Peking Gazette

{{Short description|Government bulletin issued by the Imperial Government of China until 1912}} {{italic title}} The '''''Peking Gazette''''' was an official bulletin published with changing frequency in [[Beijing]] until 1912, when the [[Qing dynasty]] fell and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican China]] was born. The translated name, as it is known to Western sources, comes from [[Ming dynasty]]-era [[Jesuits]], who followed the bulletin for its political contents. The ''Peking Gazette'' became a venue for political grievances and infighting during the reign of the [[Wanli Emperor]] in the late Ming dynasty, when ''[[Scholar-official|literati]]'' factions would submit politicized memorials that the Emperor often abstained from reviewing.<ref>Pierre-Etienne Will, "Sprouts of Democracy in Chinese History", 2011.http://www.booksandideas.net/Sprouts-of-Democracy-in-Chinese.html</ref> From around 1730, the publication was in Chinese called '''''Jing Bao''''' (京报, sometimes transliterated ''Ching Pao''), literally "the Capital Report". It contained information on court appointments, edicts, and the [[Official Communications of the Chinese Empire#Memorials|official memorials]] submitted to the emperor, and the decisions made or deferred.<ref>Wolfgang Mohr, ''Die moderne chinesische Tagespresse'', vol. 1 (Wiesbaden, 1976), pp. 13–14.</ref>

Author J.C. Sun in his book ''Modern Chinese Press'', published in 1946, said the ''Gazette'' seemed to have been {{quote|designed entirely for officers of the Chinese Government, and its publication to the people was merely by connivance contrary to law, as was formerly the case with regard the publication of parliamentary speeches in England. The recommendation of individuals for promotion, the impeachment of others, notices of removal from office and of rewards or degradations – these were the chief topics which filled its columns.}}

== Publication type == Contrary to a sometimes voiced belief, the ''Peking Gazette'' was not a [[newspaper]], but a government bulletin, although it might be considered a distant precursor:

{{quote|The East Asian press was studied relatively late in the West. One of the reasons is that newspapers did not exist in China, Japan, and Korea [[global spread of the printing press|until these countries opened to Western influences]]. There were certainly forerunners of newsprint also in the indigenous tradition, like the famous Peking Gazette (Jingbao) which is often claimed to be oldest newspaper of the world. We find numerous little articles in Western papers on the Jingbao, usually from secondary or tertiary sources; they do not take into account that this gazette had limited circulation and that it just contained [[edicts]] and [[decrees]] – thus it does not fit the modern [[Newspaper#Definition|definition of newspaper]]. But it definitely was a forerunner of newsprint.<ref>Hartmut Walravens: "The Early East Asian Press in the Eyes of the West. Some bibliographical notes", World Library and Information Congress, 72nd General Conference and Council of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), 20–24 August 2006, Seoul, Korea, p. 2</ref>}}

== See also == *''[[Dibao (ancient Chinese gazette)|Tipao]]'' *''[[Kaiyuan Za Bao]]'' *[[History of Chinese newspapers]] *[[List of the earliest newspapers]]

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == *[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000863492 English translations from the ''Peking Gazette'' from the 1870s]

[[Category:Newspapers published in Beijing]] [[Category:Qing dynasty literature]] [[Category:Publications disestablished in 1912]] [[Category:Defunct newspapers published in China]] [[Category:Government gazettes]]