Pempheris mangula

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | image = Pempheris vanicolensis Karpathos.JPG | status = | status_system = | status_ref = | taxon = Pempheris mangula | authority = Cuvier, 1829 | synonyms = *''Pempheris rhomboidea'' Kossmann & Räuber, 1877 * ''Pempheris erythraea'' Kossmann & Räuber, 1877 * ''Pempheris russellii'' Day, 1888 | synonyms_ref = <ref name = Synonyms>{{Cite web | url = http://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=25449&SynCode=58108&GenusName=Pempheris&SpeciesName=mangula | title = Synonyms of ''Pempheris mangula'' Cuvier, 1829 | access-date = 11 March 2017 | publisher = Fishbase}}</ref> }}

thumb|''Pempheris mangula'' Ford 42

'''''Pempheris mangula''''', the '''black-edged sweeper''', '''Moluccan sweeper''' or '''black-margin bullseye''' is a species of Indo-Pacific sweeper from the family Pempheridae. The history of the identification of the Indo-Pacific sweepers is complex and this species has been identified as the ''"Pempheris vanicolensis"'' which has colonised the Mediterranean Sea from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal by Lessepsian migration but this identification is not universally accepted.

==Description== ''Pempheris mangula'' has a lateral line consisting of 49-60 pored scales with 4.5-5.5 scale rows above lateral line; 14–18, normally 16, scales around the caudal peduncle. Only the tip of the dorsal fin is blackish. The very large eye has a diameter which is equal to 13.0-15.3% of the standard length and 43.6-51.5% of the head length. The deep body is 44.6-49.1% of the standard length in depth. The flans are usually marked with irregular faint longitudinal light stripes. It also has 6 spines and 9-10 soft rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin has 3 spines and 34-42 soft rays. It has a count of 25 vertebrae.<ref name = Fishbase>{{cite web | url = http://www.fishbase.se/summary/Pempheris-mangula.html | title = ''Pempheris mangula'' Cuvier, 1829 | access-date = 11 March 2017 | publisher = Fishbase | editor1 = R. Frose | editor2 = D. Pauly | author1 = Cristina V. Garilao | author2 = Kathleen Kesner-Reyes | year = 2016}}</ref>

==Distribution== ''Pempheris mangula'' has been said to have a wide Indo-Pacific distribution from the eastern coast of Africa and Madagascar to the north western coast of Australia as far south as New South Wales, but being absent from the South China Sea and the Malay Archipelago. It is also been claimed to be the species of sweeper which has colonised the eastern Mediterranean from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal but see '''Taxonomy''' section below.<ref name = Fishbase/><ref name = eol>{{cite web | url = http://eol.org/pages/992583/details | title = ''Pempheris mangula'' | access-date = 11 March 2017 | publisher = Encyclopedia of Life}}</ref> In the Mediterranean it was first recorded in 1979<ref name="Taskavak">{{cite journal |author1=Ertan Taskavak |author2=Murat Bilecenoglu |name-list-style=amp|year=2001 |title=Length–weight relationships for 18 Lessepsian (Red Sea) immigrant fish species from the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=895–896 |doi=10.1017/S0025315401004805|bibcode=2001JMBUK..81..895T |s2cid=83652485 }}</ref> off Lebanon. It has reached as far as the coast of Libya<ref name = Shakman>{{cite journal | author1 = Esmaile Shakman | author2 = Ragnar Kinzelbach | year = 2007 | title = First record of the Sweeper fish, ''Pempheris vanicolensis'' Cuvier, 1821, on the eastern Libyan coast (Osteichthyes, Pempheridae) (abstract) | journal = Rostocker Meeresbiologische Beiträge | volume = 18 | pages = 79–81 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242181940}}</ref> and the Aegean Sea.<ref name = Tzomos>{{cite journal | author1 = Theodoros Tzomos | author2 = Niko Chartosia | author3 = Magdalini Christodoulou | author4 = Miltiadis-Spyridon Kitsos | year = 2010 | title = New records and range expansion of lessepsian migrants in the Levantine and Aegean Seas | doi = 10.1017/S1755267209991114 | journal = Marine Biodiversity Records | volume = 3 | issue = 10| article-number = e10 | bibcode = 2010MBdR....3E..10T }}</ref>

==Biology== ''Pempheris mangula'' is normally a solitary species which spends the day in caves or under overhangs in coral reefs.<ref name = Fishbase/> It is a nocturnal species which feeds on zooplankton in open waters at night.<ref name = Akyol>{{cite journal | author1 = Okan Akyol | author2 = F. Ozan Düzbastılar | author3 = Tevfik Ceyhan | year = 2016 | title = First report of Pempheris rhomboidea (Perciformes: Pempheridae) beneath | doi = 10.4194/1303-2712-v17_2_25 | journal = Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences| volume = 17 | issue = 2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The spawning season of this species is shorter in the Mediterranean, where it lasts from April to September, whereas spawning is year round in the Red Sea. They prey mainly on the larval and adult stages of planktonic crustaceans. They depart from their daytime shelters at dusk and congregate nearby before moving inshore where they disperse into small groups to feed. Prior to sunrise, they reassemble near the entrance to their shelter, so they can go in it at first light, once the school has sufficient numbers.<ref name = aquaticcommons>{{Cite web | url = http://aquaticcommons.org/21051/1/Pempheris%C2%A0vanicolensis.pdf | access-date = 11 March 2017 | title = ''Pempheris vanicolensis'' (Cuvier, 1831) | publisher = Aquatic Commons | author = R Ketabi | year = 2016}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== There is some debate around the true limits of ''Pempheris mangula'' and originally the sweepers which were identified as Lessepsian migrants in the Mediterranean Sea were identified as ''P. vanicolensis'' but then it was proposed that that species does not occur in the Red Sea, ''P. mangula'' was then stated to be the Red Sea species which had colonised the Mediterranean. Other workers have stated that ''P. mangula'' is an eastern Indian Ocean species, found no further west than the east coast of India and that the Red Sea members of the genus ''Pempheris'' are ''P. flavicycla'', ''P. rhomboidea'' and ''P. tominagai'', and that the Mediterranean invader is ''P. rhomboidea''.<ref name = rebuttal>{{cite journal | author1 = J.E. Randall | author2 = B.C. Victor | author3 = T.J. Alpermann | author4 = S.V. Bogorodsky | author5 = A.O. Mal | author6 = U. Satapoomin | author7 = Bineesh | display-authors = 3 | year = 2014 | title = Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris (abstract) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3387 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–392 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5| pmid = 25543938 }}</ref> Fishbase still treats ''P. rhomboidea'' as a synonym of ''P. mangula''.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

mangula Category:Fish described in 1829 Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier