Parallel Treebank EN-DE-SV] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Swedish Sign Language | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SSLC | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Swiss German | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UZH | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Tagalog | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TRG | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Tagalog | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Ugnayan | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Tamil | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Telugu | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MTG | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Thai | [http://naist.cpe.ku.ac.th/tred/ NAiST Thai Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (GNU general public license)}} |- | Thai | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Thai | [https://github.com/tchayintr/thtb THTB] | Phrase structure | {{free| CC BY 4.0}} |- | Turkish | [http://ii.metu.edu.tr/corpus METU-Sabanci Turkish Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Turkish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BOUN | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Turkish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Turkish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IMST | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Turkish | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Ukrainian | [https://mova.institute/%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82 Institute for Ukrainian, NGO Gold Standard] | Dependency | {{free|Open source (Creative Commons license)}} |- | Ukrainian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IU | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Upper Sorbian | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Urdu | [http://clsp.org/ NU-FAST Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{Free|Contact at Computational Learning Strategies & Practices}} |- | Urdu | [http://clsp.org/projects.html The URDU.KON-TB Treebank] | Phrase and Hyper Dependency Structure | {{Free|Contact at Computational Learning Strategies & Practices}} |- | Urdu | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UDTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}} |- | Uyghur | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UDT | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Vietnamese | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], VTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Vietnamese | [http://vlsp.vietlp.org:8080/demo/?page=resources&lang=en Vietnamese Treebank] | Phrase structure | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Vietnamese | [https://vndp.sourceforge.net/ Vietnamese Dependency Treebank] | Dependency | {{free|Freely available for research}} |- | Warlpiri | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Welsh | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CCG | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Wolof | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], WTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |- | Yoruba | [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], YTB | Dependency | {{free| CC BY-SA}} |}

To facilitate the further researches between multilingual tasks, some researchers discussed the universal annotation scheme for cross-languages. In this way, people try to utilize or merge the advantages of different treebanks corpora. For instance, The universal annotation approach for dependency treebanks;<ref>{{cite conference |author1=McDonald, R. |author2=Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y. | title=Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing.| book-title= Proceedings of the ACL 2013. |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and the universal annotation approach for phrase structure treebanks.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Han, A.L.-F |author2=Wong, D.F. |author3=Chao, L.S. |author4=Lu, Y. |author5=He, L. |author6=Tian, L. |name-list-style=amp | title=A Universal Phrase Tagset for Multilingual Treebanks| book-title= Proceedings of the CCL and NLP-NABD 2014, LNAI 8801, pp. 247– 258. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland |date=2014|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12277-9_22 |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2698456/167766_a_universal_phrase_tagset_for_multilingual_treebanks.pdf }}</ref>

== Search tools ==

One of the key ways to extract evidence from a treebank is through search tools. Search tools for parsed corpora typically depend on the annotation scheme that was applied to the corpus. User interfaces range in sophistication from expression-based query systems aimed at computer programmers to full exploration environments aimed at general linguists. Wallis (2008) discusses the principles of searching treebanks in detail and reviews the state of the art around that time.<ref>Wallis, Sean (2008). Searching treebanks and other structured corpora. Chapter 34 in Lüdeling, A. & Kytö, M. (ed.) ''Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook.'' Handbücher zur Sprache und Kommunikationswissenschaft series. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref>

== See also == * Text corpus * Phrase structure grammar * Dependency grammar * Parsing * Part-of-speech tagging

== References == {{Reflist}}

{{Natural language processing}}

Category:Computational linguistics Category:Corpus linguistics Category:Syntax Category:Semantics Category:Test items