Peedee Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in the United States}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Peedee Formation | image = Cucullaea melhaseana (fossil bivalve) (Pee Dee Formation, Upper Cretaceous; Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, USA) 3.jpg | caption = ''Cucullaea'', a fossil bivalve from the Peedee Formation (South Carolina) | type = Formation | age = Early to Late Maastrichtian, {{fossil range|71.0|66.9}} | period = Maastrichtian | prilithology = Glauconitic to argillic sandstone | otherlithology = Claystone, limestone | namedfor = Pee Dee River, type locality: Burches Ferry, South Carolina<ref name=USGS>[https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=SCKpd%3B1 USGS Peedee Formation South Carolina] and [https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=NCKp%3B11 USGS Peedee Formation North Carolina]</ref> | namedby = | region = North Carolina, South Carolina | country = United States | coordinates = | unitof = | subunits =Rocky Point Member, Island Creek Member | underlies =Castle Hayne Limestone | overlies = Black Creek Group | thickness = Up to {{convert|886|ft|m|abbr=on}} | extent = | area = | map = | map_caption = }}

The '''Peedee Formation''' is a geologic formation in North and South Carolina. A marine deposit representing an inner neritic environment,<ref name=":3" /> named for exposures along the Great Peedee River, it preserves invertebrate (primarily belemnites, echinoderms and foraminifera) and vertebrate (primarily shark teeth, with some marine reptile remains) fossils dating to the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian).<ref name="USGS" />

The formation is notable for its occurrence of ''Belemnitella americana'', known as the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), a long-standing standard in stable carbon isotope research. A single pterosaur femur, possibly an Azhdarchid, from the Peedee formation is one of the few pterosaur body fossils found in Eastern North America.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Parris |first=David, C. |last2=Smith Grandstaff |first2=Barbara |last3=Clements |first3=Donald |date=August 2004 |title=A Pterosaur Femur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Carolina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279545200_A_pterosaur_femur_from_the_upper_Cretaceous_of_North_Carolina |journal=Southeastern Geology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=51-55}}</ref>

The stratigraphy of the formation spans from the early Maastrichtian (in South Carolina)<ref name=":2" /> to the late Maastrichtian shortly before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The formation is divided into several members, including the early-mid Maastrichtian Rocky Point Member and the late Maastrichtian Island Creek Member.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Gerard R. |last2=Cook |first2=Todd D. |last3=Saford |first3=Eric M. |last4=Shannon |first4=Kevin R. |date=2016 |title=A late Maastrichtian selachian assemblage from the Peedee Formation of North Carolina, USA. |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/28648 |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |language=en |volume=3 |doi=10.18435/B5T88N |issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free }}</ref> Based on its fauna, it appears to be roughly concurrent with the Navesink Formation from New Jersey.<ref name=":1" />

== Vertebrate paleobiota ==

=== Cartilaginous fish === Based on Case ''et al.'' (2017):<ref name=":3" />

==== Sharks ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Anomotodon'' |''A.'' cf. ''toddi'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A goblin shark. |frameless|177x177px |- |''Archaeolamna'' |''A. kopingensis'' |Duplin County, North Carolina | |An archaeolamnid mackerel shark. |frameless|168x168px |- |''Cantioscyllium'' |''C.'' cf. ''meyeri'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A nurse shark. | |- |''Carcharias'' |''C.'' cf. ''samhammeri'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A sand shark, related to the modern sand tiger shark. |frameless |- |''Cretalamna'' |''C. maroccana'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A megatooth shark. |frameless |- |''Heterodontus'' |''H. granti'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A bullhead shark. |frameless |- |"''Hybodus''" |"''H''." sp. |Duplin County, North Carolina | |A hybodont shark. |frameless |- |''Notidanodon'' |''N.'' sp. |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A cow shark. Teeth damaged but resemble those of the widespread species ''N. dentatus''. |frameless |- |''Odontaspis'' |''O. aculeatus'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A sand shark. |frameless |- |''Palaeogaleus'' |''P.'' sp. |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A houndshark. |frameless|145x145px |- | rowspan="2" |''Plicatoscyllium'' |''P. antiquum'' | rowspan="2" |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina | | rowspan="2" |A nurse shark. | rowspan="2" | |- |''P. derameei'' | |- |''Pseudocorax'' |''P.'' cf. ''affinis'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A pseudocoracid mackerel shark. |frameless|145x145px |- |''Scapanorhynchus'' |''S. texanus'' |Duplin County, North Carolina | |A goblin shark. |frameless |- |''Serratolamna'' |''S. serrata'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A serratolamnid mackerel shark. |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |''Squalicorax'' |''S. kaupi'' | rowspan="2" |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina | rowspan="2" |Island Creek | rowspan="2" |A crow shark. | rowspan="2" |frameless |- |''S. pristodontus'' |- |''Squalus'' |''S. huntensis'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A spurdog. |frameless |}

==== Rays ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Dasyatis'' |''D. commercensis'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A whiptail stingray. |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |''Ischyrhiza'' |''I. avonicola'' | rowspan="2" |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina | rowspan="2" |Island Creek | rowspan="2" |A sawskate. | rowspan="2" |frameless |- |''I. mira'' |- |''Ptychotrygon'' |''P. clementsi'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A ptychotrygonid sawskate. |frameless |- |''Raja'' |''R. farishi'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A skate. |frameless |- |''Rhinobatos'' |''R''. sp. |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A guitarfish, tentatively placed in ''Rhinobatos''. |frameless |- |''Rhombodus'' |''R. binkhorsti'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A rhombodontid stingray. |frameless |- |''Sclerorhynchus'' |''S.'' cf. ''pettersi'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Island Creek |A ganopristid sawskate. |frameless |}

=== Bony fish === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Enchodus'' |''E.'' sp. |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |Rocky Point |An enchodontid aulopiform.<ref name=":1" /> |frameless |}

=== Reptiles ===

==== Pterosaurs ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |cf. Azhdarchidae indet. | |East Coast Limestone Quarry |Rocky Point |A potential azhdarchid, known from a femur closely resembling that of ''Azhdarcho''.<ref name=":1" /> | |}

==== Crocodilians ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Notes !Images |- |''Borealosuchus'' |''B.'' sp. |Diamondhead Loop Road, South Carolina |A eusuchian.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Schwimmer |first=David R. |last2=Sanders |first2=Albert E. |last3=Erickson |first3=Bruce R. |last4=Weems |first4=Robert E. |date=2015 |title=A Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Reptile Assemblage from South Carolina, Usa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24398224 |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=i–157 |issn=0065-9746}}</ref> |frameless |}

==== Turtles ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Peritresius'' |''P. ornatus'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Allison Ferry, South Carolina |Rocky Point |A pancheloniid sea turtle.<ref name=":1" /> |frameless |- |"''Trionyx''" |"''T.''" ''halophilus'' |Lynchburg, South Carolina | |A stem-trionychian.<ref name=":2" /> | |}

==== Plesiosaurs ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Cimoliasaurus'' |''C. magnus'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |Rocky Point |An elasmosaurid.<ref name=":1" /> |frameless|167x167px |}

==== Mosasaurs ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Notes !Images |- |''Halisaurus'' |''H.'' sp. |Holden Beach, North Carolina |A halisaurine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rempert |first=Trevor H. |last2=Martens |first2=Brennan P. |last3=Vinkeles Melchers |first3=Alexander P. M. |date=2024 |title=Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA |url=https://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/eng/publication.html?id=566 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS |volume=328 |issue=3 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384 |access-date= |doi-access=free |website=}}</ref> |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |''Mosasaurus'' |''M.'' cf. ''beaugei'' | rowspan="2" |Holden Beach, North Carolina | rowspan="2" |A mosasaurine.<ref name=":0" /> | rowspan="2" |frameless |- |''M.'' cf. ''hoffmannii'' |- |''Prognathodon'' |''P.'' cf. ''solvayi'' |Holden Beach, North Carolina ?Myrtle Beach, South Carolina |A mosasaurine.<ref name=":0" /> |frameless |- |Prognathodontini indet. | |Holden Beach, North Carolina |An indeterminate mosasaurine with large teeth, reminiscent of ''Thalassotitan''.<ref name=":0" /> | |- |''Tylosaurus'' |''T.'' sp. |Diamondhead Loop Road, South Carolina |A tylosaurine.<ref name=":2" /> |frameless |}

== Invertebrate paleobiota ==

=== Echinoderms ===

==== Echinoids ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Cardiaster'' |''C. leonensis'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina | rowspan="9" |Rocky Point |A holasterid. |frameless |- |''Catopygus'' |''C. mississippiensis'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |A cassidulid. |frameless |- | rowspan="3" |''Hardouinia'' |''H. aequoria'' | rowspan="3" |Wadsworth Marl Pit, North Carolina Niels Eddy Landing, North Carolina East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Myrtle Beach, South Carolina | rowspan="3" |A cassiduloid. | rowspan="3" |frameless|174x174px |- |''H. kellumi'' |- |''H. mortonia'' |- |''Faujasia'' |''F. chelonium'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |A sand dollar. | |- |''Lefortia'' |''L. trojana'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |A sand dollar. | |- |''Linthia'' |''L. variabilis'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |A schizasterid heart urchin. |frameless |- |''Porosoma'' |''P.'' sp. |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |A phymosomatid. |frameless|179x179px |}

==== Sea stars ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Aldebarania'' |''A. arenitea'' |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina |Rocky Point |An astropectinid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Daniel B. |last2=Sturgeon |first2=Keith |date=1995 |title=Aldebarania arenitea, a new genus and species of Astropectinidae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Peedee Formation of North Carolina |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/aldebarania-arenitea-a-new-genus-and-species-of-astropectinidae-asteroidea-echinodermata-from-the-maastrichtian-upper-cretaceous-peedee-formation-of-north-carolina/2F7F5FF8ED805872D85A50941F74382B |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=376–380 |doi=10.1017/S0022336000034697 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |}

==== Crinoids ==== The Peedee Formation preserves some of the latest-occurring remains of the Roveacrinida, an extinct order of minute, pelagic crinoids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Andrew S. |last2=Sadorf |first2=Eric |last3=Jagt |first3=John W. M. |date=2018-05-01 |title=Roveacrinida (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the upper Maastrichtian Peedee Formation (upper Cretaceous) of North Carolina, USA – The last pelagic microcrinoids |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117304913 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=85 |pages=176–192 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.008 |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Applinocrinus'' |''A. texanus'' |Wilmington, North Carolina | |An applinocrinine saccocomid. | |- |''Birgelocrinus'' |''B. degraafi'' |Wilmington, North Carolina | |An hessicrinine saccocomid. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Lucernacrinus'' |''B. degraafi'' | rowspan="2" |Wilmington, North Carolina | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |An hessicrinine saccocomid. | rowspan="2" | |- |''B. jagti'' |- |''Peedeecrinus'' |''P. sadorfi'' |Wilmington, North Carolina | |An applinocrinine saccocomid. | |}

=== Molluscs ===

==== Cephalopods ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" !Genus !Species !Location !Member !Notes !Images |- |''Belemnitella'' |''B. americana'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Black Rock Landing, North Carolina |Rocky Point |A belemnite, source of the famous "Pee Dee Belemnite". |frameless|173x173px |- |''Sphenodiscus'' |''S. lobatus'' |East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina |Rocky Point |A sphenodiscid ammonite. |frameless |}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == * {{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= ((Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database))|url= https://www.fossilworks.org/|access-date= 17 December 2021|archive-date= 25 March 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220325060448/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=home|url-status= dead}} Category:Cretaceous geology of North Carolina Category:Cretaceous geology of South Carolina Category:Maastrichtian Stage of North America Category:Shallow marine deposits Category:Sandstone formations of the United States Category:Claystone formations Category:Limestone formations of the United States Category:Geologic formations of North Carolina Category:Geologic formations of South Carolina